FLUID MACHINES

BME III / I

Assignment # 02

Assume appropriate value of data where necessary

1. A Pelton wheel turbine rotates at 240 rpm, has a pitch diameter of 3.0 m, a bucket angle of
1650, and a jet diameter of 5.0 cm. If the jet velocity at nozzle exit is 60 m/s and the relative
velocity leaving the buckets is 0.9 times that at entry to the buckets, determine:
a. The force acting on the buckets;
b. The power developed by the turbine.
2. A single jet Pelton turbine is required to drive a generator to develop 10,000 KW. The
available head at the nozzle is 760 m. Assuming electric generator efficiency 95 %. Pelton
wheel efficiency 87 %, co-efficient of velocity for nozzle 0.97, mean bucket velocity 0.46 of
jet velocity, outlet angle of the buckets 15 degrees and the relative velocity of the water
leaving the buckets 0.85 of that at inlet find: the diameter of the jet, the flow in m3/s and the
force exerted by the jet on the buckets. If the ratio of the mean bucket circle diameter to the
jet diameter is not to be less than 10. Find the best synchronous speed for generation at 50
cycles per second and the corresponding mean diameter of the runner
3. A hydroelectric power station is required to generate a total of 4.2 MW from a number of
single-jet Pelton wheel turbines each operating at the same rotational speed of 650 rpm, at the
same power output and at a power specific speed of 1.0 rev. The nozzle efficiency η N of each
turbine can be assumed to be 0.98, the overall efficiency ηo is assumed to be 0.88, and the
blades speed to jet speed ratio v is to be 0.47. If the effective head HE at the entry to the
nozzles is 250 m, determine
a. The number of turbines required (round up the value obtained);
b. The wheel diameter;
c. The total flow rate.
4. A generator is driven by a small, single-jet Pelton turbine designed to have a power specific
speed Ωsp = 0.20. The effective head at nozzle inlet is 120 m and the nozzle velocity
coefficient is 0.985. The runner rotates at 880 rpm, the turbine overall efficiency is 88%, and
the mechanical efficiency is 96%. If the blade speed jet speed ratio, v 5 0.47, determine
a. The shaft power output of the turbine
b. The volume flow rate
c. The ratio of the wheel diameter to jet diameter.
5. An inward flow reaction has an external diameter of 1 m and its breadth at inlet is 250 mm. If
the velocity of flow at inlet is 2m/s, find weight of water passing through the turbine per sec.
Assume 10 % of the area of flow is blocked by blade thickness. If the speed of the runner is
210 rpm and guide blades make an angle of 10° to wheel tangent, draw the inlet velocity
triangle and find:
i. Runner vane angle at inlet
 ii. Velocity of wheel at inlet
iii. Absolute velocity of water leaving the guide vanes,
iv. Relative velocity of water entering the runner blade.
6. The following data pertain to an inward flow reaction turbine: Net head 86.4 m, Speed of
runner 650 rpm, Shaft power available 397 kW, Ratio of wheel width to wheel diameter at
inlet 0.10, Ratio of inner diameter to outer diameter 0.5, Flow ratio 0.17, ηh = 95 %, ηo= 85
%, Flow velocity constant & Discharge is radial. Neglecting blockage by blades, find the
dimensions and blade angles of the turbine
7. A vertical axis Francis turbine has a runner diameter of 0.825 m, operates with an effective
head, HE = 6.0 m, and produces 200 kW at the shaft. The rotational speed of the runner is
250 rpm, the overall efficiency is 0.90, and the hydraulic efficiency is 0.96. If the meridional
(i.e., flow) velocity of the water through the runner is constant and equal to 0.4 time the
spouting velocity and the exit absolute flow is without swirl, determine the vane exit angle,
the inlet angle of the runner vanes, and the runner height at inlet. Also evaluate the power
specific speed of the turbine.
8. The preliminary design of a turbine for a new hydroelectric power scheme has under
consideration a vertical-shaft Francis turbine with a hydraulic power output of 200 MW
under an effective head of 110 m. For this particular design, a specific speed, Ωs = 0.9 (rad),
is selected for optimum efficiency. At runner inlet the ratio of the absolute velocity to the
spouting velocity is 0.77, the absolute flow angle is 680 from the radial direction, and the
ratio of the blade speed to the spouting velocity is 0.6583. At runner outlet, the absolute flow
is to be without swirl. Determine
a. The hydraulic efficiency of the rotor;
b. The rotational speed and diameter of the rotor;
c. The volume flow rate of water;
d. The axial length of the vanes at inlet.
9. An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameters as 1.08 m and 0.54 m.
The turbine is running at 200 rpm. The width of the turbine at inlet is 240 mm and velocity of
flow through the runner is constant and is equal to 2.16 m/s. The guide blades make an angle
of 10° to the tangent of the wheel and discharge at the outlet of the turbine is radial. Draw the
inlet and outlet velocity triangles and determine: i)The absolute velocity of water at inlet of
the runner, ii) Velocity of whirl at inlet, iii) Relative velocity at inlet, iv) Runner blade
angles, v) Width of runner at outlet, vi) Weight of water flowing through the runner per sec,
vii) Head at inlet of the turbine, viii)Power developed, ix) Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine
10. A Francis turbine supplied through a 6 m diameter penstock has the following particulars:
Output of installation = 63500 kW, Flow = 117 m3/s, Speed = 150 rpm, ηh = 92 %, Mean
diameter of turbine at entry= 4 m, Mean blade height at entry = 1 m; Entry diameter of draft
tube = 4.2 m, Velocity in tail race = 2.4 m/s. The static pressure head in the penstock
measured just before entry to the runner is 57.4 m. The point of measurement is 3 m above
the level of tail race. The loss in the draft tube is equivalent to 30 % of the velocity head at
entry to it. The exit plane of the runner is 2 m above the tail race and the flow leaves the
runner without swirl. Determine: i) Overall efficiency ii) Direction of flow relative to runner
at inlet, iii) Pressure head at entry to the draft tube