Control techniques

For E vehicles
order to promote the adoption of these E-
Abstract—Electric vehicles commonly named as Vechicles.
E-vehicles are developed in in a vast count in
order to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions These EV s are the alternatives of the combustion
.These electric vehicles also improves energy engine’s.As per the survey conducted by many
efficiency and enhances energy security.Now a authorities the worlds one-fifth energy generation
days Electric vehicles has been increasing and is used for the transport purpose only. More over
developing rapidly.Not only in India but also in the electric vehicles are more efficient than the
many countries E-Vehicles are developed and combustion engines. These are considered to be
increased in usageMany countries have theportable sources of the power that can be
implemented the adoption of these EVs. integrated with power grid at different locations
.One of the challenges is battery management .we
Control techniques plays an important and major will also discuss various methods for the
role in operation and performance of Electric management.
vehicles.Currently this review paper will give us We can also say that E-Vehicles are that they are
an overview on present state of the art control either partially or fully powered on electric
techniques that we have used in E-Vehicles and power[1]. Electric vehicles will be having low
also discusses about the advantages and as well as cost management because they will be having
the limitations that we have.This review paper lessnumber of moving parts in them . And one
also provides us a broad range of topics related to major useful thing is it is a environmental friendly
the control techniques on electric vehicles ,it also and there is no usage of any pollution causing
includes some strategies like energy management resources like petrol and diesel(fossil fuels).
And battery management and charging
infrastructure and also control techniques. Section 1
Probably this review paper will aiming to help all
the researchers and also engineers in the way that Energy Management Strategies:
they understand the control techniques for electric
vehicles and their applications. Energy management strategies are critical for
optimizing the performance and efficiency of
By reading this review paper researchers will get electric vehicles (EVs). In this section, we will
some good ideas in order to develop the new provide an overview of energy management
techniques for E-Vehicles.This also concludes by strategies, review the different approaches to
discussing future reviewing or research directions energy management in EVs, and discuss the
in control techniques for E-Vehicles.adoption of challenges and solutions in energy management
these E-Vechicles systems.
Energy management techniques seek to improve
the efficiency of EVs' powertrains while also
Keywords-feedback linearization,stability increasing their range, battery life, and comfort.
Rule-based and model-based strategies are the two
I. INTRODUCTION main categories of energy management
As the name suggests that E-Vehicles are the techniques[2]. Rule-based techniques employ pre-
vehicles powered by electric motors,which will established rules to regulate the functioning of the
use the electrical energy stored in chargeable powertrain, whereas model-based strategies
batteries or other energy storage devices.E- employ mathematical models to forecast and
Vehicles brought us a new promising solution in enhance powertrain performance.
order to reduce the green house gas emissions and
to improve energy efficiency and to enhance
energy security.So if we see in these recent years *Review of different energy management
also the development of E-V ehicles has been strategies:
growing rapidly and not only india many
countries have implemented their policies in
electric vehicles (EVs), a variety of energy several BMS designs and their functionality, and
management techniques have been developed, talk about the significance of BMS in electric
including eco-driving, predictive control, fuzzy vehicles.
logic control, and artificial intelligence-based The performance of the powertrain is enhanced
control. By modifying driving habits like slowing and the battery life is extended thanks to BMS's
down, accelerating gradually, and coasting, eco- monitoring and control of the battery. Cell
driving improves the performance of the balancing, heat management, safety monitoring,
powertrain. In order to estimate future energy and battery life forecasting are among the main
consumption and adjust the functioning of the duties of BMS. These tasks are carried out by
powertrain accordingly, predictive control employs real- BMS using a variety of sensors, algorithms, and
time data from the vehicle, For the environment, and the control techniques.
driver[3]. To control the operation of the powertrain, fuzzy
logic control employs linguistic variables and rule-based
systems. The performance of the powertrain is optimised via Review of Different Battery Management
artificial intelligence-based control using machine learning Systems:
techniques.
For EVs, a variety of BMS designs, including
Challenges and solutions in energy passive balancing, active balancing, and hybrid
management systems: balancing, have been created. Active balancing
redistributes the charge among the cells via
To address these issues, researchers have created a external circuits, whereas passive balancing
number of solutions. With the use of real-time depends on the battery cells' natural discharge to
information from the driver, the environment, and maintain a stable state of charge (SOC)[4]. To
the vehicle, online optimisation continuously improve battery performance, hybrid balancing
modifies the control approach[5]. When the includes both passive and active balancing
driving environment or the powertrain system methods. Every BMS design has benefits and
changes, adaptive control modifies the control drawbacks.
strategy. Even in the face of uncertainty, robust
control uses feedback control to guarantee that the Importance of Battery Management Systems
performance of the powertrain remains within in Electric Vehicles:
predetermined limits. • BMS plays a critical role in the performance
and safety of EVs. Inadequate BMS design
In conclusion, energy management techniques are or implementation can result in a shortened
crucial to the optimisation and effectiveness of battery life, reduced powertrain
EVs. There have been many different energy performance, and safety hazards. A reliable
management techniques established, and each has and efficient BMS is essential for the
advantages and restrictions. With the help of optimization of the powertrain performance,
cutting-edge solutions like online optimisation, battery life, and range of the EV. In
adaptive control, and resilient control, energy conclusion, BMS is a crucial component of
management strategy implementation difficulties EVs, responsible for monitoring and
can be overcome. controlling the battery state, maximizing the
battery life, and optimizing the powertrain
performance. Several different BMS designs
have been developed, and each has its
Battery Management System: advantages and limitations. A reliable and
efficient BMS is essential for the safe and
Overview of battery management systems: optimal operation of the EV[6].

