Lesson 1-1

Functions and Continuity

Today’s Goals
Explore Analyzing Functions Graphically ● Determine whether
functions are one-to-
Online Activity Use graphing technology to complete the Explore. one and/or onto.
● Determine the

 INQUIRY How can you use a graph to analyze continuity, domain, and

the relationship between the domain and range of functions.
range of a function? ● Write the domain and

range of functions by
Explore Defining and Analyzing Variables using set-builder and
interval notations.
Online Activity Use a real-world situation to complete the Explore. Today’s Vocabulary
domain
 INQUIRY How can you define variables to codomain
effectively model a situation? range

one-to-one function
Learn  Functions onto function
continuous function
A function describes a relationship between input and output values. discontinuous function
The domain is the set of x-values to be evaluated by a function. The discrete function
codomain is the set of all the y-values that could possibly result from the algebraic notation
evaluation of the function. The codomain of a function is assumed to be set-builder notation
all real numbers unless otherwise stated. The range is the set of y-values interval notation
that actually result from the evaluation of the function. The range is
contained within the codomain.
If each element of a function’s range is paired with exactly one element of Study Tip
the domain, then the function is a one-to-one function. If a function’s Horizontal Line Test 
codomain is the same as its range, then the function is an onto function. Place a pencil at the top of
the graph and move it
Example 1  Domains, Codomains, and Ranges down to represent a
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horizontal line.
Part A  Identify the domain, range, and codomain of the graph. ● If there are places where

Domain Range Codomain the pencil intersects the

y y y graph at more than one
point, then more than one
O x O x O x element of the range is
paired with an element
of the domain. The
function is not one-to-one.
● If there are places where

the pencil does not

intersect the graph at all,
Because there are no Because the maximum Because it is not then there are real
restrictions on the y-value is 0, the range stated otherwise, numbers that are not
x-values, the domain is is y ≤ 0 . the codomain is paired with an element of
all real numbers . all real numbers .
the domain. The function
(continued on the next page) is not onto.

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 Your Notes Part B Use these values to determine whether the function is onto.
The range is not the same as the codomain because it does not
include the positive real numbers. Therefore, the function is not onto.
y
Check
For what codomain is f(x) an onto function? A
A.  y ≤ 3 B.  y ≥ 3 O x

C.  all real numbers D.  x ≤ 3

Example 2  Identify One-to-One and Onto Functions

from Tables
OLYMPICS  The table shows the number of medals the United States
won at five Summer Olympic Games.
Use a Source
Choose another Year Number of Number of Number of
country and research Gold Medals Silver Medals Bronze Medals
the number of medals 2016 46 37 38
they won in the 2012 46 29 29
Summer Olympic
2008 36 38 36
Games from 2000-
2016. Are the functions 2004 36 39 26
that give the number of 2000 37 24 32
each type of medal
won in a particular year Analyze the functions that give the number of gold and silver medals
one-to-one, onto, both, won in a particular year. Define the domain and range of each
or neither? function and state whether it is one-to-one, onto, both or neither.
Sample answer: The Gold Medals Silver Medals
functions that represent Let f(x) be the function that gives the Let g(x) be the function that gives
the number of each type

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number of gold medals won in a the number of silver medals won
of medal won by Great particular year. The domain is in the in a particular year. The domain
Britain given the year
column Year, and the range is in the is the column Year, and the range
are all one-to-one but
not onto. column Number of Gold Medals. is the column Number of Silver
The function is not one-to-one Medals. The function is one-to-
because two values in the domain, one because no two values in
2016 and 2012 , share the same the domain share a value in the
value in the range, 46, and two values range .
in the domain, 2008 and 2004, share
The function is not onto because
the same value in the range, 36 .
the range does not include every
The function is not onto because the whole number.
range does not include every whole
number.
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 Example 3  Identify One-to-One and Onto Functions
from Graphs
Determine whether each function is one-to-one, onto, both, or neither
for the given codomain.
    f (x), where the codomain The graph indicates that the domain is
is all real numbers all real numbers, and the range is all positive
y real numbers.
Every x-value is paired with exactly one
unique y-value, so the function is
one-to-one.
If the codomain is all real numbers, then the
range is not equal to the codomain. So, the
O x function is not onto.

    g(x), where the The graph indicates that the domain is all
codomain is { y| y ≤ 4} real numbers, and the range is y ≤ 4.
y
Each x-value is not paired with a unique
y-value; for example, both x = 0 and x = 2 are
paired with y = 3. So the function is not
one-to one.
O x The codomain and range are equal, so the
function is onto.

h(x), where the codomain The graph indicates that the domain and
is all real numbers range are both all real numbers.
y
Every x-value is paired with exactly one
unique y-value, so the function is
one-to-one.
O x The codomain and range are equal, so the Study Tip
function is onto.
Intervals  An interval is
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the set of all real

numbers between two
given numbers. For
example, the interval
-2 < x < 5 includes all
Learn  Discrete and Continuous Functions values of x greater than
Functions can be discrete, continuous, or neither. Real-world situations -2 but less than 5.
where only some numbers are reasonable are modeled by discrete Intervals can also
continue on infinitely in a
functions. Situations where all real numbers are reasonable are
direction. For example,
modeled by continuous functions.
the interval y ≥ 1
A continuous function is graphed with a line or an unbroken curve. A includes all values of y
function that is not continuous is a discontinuous function. A discrete greater than or equal to 1.
function is a discontinuous function in which the points are not connected. You can use intervals
A function that is neither discrete nor continuous may have a graph in to describe the values of
which some points are connected, but it is not continuous everywhere. x or y for which a
function exists.

