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Chapter 2 Formulas

The document summarizes key concepts from the first law of thermodynamics including: 1) The first law states that the change in internal energy of a system plus the energy transferred by heat and work is equal to zero. 2) For a closed system at constant volume, the change in internal energy is equal to the heat transferred. For a closed system at constant pressure, the change in enthalpy is equal to the heat transferred. 3) The heat capacity at constant pressure (CP) of an ideal gas is equal to the heat capacity at constant volume (CV) plus the gas constant R. 4) For a reversible, isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, the work

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131 views6 pages

Chapter 2 Formulas

The document summarizes key concepts from the first law of thermodynamics including: 1) The first law states that the change in internal energy of a system plus the energy transferred by heat and work is equal to zero. 2) For a closed system at constant volume, the change in internal energy is equal to the heat transferred. For a closed system at constant pressure, the change in enthalpy is equal to the heat transferred. 3) The heat capacity at constant pressure (CP) of an ideal gas is equal to the heat capacity at constant volume (CV) plus the gas constant R. 4) For a reversible, isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, the work

Uploaded by

Shelly
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

First Law of Thermodynamics


V⃗
2
ΔE univ =0 : (m/s2)
ΔE system + ΔE surroundings =0 m: (kg)
E: (J)
∆ E=∆ E k + ∆ E p =0
g: (m/s2)
1 E P =mgz
E K = m V⃗ 2 z: (m)
2

Work (W)
W=∫ F E dx W: (J) 1Pa m3=1J
FE w: (J/mol)
W =∫ d( Ax )=− ∫ P E dV
A Dependent of path

w=−∫ P E dv V2 V2

W =−∫ PE dV =−P E∫ dV =−¿ P E (V 2−V 1)¿


V1 V1

Heat (Q)
Q=n ∆ h Q: (J)
Sign convention:

Reversible process:
A process is reversible if, after the process occurs, the system can be returned to its original state
without any net effect on the surroundings.
Amount of reversibility: Amount of reversibility for compression:
wirrev w rev
ηexp = ηcomp =
efficiency of expansion wrev efficiency of compression process wirrev
wrev (exp) = - wrev (comp)
First law of thermodynamics for closed systems:
∆ U =Q+W ∆ U : (J)
∆ u=q+ w ∆ u : (J/mol)

First law of thermodynamics for open systems:


Flow work: dx
(Ẇ flow )in=−Pin A in dt =Pin A in V⃗ in=Pin ṅin v in
1
( Ẇ flow )in (Ẇ flow )out =−Pout ṅ out v out
( ẇflow )in = ṅin
=Pin v in

Ẇ=Ẇ shaft + Ẇ flow = Ẇ s + ∑ ṅin ( Pv )in + ∑ ṅ out (−Pv )out


in out
Energy balance for open systems:

If kinetic and potential energies can be neglected:

0=∑ ṅin hin − ∑ ṅ out hout + Q̇+ Ẇ S


in out
Enthalpy (h)

h≡u+Pv Cp: Appendix A. 2

hideal gas=u + RT
 Closed system, Constant volume: Cv: Heat capacity at constant volume
CP: Heat capacity at constant pressure
∆ u=q

( )
Heat capacity at constant volume:
∂u
cv≡
∂T v
T2 T2

Δu=∫ c v dT =∫ [ a+ BT +CT + DT + ET ] dT
2 −2 3

T1 T1
2
∆ u :Change∈internal energy
h . H : Enthalpy
 Constant pressure:
closed system, const P Δh=q
cP ≡ ( )∂h
∂T P
2 −2 3
c P =A + BT +CT + DT + ET

 For liquids and solids:


c P =c v
 For gasses:

cP ≡ ( ) (
∂h
∂T P
=
∂(u+ Pv )
∂T P
=
∂u
∂T ) ( ) P
+
∂( Pv )
∂T
 Ideal gas:
c p =c v +R

Reversible, Isothermal expansion of an ideal gas


Ideal gas:

( ) ( )
nRT P2 P2
∆ U =0 V= W=nRT ln Q=−W =−nRT ln
P P1 P1
W=−∫ PdV
Adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas with constant heat capacity:

PV =nRT
cp cp  cv  R
k≡
cv
ln ( P1 V 1k )=ln ( P 2 V k2 ) PV k =const
nR 1
W= [ T −T ]
k −1 2 1
W= [ P V −P V ]
k−1 2 2 1 1
1 nR
ΔU =
k−1
[ P2 V 2 −P1 V 1 ] = [ T −T ]
k−1 2 1

3
Open-System balances and process equipment:

Thermodynamic cycles and the Carnot cycle:

4
5
6

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