Electric vehicles (EVs) must have battery

Electric Powertrain Systems:
management systems (BMS) since they monitor
and regulate the temperature, state of charge Electric powertrain systems are the main parts that
(SOC), and health (SOH) of the battery. This transform electrical energy from the battery into
section will give an overview of BMS, examine mechanical energy to move the electric car. This
section will give an overview of electric Power Electronics and Motor Drives:
powertrain systems, go over various controls for Overview of power electronics and motor
electric powertrain systems, and go over various drives in electric vehicles:
algorithms for electric car motor control.
Electric vehicles (EVs) must have power
The gearbox, power electronics, and electric electronics and motor drives because they regulate
motor are the three main parts of an electric the flow of electricity from the battery to the
powertrain system. Power electronics govern the motor. We will give an overview of power
power flow, the gearbox sends power to the electronics and motor drives in EVs in this
wheels, and the electric motor transforms section, as well as look at power electronics
electrical energy into mechanical energy[7]. The topologies for EV charging and electric vehicle
range, battery life, and powertrain performance of motor drives.
the electric vehicle must all be maximised through
the system's powertrain optimisation. Review of power electronics topologies for
electric vehicle charging

*Review of control techniques for electric

The power transfer between the battery and the
powertrain systems: motor is managed by power electronics. AC-DC
Torque control, speed control, and position and DC-DC converters are the two main kinds of
control are just a few of the control strategies that power electronics. While DC-DC converters
have been created for electric powertrain systems. control the DC voltage from the battery to the
Speed control, position control, and torque control motor, AC-DC converters transform the AC
all work together to control the motor's torque in power from the charging station into DC power to
order to produce the appropriate powertrain charge the battery. Several different power
performance. Rule-based or model-based control electronics topologies, such as single-phase and
strategies are also possible. three-phase rectifiers, isolated and non-isolated
DC-DC converters, and bidirectional power
Different algorithms for electric vehicle converters, have been developed for EV

motor control:
charging[8].

