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Second Generation of the Structural Eurocodes

Presentation · July 2020

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13415.47524

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Second Generation of the Structural Eurocodes

Prof. Stephen Hicks

Current Eurocodes
Objective of the Eurocodes
Work on the Eurocodes commenced in 1975 as a result of the decision of the
European Economic Community (EEC), or ‘Common Market’ (later the European
Union), to embark on an action programme in the field of construction based on
Article 95 of the Treaty of Rome.

The objective of the programme was: the elimination of technical obstacles to trade
and the harmonisation of technical specifications by means of technical rules which, in
the first stage, would serve as an alternative to the national rules in force in the
Member States and, ultimately, would replace them
 History of the current Eurocodes 2010
1990 1998 Withdrawal
ENVs Conversion of
(European of ENV to conflicting
1957 1984 pre- EN national
Treaty First Standard) (European standards
of Eurocodes commence Standard) March
Rome published by CEN Eurocodes 2010

1975 1989 1992 2007

Eurocodes Construction Publication Publication
commence Products of ENV of EN
based on Directive Eurocodes Eurocodes
Article 95 of (CPD) issued by CEN concluded
the Treaty
of Rome
Different CEN documents
The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) is an association that brings together the
National Standardization Bodies (NSBs) of 34 European countries.
CEN is one of three European Standardization Organizations (together with CENELEC and ETSI)
that have been officially recognized by the European Union and European Free Trade
Association (EFTA) as being responsible for developing and defining voluntary standards at
European level.
It is the responsibility of the CEN National Members to implement European Standards as
national standards. The NSBs distribute and sell the implemented European Standard and have
to withdraw any conflicting national standards.
European (EN) standards are usually prepared at the request of industry.
European Technical Specification (CEN/TS) is a normative document, which is developed when
there is insufficient agreement to develop an EN, or for evolving technologies.
– A CEN/TS may be adopted as a national standard, but conflicting national standards may continue to exist.
– A CEN/TS may not conflict with an EN. If a conflicting EN is subsequently published, the CEN/TS is
withdrawn
Different CEN documents concluded
Harmonized European standards (hENs) are
prepared at the request of EU/EFTA to implement
‘New Approach Directives’.
– hENs and are cited in the Official Journal of the
European Union (OJEU)
– Products manufactured in accordance with hENs
benefit from a ‘presumption of conformity’ to the
essential requirements of a given Directive.
– hENs for construction products are characterised by the
inclusion of an Annex ZA, which provides a checklist for
a manufacturer to CE mark their product according to
Construction Products Regulation (CPR)
• Includes essential characteristics for the product
• AVCP (assessment and verification of constancy
of performance) system from 1+ to 4; and
• Assignment of AVCP tasks between
manufacturer and 3rd party Notified Body.
What are the Eurocodes?
The Eurocodes are a set of ENs published by CEN for the design of buildings and other
civil engineering works, including:
– Geotechnical aspects
– Structural fire design
– Situations including earthquakes
The Eurocodes cover the basis of design and actions on structures composed of the
principal construction materials currently used in practice.
Eurocodes also serve as reference documents for:
– Providing a means to prove compliance with some of the Basic Works Requirements (BWR) of the
Construction Products Regulation (CPR) (e.g. BWR1 ‘Mechanical Resistance & Stability’ and BWR3
‘Safety in case of Fire’)
– As a framework for drawing up a harmonised technical specifications (hTS) for construction
products in the form of European Assessment Documents (EADs), which form the basis for
European Technical Assessments (ETAs)
 Current Eurocode Parts
CEN Technical Committee 250 (CEN/TC250) responsible
for Structural Eurocodes.
Each Standard is the responsibility of a sub-committee
(e.g. CEN/TC250/SC4 for Eurocode 4)
The current Eurocodes consist of 10 Standards:
– EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design
– EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
– EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
– EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
– EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and
concrete structures
– EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
– EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
– EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
– EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for
earthquake resistance
– EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
Source: Joint Research Centre (JRC) https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
 Key aspects of the Eurocodes
It is intended that there is no repetition of information, so values and properties are only given in
one Eurocode (useful for maintenance, but potentially expensive to the user).
The head standard EN 1990 applies to all types of structures and is material independent.
Each of the codes (except EN 1990) is divided into a number of Parts covering specific aspects of
the subject.
In total, there are 58 EN Eurocode parts distributed within the 10 Eurocodes (EN 1990 to EN 1999).

