5)

DEFINITION
Expression of the form y = ax+
Quadratic Equations

bx + c. a z 0, a, b, c e R is
known as quadratic expression. Quadratic expression when
equated to a constant value, it becomes a quadratic equation i.e.
a+ bxtc= 0, a0 isaquadratic
equation.
• For ar+ bx + c=0, a is known as leading term or leading
coefticient, c is constant term.
2

3
IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND
Sign of the leading coef cient decides the opening of
the parabola.
Irrational roots occur in conjugate pair, i.e., if one root
is - 2 + V3, then second will de nitely -2 - V3.
Rational roots occur when D= 0 or a perfect square.
4. Ifa quadratic equation is satis ed by more than 2 roots,
• Since quadratic equation is 2nd degree equation, it will
then it bccomes an identity.
have two roots.
5 The point, where parabola cuts axis ( intercept of
• Jb - 4ac isknownasdiscriminant(D)anditdetemines parabola) is the value of constant term (c) in Q.E.
the nature of roots.
6 Coordinates of vertex of the parabola are given as
• Quadratic equation can be solved either by using quadratic
formula or by splitting the middle term. This is also used to nd max/min value of

Quadratic Formula quadratic equation.

Ifx, x, are the roots of quadratic equation ax² + bx +e= 0, a z0, 7 If quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0, a 0 has one
-btyo'-4ac root as a, then we can say aa² + ba + c = 0.
Then x, X, =
2a 8 For quadratic equation ax + bx + c= 0, a # 0, if
a + b+ c= 0, then one root of equation is x = 1.
Nature of Roots
9. If one root of quadratic equation is zero, then its graph
Discriminant determines the nature of roots of a quadratic
will pass through origin.
cquation.
Rootsare real and distinct if b- 4ac > 0,
THEORY OF EQUATIONS (VIETTA'S THEOREM)
Rootsimaginary if b- 4ac <0
Roots are equal and coincident, if b²-4ac = 0. For Quadratic Equation
Graph of Quadratic Equation Considerthequadraticequation a + bx tc= 0, a 0.
Let a and ß be the roots of the quadratic equation
For different values of a, b, c if graph ofy = ax² + bx + c is
plotted then the following 6 difterent shapes are obtained. The
graph is called a parabola. a+ß = -and a-ß=
a a
Fig. 3 Hence the quadratic cquation whose roots are a and ß is given by
Fig. 1 Fig.2
a >0
a >0 D<0 -(a +B)r+aß =0
a>0 D=0
D>0 i.e. x-(sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0

o y>0 for some x and y is a perfect square no real root

For Cubic Equation
Consider the cubic equation ax + by? + cx+d=0, a + 0.
y<0 for some x y0. v xe R y>0. V xe R
Fig. 4 Let a, B and y be the roots of the quadratic equation
Fig. Fig .6
b d C
O a <0
:. a+ß+y= -and aßy=-and aß+By+ ya=
D>0 a a a
D=0 a <0
D<0 Illustration 1: Given that the equation x- 4r + k + I =0 has
ys0. vxeR two different roots, nd the largest integer of k.
y<0. VxeR
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 64 Mathematics

Sol. From theequation x- 4x + k + |=0, we knowthat k=7 ork= -2

a= 1, b=-4 ande = k+ 1. =7 or x=- 2
Since, equation has two different roots:
.:. b–4ac > 0
. x= tv7 or x= t-2
(-4) - 4(I)(k + 1) > 0 .: x= 7 or x= -7
16 - 4(k + I) > 0 x= *-2 arerejectedas only real valuesof x are
16 – 4k - 4 > 0 allowed.
-4k >- 12 :: x= tV7.
k < 3
Illustration 4: Find the maximum value of quadratic equation
Hence, the largest integer of k is 2. 312+ 2r -9 = 0.
Illustration 2: Given that x- 5x + 5 = hx - 1) has equal Sol. Maximum/minimum value of a quadratic cquation occurs
roots, nd the values of h. (NMTC 2012) -b
Sol. - 5x+ 5 =hx - h at x= 2a
2-
-(5
Sx- hx + 5 + h = 0
+ ) x + (5 + h) = 0
2_!
**2-3) 3

--
From the equation above, we know that a = 1, b= 5 + Substituting in given quadratic equation.
h) and e =5 + h.
26
For cqual roots: b4ac =0 Maximum value =
3
ie. [-(5 + h)j² - 4(1)(5 + ) = 0
Illustration 5: Both the roots of the quadratic cquation
(5 + h) - 4(5 + h) = 0
x- 12r + k= 0 are primenumbers.The sum of all such
P+ 10h + 25 - 20 – 4h = 0
values of k is
P+ 6h + 5 = 0
→ (h+ 5)(h + 1) = 0 Sol. Prime numbers are positive numbers.

h+5 = 0 or h + 1 =0 Let a, ß be the primne roots.