Electric vehicle motor control employs a variety Review of electric vehicle motor drives
of methods, such as model predictive control,
direct torque control, and field-oriented control. In
order to independently manage the motor's torque The electric motor's speed and torque are
and speed, a common technique called field- managed by the motor drives. The inverter, motor
oriented control divides the stator current into two control unit, and feedback sensors are a few of the
orthogonal components. Without the requirement components that make up the motor drives. The
for a mathematical model, direct torque control is inverter transforms the battery's DC voltage into
an effective and quick method that controls the AC voltage to run the motor. Motor speed and
torque of the motor[9]. Using a mathematical torque are controlled by the motor control unit
model, model predictive control predicts how the using feedback sensors. For EVs, a variety of
powertrain will behave in the future and adjusts motor drive topologies have been created,
the motor control accordingly. including direct torque control, space-vector
pulse-width modulation inverters, and six-step
Finally, it should be noted that electric powertrain inverters[10].
systems are crucial to the functionality and
effectiveness of electric vehicles. For electric For managing the power flow between the battery
powertrain systems, several different control and the motor in electric vehicles (EVs), power
strategies and algorithms have been created, and electronics and motor drives are essential parts of
each has advantages and disadvantages. the vehicles. For EV charging and motor drive,
various power electronics topologies and motor In conclusion, energy storage systems are
drive topologies have been designed. essential parts of EVs that store electrical energy
Energy Storage Systems: and deliver it to the motor. Batteries, flywheels,
*Overview of energy storage systems: and ultracapacitors are just a few of the energy
storage solutions that have been created for
By providing a dependable and sustainable power electric vehicles (EVs). Since they have a high
supply for the motor, energy storage devices are energy density, a long lifespan, and little
essential in electric vehicles (EVs)[11]. An maintenance needs, lithium-ion batteries are the
introduction of energy storage systems will be most popular type of battery used in EVs. For the
given in this section, along with a study of several range, battery life, and powertrain performance of
EV energy storage options and a discussion of the the EV to be maximised, energy storage system
necessity of EV energy storage. optimisation is essential.

Electrical energy needs to be stored and then sent Charging Infrastructure and Control
to the motor using energy storage devices. Both Techniques:
electrochemical and non-electrochemical energy *Overview of charging infrastructure:
storage systems fall into one of two categories.
Batteries are the type of electrochemical energy For electric vehicles (EVs) to provide a
storage system that is most frequently utilised in dependable and effective charging system,
EVs. The poor energy density of non- charging infrastructure and control methods are
electrochemical energy storage solutions like essential components. This section will give an
flywheels and ultracapacitors makes them less overview of charging infrastructure, go through
popular. various charging control mechanisms, and talk
about how crucial they are for EVs.
Review of different energy storage systems for
electric vehicles:
A dependable and effective charging system for
EVs must be provided by the infrastructure for
Lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), and charging. Both AC and DC charging fall under the
lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, among others, have umbrella of the charging infrastructure. While DC
all been created for electric vehicles (EVs). Due to charging is used for fast charging while travelling,
their high energy density, long lifespan, and AC charging is frequently used for slow charging
minimal maintenance requirements, lithium-ion at home or at the office. There are various
batteries are the most popular batteries in EVs. charging protocols available, including as the
The features and suitability of various battery Combined Charging System (CCS), CHAdeMO,
chemistries, such as lithium iron phosphate and Tesla Supercharger[12].
(LiFePO4), nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA), and
nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC), vary. Review of different charging control
techniques:
Importance of energy storage systems in
electric vehicles:
Electric vehicles (EVs) must have several
essential components that together form a
It is impossible to exaggerate the significance of dependable and effective charging infrastructure
energy storage systems in EVs. The EV's range, and control system. This part will give an
acceleration, and general performance are all overview of charging infrastructure, go over
governed by its energy storage systems. The various charging control approaches, and talk
range, battery life, and powertrain performance of about how crucial charging infrastructure and
the EV must therefore be maximised, which control methods are for EVs.
means energy storage technologies must be
optimised. For EVs to have a dependable and effective
charging system, charging infrastructure is
required. There are two types of charging
infrastructure: AC charging and DC charging. In Review of different regenerative braking
contrast to DC charging, which is utilised for systems:
quick charging on the road, AC charging is often Regenerative braking systems come in a variety of
used for slow charging at home or at the office. forms, such as the single-pedal driving system,
There are various charging protocols available, which enables the driver to control the speed and
including as the Combined Charging System stopping of the car using only the accelerator
(CCS), CHAdeMO, and Tesla Supercharger. pedal. As soon as the driver releases the
accelerator pedal, this technology applies
Importance of charging infrastructure and regenerative braking to slow the car down.
control techniques in electric vehicles: Regenerative brake-by-wire is an additional
technology that enables the driver to regulate the
It is impossible to exaggerate how crucial EV amount of regenerative braking force applied to
charging infrastructure and control mechanisms the wheels by using the brake pedal or a regen
are. For EVs to be widely adopted, an effective paddle.
and dependable charging infrastructure must be
created[13]. To maximise the effectiveness and
dependability of the charging system, charging Importance of Regenerative Braking Systems
in E-Vehicles:
control procedures must be optimised.