Source: Joint Research Centre (JRC) https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

Structure of Eurocode published by National Standards
Body (NSB)
a) National title page
b) National foreword
• Identifies which National Standards are replaced by the Eurocode.
• Identifies the Technical Committee of the NSB that participated in
the preparation of the Eurocode and National Annex (NA).
c) EN title page
d) EN text
• The National Standards body implementing each Eurocode must
publish, without alteration, the full text and its annexes as published
by CEN.
• The full text of each EN is issued initially by CEN in three languages
(English translated into French and German)
e) EN Annex(es)
• Normative annexes are part of the requirements of the code.
• Informative annexes provide guidance that can be adopted, or not,
on a country-by-country basis.
f) National Annexes
UK input to Eurocodes
BSI is the NSB for the UK and CEN National Member (DIN in Germany, NEN in the Netherlands, etc.)
BSI Committee B/525 (Building and civil engineering structures) provides UK input to CEN/TC250
Eurocodes and liaises with the following Committees:
– B/525/1 Actions (loadings) and basis of design
– B/525/2 Structural use of concrete
– B/525/4 Composite structures
– B/525/5 Structural use of timber
– B/525/6 Use of masonry
– B/525/8 Structures in seismic regions
– B/525/9 Structural use of aluminium
– B/525/10 Bridges
– B/525/12 Design of offshore structures
– B/526 Geotechnics
– CB/203 Design & execution of steel structures
– CB/502 Maritime works
National Annex
The National Annex (NA) is a special type of annex published by
the NSB that contains the choices made by a particular country.
The contents of a NA are:
– Scope
• List of clauses that were left open by the Eurocodes for national
choice.
– Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs)
• Values of partial safety factors and classes applicable to that
country
• Country specific data (e.g. wind map)
• Values where only a symbol is given in the EN
– Decisions on the status of informative annexes.
– References to non-contradictory complementary information (NCCI).
• Published Documents in the UK (e.g. PD 6696-2 for EN 1994-2)
• PNnnn-GB on SCI Steelbiz web-site.
Second generation of the
Eurocodes
 Second generation (2G) of the Eurocodes
2011 2013 202X
Construction CEN/TC250 2015 Date of
Products response to Project Teams withdrawal of
Regulation M/515 with (PTs) 1st generation
(CPR) issued work commence of the
(replaces CPD) programme work Eurocodes

2012 2014 2022

Mandate BSI Systematic Completion of
M/515 issued review of Project Team
for amending Eurocodes work
existing
Eurocodes and
extending
their scope
Second generation of the Eurocodes
Mandate M/515 issued in December 2012 for amending current
Eurocodes and extending their scope
M/515 Key Issues:
– Encourage/accompany innovation (related to materials and products,
construction techniques and research on design methods)
– Reduction of NDPs in current Eurocode parts (includes national choice on
partial factors)
– Adoption of relevant ISO standards to supplement Eurocodes (Vienna
Agreement)
– Enhancing ‘ease of use’ of current Eurocodes
Creation of new Eurocodes (e.g. for structural glass, existing
structures, etc.) and Technical Specifications (e.g. Design of Fibre-
Polymer Composite Structures)
Identify discrepancies between Eurocode calculation approaches and
performance declarations provided by CE marked products.
Response to Mandate M/515
Developed by CEN/TC250
(2013)
Over 1000 experts from
across Europe involved
Structure of Tasks and
Sub-tasks
Phased programme of
work
Systematic review of the Eurocodes
In 2014, BSI Committee B/525 invited the UK
industry to provide responses to the following
questions:
1. Do any clauses require editorial or
technical correction?
2. Which clauses would benefit from
improvements in clarity?
3. Where should the scope of the EN be
extended?
4. Where could the EN be shortened?
5. Are there any clauses whose application
leads to uneconomic construction?
6. Are there any clauses whose application
necessitates excessive design effort?
Time schedule for 2G Eurocodes
Total work programme is split up into 4 Present
overlapping Phases
Phase 1
– Phase 1: 25 Tasks (125 tech. experts)
– Phase 2: 22 Tasks (88 tech. experts)
– Phase 3 & 4: 26 Tasks (104 tech. experts)
Each Task is the responsibility of a Project Phase 2
Team (PT), which are working under
contract to NEN (e.g. SC4.Tn indicates Task
n for Eurocode 4 Sub-committee). Phase 3
Technical Reviewer Phase 2, 3 and 4
scrutinizes technical deliverables from PTs
and provides recommendations to improve Phase 4
consistency and enhance ease of use.