→h=-5 or h = - I ..a + = 12
Illustration 3: Solve for x, if x can take only real values a, ß must be prime, only possible case is a = 5 and
214- 10x?- 28 = (0. (NMTC 2010) B= 7 or vice versa.
Sol. Substitute k = to transform the complicated cquation
: k= productof roots = a B
to 2k- 1Ok - 28 = 0
.:. k-Sk - 14 = 0
. k= 35
.:. (k- 7)(k + 2) =0 which is only one possibility

.:. k-7 = 0 or k + 2 = 0 .". sum = 35.

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 LEVEL 1
1. If therootsofquadraticequation +px + q=0 aretan30° equation is 2 and the difference between the cubes of the
and tan l5° respectively, then the value of 2 + q -p= roots is 98, then which of the following is that quadratic

() 3 (2) 4 (3) -I (4) -2 equation?

(1) 2-8r + 15 = 0 (2) +&r- I5=0
2. The condition for one root of the quadratic cquation
ax + bx tc=0 to be twice the other, is (3) +5x + 15=0 (4) -5x-15 =0
(1) 6²=4ac (2) 2b² = 9ac 12. Ifone root of the quadratic cquation ar + bx +c=0 is the
reciprocal of the other, then
(3) =4a+? (4)
2=9a - b?
3. If a + b +e= 0 and (a + b - c) + (b + c- a) (1) b=c (2) a=b
x+ (c + a- b) = O has real and cqual roots, then the (3) ac= 1 (4) a=c
root is 13. One of the root of a quadratic equation is (3 - v2),
a+b+c a +b+c
() 3
(3)
(2)
2

(4) None of these

then which of the following is that equation?

() (r- 6x-7)=0 (2) (r+ 6r -7) =0

4. (x+ 1²-x2 =0has (3) (+ 6x+ 7) =0 (4) (r- 6r+ 7) = 0

() fourrealroots (2) two real roots
(3) no real roots (4) one real root
14. If-Sx-|=0then
the
valueof* is (JSTSE
2016]
5. If sin a and cos a are the roots of ax + bx + c = 0, () 20 (2) 27 (3) 25 (4) -25
then a² + 2ac = ... 15. For what value of k, the cquation 3r + 2r + k =0 will
(1) (2) - 2ab (3) (4) 0 have real roots:
6. For which positive values of k and p, equations
(2)
2x+ px +8 =0andp (x+ x) +k=0 haveequalroots?
|Rajasthan 2017|
(3) k< only (4) None of these
(1) k=1, p=4 (2) k=2,p=8
(3) k=4, p= 8 (4) k=2, p =4 16. If theequation(m² + n)2 (mp+nq) x+p' + q'=0
has equal roots, then
7. *-bx_m -1 has rootswhicharenumerically (1) mp = nq (2) mq=np
ax -c m+1
(3) mn = pg (4) mq= np
equal but of opposite signs, the value of m must be
17. If a and ß are the roots of the quadratic equation
a-b a+b 4r?- 20r =p', what is the difference between a and $?
(1)
a+b (2)-b [Bihar 2010)

(3)c (4)
C
(0) 25+p° (2) 25-p?
8. If the roots of the cquation px + 2qx + r = 0 and (3) 5+p (4) 5-p
qr-2/prx+q = 0 be rcal, then 18. If theequation(1 +m²) x+ (2mc)x + (e-a) =0 has
cqual roots then
() p=9 (2) -pr (1) -a= | +m² (2) =a(| + m)
(3) =r (4) =pg
(3) a= (|+m) (4) +=1 +m²
9. If oneroot of theequation x + ar +b= 0 is % times
the other. Then the correct relations among the following 19. If (r + 2) is afactorof kr²- /2x+ I, thenthevalue
is of k is
() 3a²=16b (2) l6a²= 3b
3
(3) 3a = 166 (4) 16a= 36 () (2) (3)
2
(4)
3
10. Sum of the roots of the equation 4– 3(2x + 3)+ 128 = 0,
20. Ifa, B are the roots of the equation
is |Maharashtra 2014])