An effective and dependable charging system is *Importance of regenerative braking systems in

provided by the infrastructure for EV charging EV It is impossible to exaggerate the significance
and the control methods used to manage it. Many of regenerative braking systems in EVs. By
different charging protocols and control recovering the kinetic energy that would have
mechanisms have been created, including the been wasted during braking and storing it in the
Combined Charging System (CCS), CHAdeMO, battery for later use, regenerative braking systems
Tesla Supercharger, PWM, MPPT, and CC/CV. increase the energy efficiency and range of the
The widespread use of EVs and maximising the vehicle. This innovation not only prolongs the life
effectiveness and dependability of the charging of the braking system but also lessens brake wear.
system depend on the optimisation of the charging In summary, regenerative braking systems are
infrastructure and control methods. crucial components of EVs that recover wasted
kinetic energy during braking and store it in the
Regenerative Braking Systems: battery for later use. The single-pedal driving
Overview of regenerative braking systems: system and the regenerative brake-by-wire system
are two examples of the several regenerative
In order to recover wasted kinetic energy during braking systems that have been created. The
braking and store it in the battery for later use, energy efficiency and range of the vehicle must be
regenerative braking systems are a crucial increased, and the braking system's lifespan must
component of electric vehicles (EVs). The be extended, through the optimisation of
importance of regenerative braking systems in regenerative braking systems.
electric vehicles (EVs) will be covered in this
part, along with a description of several Thermal Management Systems:
regenerative braking systems. *Overview of thermal management systems:

