Unit One: Introduction to Networks

Lesson Objectives:
1. Introduction to Networking
2. A simplified communication model
3. The communication process
4. A brief history of the Internet
5. Impact of the Internet on our daily life
6. Overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite
7. Comparison of OSI RM and TCP/IP RM

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 1. Introduction to Networking

 What is a network?
It is a collection of different communication devices that are
interconnected with each other. Interconnected devices should exchange data
or share a resource

 What is networking
The process involved in designing, implementing, upgrading, managing and
otherwise working with networks and networking technologies

 Computer network
 A type of network that interconnects two or more autonomous (independent)
computers. The computers can be geographically located anywhere
 Computer networks are composed of both software and hardware. The
software component consists of services and protocols that run on the
hardware components. And the hardware part consists of different end
systems ,intermediary devices and network media.

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 1. Introduction to Networking(Continued…)

 Advantages of Networks
Data sharing
Hardware sharing
Personal communication
Entertainment
Back-up
User and data management

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 1. Introduction to Networking(Continued…)

 Disadvantages of Networks
Viruses
Crackers and Unauthorized users
Network hardware and software costs
Networks set up costs

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2. Simplified Communication Model

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 2.Simplified Communication Model (Continued…)

 Source
– generates data to be transmitted
 Transmitter
– Converts data into transmittable signals
 Transmission System
– Carries data
 Receiver
– Converts received signal into data
 Destination
– Takes incoming data

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 3.The Communication Process

Network

Source Destination

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 3.The Communication Process (Continued…)

 Communication over a network begins with a message, or information, that must

be sent from one individual or device to another. People exchange ideas using many
different communication methods.
 These communication methods have four elements in common:
Source - a source can people, or electronic devices, that need to send a
message to other individuals or devices
Destination - the destination receives the message and interprets it
Media (Channel): consists of physical entities that provide the pathway over
which the message can travel from source to destination
Protocols: are the set of rules that govern the process of sending and receiving
messages over a given network.

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 3.The Communication Process (Continued…)

 The various elements that make

up a network :
– Devices
• These are used to
communicate with one
another
– Medium
• This is how the devices
are connected together
– Messages
• Information that travels
over the medium
– Rules
• Governs how messages
flow across network

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 3.The Communication Process (Continued…)

 The role of converged networks in communications

– Converged network
• A type of network that can carry voice, video & data over the same
network

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 3.The Communication Process (Continued…)

 Packet switching helps improve the resiliency and fault tolerance of the Internet
architecture

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 3.The Communication Process (Continued…)

 Characteristics of the Internet that help it scale to meet user demand

– Hierarchical
– Common standards
– Common protocols

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 3.The Communication Process (Continued…)

 Some messages in the Internet need Quality of Service and the Internet has various
mechanisms to ensure it

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 3.The Communication Process (Continued…)
 Basic measures to secure data networks
– Ensure confidentiality through use of
• User authentication
• Data encryption
– Maintain communication integrity through use of
• Digital signatures
– Ensure availability through use of
• Firewalls
• Redundant network
architecture
• Hardware without a single
point of failure

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 4.A brief history of the Internet

 Initially the Internet was called ARPANET and was sponsored by the U.S Department
of Defense (DOD)
 The Internet was designed in part to provide a communications network that would
work even if some of the sites were destroyed by nuclear attack. If the most direct route
was not available, routers would direct traffic around the network via alternate routes
 The concept of establishing global network of computers was proposed by J.C.R.
Licklider of MIT in 1962 and ARPANET was brought online in 1969.ARPANET
initially linked four major computers at universities in the south-western US (UCLA,
Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah)
 The early Internet was used by computer experts, engineers, scientists, and librarians.
It was not user friendly.
 There were no home or office personal computers in those days, and anyone who used
it, whether a computer professional or an engineer or scientist or librarian, had to learn
to use a very complex system.

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 5.Impact of the Internet on our daily life

 The Internet has changed so many aspects of our life :

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5.Impact of the Internet on our daily life(Continued…)

 It is changing the way we communicate and obtain information.

 Instant messaging
 Real time communication
between 2 or more
people based on typed text
 Weblogs (Blogs)
 Web pages created
by an individual
 Podcasting
 Website that contains
audio files available
for downloading

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 5.Impact of the Internet on our daily life(Continued…)

 E-learning is being used to improve knowledge sharing and collaboration in

teaching and learning process

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 5.Impact of the Internet on our daily life(Continued…)
 It is changing the way we work

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 4.Impact of the Internet on our daily life(Continued…)
 It is changing the way we entertain ourselves

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 6.An Overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite

 What is a protocol?
 The source and destination systems must agree on a common set of
rules called protocols before they can communicate with each other even if
they don’t run the same operating system and are not made by the same
company.
The protocols are specific to the characteristics of the communication
Successful communication between hosts on a network requires the
interaction of many different protocols
A group of inter-related protocols that are necessary to perform a
communication function is called a protocol suite
 These protocols are implemented in software and hardware that is loaded on
each host and network device.

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 6.An Overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite(Continued…)

 One of the best ways to visualize how all of the protocols interact on a particular
host is to view it as a stack
 A protocol stack shows how the individual protocols within the suite are
implemented on the host
 The protocols are viewed as a layered hierarchy, with each higher level service
depending on the functionality defined by the protocols shown in the lower levels
 The lower layers of the stack are concerned with moving data over the network
and providing services to the upper layers, which are focused on the content of
the message being sent and the user interface.

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 6.An Overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite(Continued…)

Layers Protocols

Application layer HTTP,SMTP,POP3,FTP,DNS,Telnet,

etc.
Transport layer TCP,UDP
Internet layer ICMP,IGMP
IP
ARP,RARP

Host-to-network layer(Network Does not identify specific protocols(It

access layer) supports both proprietary and non-
proprietary protocols)

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6.An Overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite(Continued…)

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 6.An Overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite(Continued…)
 Protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation

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 6.An Overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite(Continued…)
 The process of sending and receiving messages

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 7.Comparison of OSI RM and TCP/IP RM

OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Reference Model

Application layer
Presentation layer Application layer

Session layer
Transport layer Transport layer
Network layer Internet layer
Data link layer
Physical layer Host-to-network layer(Network access)

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 7.Comparison of OSI RM and TCP/IP RM(Continued…)

OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Reference Model

7 layers 4 or 5 layers
De jure standard De facto standard
Model was developed before the protocols Model was developed after protocols
Model is not biased Model is biased
Clear separation of services, interfaces and There is no clear separation among
protocols services, interfaces and protocols
It is somewhat complex and less robust It is relatively simple and robust
It is widely used as a teaching aid It is a reference model on which the
Internet is built up on.

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End Of Slides

 If you have any question?

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