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Lesson 1-1 • Functions and Continuity  5
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 Talk About It! Example 4  Determine Continuity from Graphs
Does the range of the Examine the functions. Determine whether each function is discrete,
function need to be all continuous, or neither discrete nor continuous. Then state the
real numbers for a domain and range of each function.
function to be
continuous? Justify a.  f(x) The function is continuous because it is a
your argument. curve with no breaks or discontinuities.
y
Because you can assume that the function
No; sample answer: As continues forever, the domain and range
long as neither the are both all real numbers.
domain nor the range O x

have any discontinuities,

the function is continuous.

b.  g(x) The function is neither because there

are continuous sections, but there is a
y
break at (2, 1).
Because the function is not defined for x = 2,
the domain is all values of x except x = 2.
O x The function is not defined for y = 1, so the
range is all values of y except y = 1.

Problem-Solving
Tip c.  h(x) The function is discrete because it is
Use a Graph  If you are made up of distinct points that are not
y
having trouble connected.
determining the The domain is {-3, -2, -1, 1, 3, 4} and the
continuity given the range is {-3, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
equation of a function, O x
you can graph the
function to help
visualize the situation.

Example 5  Determine Continuity Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Study Tip
Accuracy When BUSINESS  Determine whether the
calculating cost, the function that models the cost of
result can be any fraction coffee beans is discrete, continuous,
of a dollar or cent, and is or neither discrete nor continuous.
therefore continuous. Then state the domain and range of
However, because the the function.
COFFEE
smallest unit of currency Weight Price
is $0.01, the price you Because customers can purchase any Up to 2 lbs $8/lb
actually pay is rounded amount of coffee up to 2 pounds, the 2.5 lbs $20
to the nearest cent. function is continuous over the 3 lbs $22
Therefore, the price you 5 lbs $35
interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 .
pay is discrete.
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 For larger quantities, the coffee is sold by distinct amounts. This part of
Think About It!
the function is discrete .
Why does the range
Since the domain and range are made up of neither a single interval include values from 0
nor individual points, the function is neither discrete nor continuous . to 16 instead of 0 to 8?

The domain of the function is 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 or x = 2.5, 3 , 5 . This

Sample answer: The
represents the possible weights of coffee beans that customers price of coffee beans is
could purchase. The range of the function is 0 ≤ y ≤ 16 or y = 20, $8 per pound for up to 2
22 , 35. This represents the possible costs of coffee beans. pounds, so customers
pay up to 2 ∙ $8 = $16.

Learn  Set-Builder and Interval Notation

Sets of numbers like the domain and range of a function can be
described by using various notations. Set-builder notation, interval
notation, and algebraic notation are all concise ways of writing a set of
values. Consider the set of values represented by the graph.

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
•• In algebraic notation, sets are described using algebraic
expressions. Example: x < 2
•• Set-builder notation is similar to algebraic notation. Braces indicate Study Tip
the set. The symbol | is read as such that. The symbol ∊ is read is Using Symbols  You
an element of. Example: {x|x < 2} can use the symbol 핉
•• In interval notation sets are described using endpoints with to represent all real
parentheses or brackets. A parenthesis, ( or ), indicates that an numbers in set-builder
endpoint is not included in the interval. A bracket, [ or ], indicates notation. In interval
notation, the symbol ∪
that an endpoint is included in the interval. Example: (-∞, 2)
indicates the union of
two sets. Parentheses
Example 6  Set-Builder and Interval Notation for are always used with
Continuous Intervals ∞ and -∞ because
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they do not include

Write the domain and range of the graph in set-builder and interval
endpoints.
notation.
Domain
y
The graph will extend to include all x-values. 8
6
The domain is all real numbers. 4
{x | x ∊ 핉 } 2
−8 −6 −4 −2 O 2 4 6 8x
(-∞, ∞ )
−4
Range −6
−8
The least y-value for this function is -6 .
The range is all real numbers greater than or equal to -6.
{y | y ≥ -6 }
[-6, ∞ )
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 Check
State the domain and range of each graph in set-builder and interval
notation.
y y

O x O x

D: {x| x ∊ 핉} R: { y|y ≤ 3}      D: {x| x ∊ 핉} R: { y|y ∊ 핉}

D: (-∞, ∞) R: (-∞, 3]      D: (-∞, ∞) R: (-∞, ∞)

Example 7  Set-Builder and Interval Notation for

Discontinuous Intervals
Write the domain and range of the graph in y
set-builder and interval notation.
Domain
The domain is all real numbers less than -1 O x

or greater than or equal to 0.

{x | x < -1 or x ≥ 0}
(-∞, -1 ) ∪ [0, ∞ )

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Range
The range is all real numbers less than -1 or
greater than or equal to 2.
{y | y < -1 or y ≥ 2 }
(-∞ , -1 ) ∪ [2, ∞)

y
Check
State the domain and range of the graph in
set-builder and interval notation.
D: {x| x < -1 or x ≥ 1} R: {y|y ∊ 핉} O x

D: (-∞, -1) ∪ [1, ∞) R: (-∞, ∞)

Go Online You can complete an Extra Example online.

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