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Second generation of the
Eurocodes
Overview of individual standards
 Analysis of NDPs in current Eurocodes
Eurocode No of Parts No of Pages No of NDPs
EN 1990 1 + Annex A2 90 + 30 54
EN 1991 10 770 292
EN 1992 4 450 176
EN 1993 20 1250 236
EN 1994 3 330 42
EN 1995 3 225 21
EN 1996 4 300 31
EN 1997 2 340 42
EN 1998 6 600 103
EN 1999 5 500 58
Source of table: CEN TC250 N1250: Policy guidelines and procedures (Version 9), Brussels, March 2020 https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/N1250-V9.pdf
 Overview of 2G Eurocodes

Source: Denton S. Evolution of the Structural Eurocodes - Aims, timing, process, 2016
 EN 1990
Providing better guidance on ULS
verification (STR, GEO, EQU & FAT removed
as considered to cause more confusion
than clarity).
Basis of geotechnical design (EN 1997) has
been moved to EN 1990.
Rules given for non-linear analyses in
design.
Providing consistent approach for reliability
differentiation to form basis for execution
standards.
Specific issues for bridges (e.g. design of
bridge bearings & expansion joints, etc.)

Source: Bond et al. Tomorrow’s geotechnical toolbox: EN 1990:202x Basis of structural and geotechnical design, Proceedings of the XVII ECSMGE-2019
 Eurocode 1 (EN 1991)
New rules for snow loads on roofs
Harmonization of European wind and
temperature map
Preparation of technical report on climate
change to provide guidance on potential
amendments to Eurocodes
New rules for interdependence of climatic
actions (wind, snow, etc.)
Conversion of ISO 21650 to EN ISO for
actions from waves and currents on coastal
structures.
Conversion of ISO 12494 to EN ISO for
atmospheric icing.
Source: Formichi P EN 1991 – Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-3 General Revision and extension of road and rail
actions – Snow Loads. Eurocodes Background and Applications, 2008
loads for bridges.
Eurocode 2 (EN 1992)
Revision to strength reduction factor cc, which
includes a strength-dependent factor
Reinforcement strength increased from 400 <
fyk ≤ 600 N/mm² to 400 < fyk ≤ 700 N/mm²
Introduction of stainless steel reinforcement
Improved rules on durability to reduce/remove
large variations in requirements between
Source: Bond AJ et al. How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2. The
countries (e.g. BS 8500-1) Concrete Centre, CCIP-006, 2006
New rules for members not requiring shear
reinforcement
Revised rules for punching shear and
perimeters
Revised rules for lap lengths
Steel fibre reinforcement introduced
Strengthening with FRP introduced Source: Baoguo Han et al. Compositions of Self-Sensing Concrete. Self-Sensing
Concrete in Smart Structures, 2014
 Eurocode 3 (EN 1993)
Integration of high strength steel with
460 N/mm² < fy ≤ 700 N/mm² with
supporting design rules.
Continuous transition between Class 2 and 3
cross-sections
Restructuring component method for joints
in EN 1993-1-8 Current Eurocode 3 AS 4100, NZS 3404 & AISC 360-16
New interaction formulae and rules for
patch loading in EN 1993-1-5
New part on beams with web openings (EN
1993-1-13)
New part on design assisted by finite
element analysis and other numerical
methods (EN 1993-1-14)

Source: Kuhlmann U, Schmidt‐Rasche C. Next generation of Eurocode 3 –

Evolution by improvements and harmonization, ce/papers, 1, 2017: 497-506. Lankashire Waste Development (Barrett Steel Buildings Ltd) https://steelconstruction.info/
Eurocode 4 (EN 1994)
New rules for composite beams with web openings
New rules for evaluating resistance of headed studs
welded within the ribs of modern trapezoidal decks
Refinement of rules for minimum degree of shear
connection in composite beams (similar to SCI P405)
Revision of standard push test for shear connectors
New rules for slim floor construction and composite
beams with precast units (similar to SCI P287 and SCI
P401)
Revision of fire design rules for composite columns
using concrete filled tubes.
Membrane action of composite floors in fire (aka
Cardington design method in UK).
New rules for using high strength steel and concrete
(likely to be in a separate CEN/TS)
 Eurocode 5 (EN 1995)
Introduction of Cross Laminated
Timber (CLT)
Introduction of Timber Concrete
Composites (TCC)
Screw reinforcements
Vibration analysis
Improvements to stability and
racking rules
Preventing brittle failure modes
in timber connections
Source: Kleinhenz et al. Eurocode 5 - A halftime summary of the revision
International House, Barangaroo, Sydney by Tzannes Architects process, WCTE World Conference on Timber Engineering 2016.
 Eurocode 6 (EN 1996)
Introduction of more reliable
calculation process for masonry
material properties.
Harmonization with EN 1992 rules for
second order effects, shear and
braced walls.
New rules for the structural analysis
of complex shapes.
Extension of rules for the design of
confined masonry, including rules for
seismic actions.