Regenerative braking systems function by turning In order to control the temperature of the battery,
the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle into motor, and other electronics, thermal management
electrical energy that can be stored in the battery systems are essential parts of electric vehicles
for future use. To do this, the electric motor acts (EVs)[14]. This section will give a general
as a generator while decelerating, producing introduction to thermal management systems,
electrical energy that is then delivered back into examine various thermal management systems for
the battery. EVs, and talk about the significance of thermal
management systems in EVs.
 as well as for the purpose of lowering
The battery, motor, and other electronic maintenance costs, thermal management systems
components in EVs all have thermal management must be optimised[18].
systems that are built to keep them at their ideal
working temperatures. This is crucial since Conclusion:
changes in temperature can impact the We covered a variety of control strategy facets for
functionality, effectiveness, and lifespan of these electric vehicles in this review. In addition to
components. Thermal management systems use reviewing various control strategies for energy
various cooling agents and methods to control management, battery management, electric
temperature, and they can be either liquid- or air- powertrain systems, power electronics, motor
cooled. drives, charging infrastructure, regenerative
braking systems, and thermal management
Review of different thermal management systems, we also provided an overview of electric
systems for electric vehicles: vehicles and the significance of control
techniques.
Various thermal management systems, such as
active thermal management systems, passive We covered many methods, including rule-based
thermal management systems, and hybrid thermal and model-based tactics, which are crucial for
management systems, have been developed for optimising the usage of energy in electric
Evs[15]. The temperature of the battery and motor vehicles. We evaluated many battery management
is controlled by active thermal management strategies, such as status of charge estimate, state
systems using cooling liquids and fans, whereas of health estimation, and battery thermal
passive thermal management systems use management. Battery management systems are
insulation and phase transition materials to keep essential for controlling the performance and
temperatures at their ideal levels. In order to lifespan of the battery.
obtain the best temperature regulation, hybrid
thermal management systems incorporate both For transferring electrical energy to mechanical
active and passive strategies[16]. energy, electric powertrain systems and power
electronics are crucial.
Importance of thermal management systems in
electric vehicles: In summary, this paper offers a thorough
overview of several control techniques for electric
One cannot overestimate the value of heat vehicles, emphasising their significance for
management systems in Evs[17]. The battery and enhancing the performance and efficacy of
motor's performance and lifespan can be harmed electric vehicles. The creation of more
by high operating temperatures, which can result sophisticated control techniques, the enhancement
in a shorter range and more expensive of energy storage and conversion systems,
maintenance. By avoiding thermal runaway and charging infrastructure advancements, and
other thermal-related dangers, thermal regenerative braking system optimisation are
management systems also play a significant part some of the future research priorities in this area.
in guaranteeing the safety of the vehicle and its The combination of control methods with cutting-
occupants. edge technology like artificial intelligence and the
Internet of Things also offers fascinating
For the purpose of controlling the temperature of prospects for more in-depth study and
the battery, motor, and other electronics, thermal advancement in this area.
management systems are crucial parts of EVs.
Different thermal management systems, including
active, passive, and hybrid systems, have been
developed. For the performance, effectiveness,
and longevity of the vehicle's components, as well
as for the protection of the driver and passengers
References 10. "A review of regenerative braking
systems for electric vehicles" by D.
1. A review of energy management Kong, L. Yu, and B. Cao, in
strategies for electric and hybrid Journal of Power Sources.
electric vehicles" by M. Ehsani, Y. 11. "A review of thermal management
Gao, and S.E. Gay, in IEEE systems for electric vehicles" by X.
Transactions on Industrial He, X. Lu, and J. Wang, in Applied
Electronics. Energy.
2. "A review of energy management 12. "A review of power electronics
systems for electric vehicles: topologies for electric vehicle
Challenges and solutions" by A. charging" by L. Zhiyuan, J. N.
Bhatti, L. Zheng, and M. Alam, in Juarez, and B. C. Lesieutre, in
Renewable and Sustainable Energy IEEE Transactions on
Reviews. Transportation Electrification.
3. "A review of battery management 13. "A review of battery thermal
systems for electric vehicles" by X. management systems for electric
Zheng, Y. Liu, and C. Mi, in vehicles" by Y. Zhang, L. Lu, and
Journal of Power Sources. W. Fan, in Applied Thermal
4. "A review of control techniques for Engineering.
electric powertrain systems in 14. "A review of electric vehicle
electric vehicles" by J. Huang, W. powertrain optimization
Wang, and C. C. Chan, in IEEE techniques" by Y. Zhang, L. Lu,
Transactions on Transportation and W. Fan, in Applied Energy.
Electrification. 15. "A review of electric vehicle
5. "A review of electric vehicle motor energy storage technologies" by B.
control algorithms" by D. B. Li, C. Li, and H. Pan, in Journal of
Smith, in IEEE Transactions on Energy Storage.
Industry Applications. 16. "A review of electric vehicle
6. "A review of electric vehicle power traction control systems" by B. Li,
electronics and motor drives" by L. C. Li, and H. Pan, in IEEE
S. C. Barros, L. H. P. Soares, and Transactions on Transportation
J. C. M. Vieira, in Renewable and Electrification.
Sustainable Energy Reviews. 17. "A review of electric vehicle
7. "A review of fault-tolerant control battery charging control strategies"
techniques for electric vehicles" by by J. Chen, Y. Liu, and Y. Wang,
L. Feng and M. M. Polycarpou, in in Applied Energy.
IEEE Transactions on Control 18. "A review of electric vehicle
Systems Technology. energy management optimization
8. "A review of energy storage techniques" by Y. Yang, J. Li, and
systems for electric vehicles" by Y. L. Zhang, in Journal of Power
Li, H. Li, and J. Gao, in Journal of Sources.
Power Sources.
9. "A review of electric vehicle
charging infrastructure and control
techniques" by S. Hemmati and M. .
R. Feyzi, in Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews.
 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVESITY

NAME REG. NO. ROLL NO.

Chennareddy 12111175 19
Tallapureddy
Prudhvi 12112101 28
Devalanka

Review paper Name : Control Techniques for E vehicles

Submitted To: Dr.Anshul Mahajan