 Preparing the needed energy

 Regeneration
 Exocytoses
 Repairing
 Surrounded by ECF (internal environment)

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 Cell membrane
(lipid, carbohydrates
and proteins)

 Cytoplasm
 Nucleus
 Organelle
 Enzymes
 Electrolytes
 Chemical staff
 Most organelles of the cell are covered by
membranes composed primarily of lipids and
proteins.(and carbohydrates)

 Following organelles are covered by

membrane:
 endoplasmic reticulum,
 mitochondria,
 lysosomes
 Golgi apparatus

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 The lipids of the membranes
 provide a barrier that impedes the movement
of water and water-soluble substances (
glucose , urea , electrolytes ) from one cell
compartment to another because water is not
soluble in lipids.
 facilate transport of lipid soluble substance (
o2 , co2 , alcohol )
 Protein molecules in the membrane
 integral protein (structral )
 Chanel protein
 Carrier protein ( active transport and passive
trp)
 Also, many other membrane proteins are
enzymes that catalyze a multitude of different
chemical reactions
 Carbohydrates of cell membrane

Glycolipids
Glycoprotein glycocalyx
 Preservation of cytoplasm and organelles
 Semi diffusion function
 Endocytosis
 Exocytose
 Respiratory gases exchange
 Preservation of size and form of the cells
Cytoplasm
 Ectoplasm and endoplasm
 The cytoplasm is filled with:
o neutral fat globules,
o glycogen granules,
o ribosomes, secretory vesicles,
o five especially important organelles:
o the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi
apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and
peroxisomes.
 The clear fluid portion of the cytoplasm in
which the particles are dispersed is called
cytosol;
o this contains mainly dissolved proteins,
electrolytes, and glucose
•a network of tubular and flat
vesicular structures in the
cytoplasm
•their walls are constructed of lipid
bilayer membranes that contain
large amounts of proteins.
•The space inside the tubules and
vesicles is filled with endoplasmic
matrix,
•Electron micrographs show that
the space inside the endoplasmic
reticulum is connected with the
space between the two membrane
surfaces of the nuclear membrane
•RER and SER
 RER has ribosome on its sorface

 SER has no ribosome on the surface but there are

many enzymes to cooporate metabolic activities.

 SER functions are as follow:

 Synthesis steroid hormone and cholestrol
 Detoxification of some medecines
 Raising of carcinogen staff

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Golgi bodies

 is closely related to
the endoplasmic
reticulum.
 is composed of four
or more stacked
layers of thin, flat.
 located on the side
of the cell from
which the secretory
substances are
extruded.
 The lysosomes provide
an intracellular digestive
system that allows the
cell to digest:
1. damaged cellular
structures,
2. food particles that
have been ingested by
the cell, and unwanted
matter such as bacteria
3. Carbohydrates,
proteins and fat
 Vesicle form surrounded by thin membrane.
 Contains oxidative enzyme
 oxidize many substances that might
otherwise be poisonous to the cell. For
instance, about half the alcohol a person
drinks is detoxified by the peroxisomes of
the liver cells
 One of the important
functions of many cells is
secretion of special
chemical substances.

 Almost all such secretory

substances are formed by
the endoplasmic
reticulum–Golgi apparatus
system and

 are then released from the

Golgi apparatus into the
cytoplasm
 Are called the “powerhouses” of
the cell.
 total number per cell varies from
less than a hundred up to several
thousand.
 variable in size and shape.
 The basic structure of the
mitochondrion, is composed
mainly of two lipid bilayer –protein
membranes: an outer membrane
and an inner membrane.
 Many infoldings of the inner The liberated energy is used to
membrane form shelves onto synthesize a “high-energy”
which oxidative enzymes are substance called adenosine
attached. triphosphate (ATP).ATP is then
 Mitochondria are self- replicative, transported out of the
which means that mitochondrion
 one mitochondrion can form a
second one, a third one

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 Granular structure which are composed of
65% RNA and 35% protein.
 Main function is protein synthesis .
 Ribosome on ER synthesis protein needed in
hormones , lysosomes and cell membrane
 Free ribosome synthesis protein needed in Hb
, peroxisomes and mitochondria
 Network structure which is composed of:
 Microtubules (transporting)
 Intermediate filament (form of the cell)
 Microfilament (composed of actin and
myosin)
 The nucleus is the control
center of the cell.

 Briefly, the nucleus

contains large quantities
of DNA,
which are the genes.

 Some cells contain only

one nucleus and some
many.

 The form of nucleus

commonly round Central
position.

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 Nucleus is
composed of:
 Membrane (contains
porous )
 Nucleoplasm
(contains DNA-
chromosome)
 Nucleoli (contains
RNA- synthesis of
ribosomes)