Source: Eurocode 6: Background and applications" workshop, 2-3 April 2009, Source: Lourenço PB, Marques R. Design of masonry structures (General rules):
Brussels Highlights of the new European masonry code. 17thIB2MaC 2020
Eurocode 7 (EN 1997)
Eurocode 7 restructured to provide a
clearer distinction between requirements,
recommendations, and permissions
EN 1997-2 focuses on how to derive
parameters for design, rather than on
documenting field and laboratory tests and
their application.
Specific requirements for each geotechnical
structure has been moved to a new part EN
1997-3.
Reinforced soil structures included
Improved rules for geotechnical design in
rock
Rules for foundations subject to dynamic Source: van Seters AJ, Franzén G. Tomorrow’s geotechnical toolbox: EN 1997
loading Overview, Proceedings of the XVII ECSMGE-2019
 Eurocode 8 (EN 1998)
Harmonization of European seismic hazard
zonation
Displacement-based design method for
buildings
Extension of section on base isolation to
include additional damping and new
technologies
Updating material independent sections
and incorporating aluminium buildings
New rules on assessment and retrofitting
of bridges.
Soil-structure interaction for shallow and
deep foundations (piles)

Source: Fardis MN. Next Eurocode 8 and Performance-based seismic design philosophy. Prota 30th Anniversary Symposium, 2015
 Eurocode 9 (EN 1999)
Extension of materials to include new
alloys
Improved rules for fire design
Improved design rules for shell
structures
Extension of cold-formed sheeting
rules to include cold-formed members
Revision of design rules for joints.
New section/part on aluminium
bridges

Aluminium Centrum, Abbink X De Haas architectures as Architects, https://archello.com/project/aluminium-centrum

Robustness framework
Technical report providing
basis for modification of
existing rules in EN 1990 and
EN 1991-1-7
New/modified robustness
clauses for incorporation
within Eurocodes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
and 9.
Fire and Bridge framework (HG)
Fire Bridges
– Further harmonisation to – Improving ease of use
prevent repeated information. between Eurocodes
– For natural fire safety concept, – Ensuring technical issues have
cooling behaviour of been addressed across
structures post-fire Eurocodes
– In the interests of reducing • Fatigue verification
NDPs, one combination factor • Combination of actions in
for imposed loads in fire. design of cable stayed bridges
– New informative annex for • Integral bridges
steel cellular beams in fire • Footbridge vibrations
Structural glass (EN)
Preparation of:
– Technical (JRC) report
– Technical specification (CEN/TS)
– European standard (EN)
CEN TS and EN in three parts
– General rules and materials
– Design of plates, their supports
and fixings
– Design of primary members of
glass: Beams, columns and special
joints
https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/showpublication.php?id=236
 Assessment and retrofitting of existing
structures (EN)
Preparation of:
– Technical (JRC) report
– Technical specification (CEN/TS)
– European standard (EN)
Contents
– Framework for assessment, structure
management and retrofitting upon
existing structures
– Investigation and updating information
– Structural analysis and verifications
– Interventions

https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/new-european-technical-rules-assessment-and-retrofitting-existing-structures
Fibre-Polymer Composite Structures (CEN/TS)
Preparation of:
– Technical (JRC) report
– Technical specification (CEN/TS)
Contents similar to other Eurocodes:
– Basis of design
– Materials
– Durability
– Structural analysis
– Ultimate limit states
– Serviceability limit states
– Joints
– Production, installation and maintenance
– Annexes

https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/showpublication.php?id=539
Membrane structures (CEN/TS)
Preparation of:
– Technical (JRC) report
– Technical specification (CEN/TS)
Contents similar to other Eurocodes
– Basis of design
– Materials
– Durability
– Structural analysis
– Ultimate limit states
– Serviceability limit states
– Details and connections
– Execution of membrane structures
 Conclusions
Second generation of Eurocodes under development since 2015
Strong focus on reduction of NDPs (greater harmonization) and
enhancing ease of use for designers.
Current 10 Eurocodes standards expanded to include new ENs and
CEN/TS (anticipated that the latter may be published earlier).
As well as existing industry-standard design guidance being
implemented, many new innovations will be included.
Final phases of Project Team work underway and some nearing
completion

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