11. The
) 0 (2)
difference
7 (3)
between the two roots of
(4) 8
quadratic
ax + bx +c=0, then +P
aß +b aca +b
66 Mathematics

(1)
a
() (3) (4) (3)
ab
(4) None of these

b
21. Va-b +fb -of is [Andhra Pradesh 2008]
30. If-X-a +a then the value of x in terms of a and b is
b

(1 Always zero () ta²+b? (2) +a'+b?

(2) Never zero
(3) Positive if and only if a > b (3) -Va+b? (4) None of these

(4) Positiveonly if a #b 31. Ift ar + b= 0 and x + bx + a = 0, a + b, have a

22. Ifa, Barezerosof polynomial x-px + I)-k suchthat common root 'a' then which of the following is true?
(a+ 1) (ß + 1) = 6, then value of k is |Rajasthan 2017| (1) a + b= 1 (2)a +|=0
(1) 5 (2) - (4)
(3)
--5 3 (3) a = 0 (4) a + b + | = 0
23 The minimum value of thepolynomial pé) = 3r-Sr+2 is
32. The altitude of a right triangle is 7 cm less than its base

(1) (2) (3) (4) x and its hypotenuse is 13 cm. ldentify the quadratic
6 representation of the given statement.
24. If one root of the equation
() x(x-7) =13 (2) x²+(x- 7)²= 132
a(b -c)x*+ b (c- a) x + c (a -b) = 0 is 1, then the other
root is
(3) x²+(* +7 = 13 (4) +(x+7²- 132
33. If and B are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
(1)
b(c-a) (2)
a(b-c)
a(b-c) c(a-b) f) =- - 4, then the value of - aß is

(3) a(b-c) c{a-b) () 15 -15 (3) 4

(4) (2) (4) 15
b(c-a) a(b-c) 4 4
34. Ifx? + xy +x= 12 and y² + xy ty= 18,then the value of
25. If the roots of the equation px + gr +r=0 are in the
ratio /: mthen: x+y is [Andhra Pradesh 2017|

(1) Sor-6 (2) 3 or 4 (3) Sor 3 (4) 6 or -3

() ((+m pq =lm² (2) (/+ m pr = l mq
35. If x=-I is one solution of ax² + bx + c= 0, what is
(3) (/ + m pr= Imq' (4) None of these
the other solutions? [IAO 2013|
1ex-bx_m-l hasroots whicharenumericallyequal b
26.
ax-c m+l () x=- (2) x=-
a
but of opposite signs, the value of m must be C

|Delhi 2017] (3) x=b (4) x=-

a
(1) (a-b/(a + b) (2) (a +b/(a– b)
36. If ax+ bx+ c=a(x - p', therelationamonga, b,andc
(3) (4) is (West Bengal 2017|
c
27. If sec 0, cosec 0 are the roots of quadratic equation, () abe=| (2) 2b =a+c
ax + bxr +c= 0, then: (3) b² =ac (4) b² =4ac

(1) + 2ac=b² (2) b?- a = 2hc 37. Find the maximum value of expression 5 + 20xr – 4r2?

(3) 2ab =2 (4) b² + = 2ac () 24

(2) 20 (3) 25 (4) 30
38. The number of real roots of the quadratic equation
28. Ifx =: -.(x 2), , then the value of x is 3x² +4 =0 is [West Bengal 2017|
2--
2-
22-x
[Andhra Pradesh 2017]
39.
()
Solve for x
0 (2) 2 (3) (4)
4
(1) (21 3 (3) 2 (4) 5

29. If a and ß are the root of ar² + bx + e= 0, then the

(u-I)(«-2)(-2)(*-3)(*-3)(r-4) 6
() -2, 7 (2) 3,-4 (3) 5,2 (4) 8,2
value of 40. Ifa, B be the zeros of the polynomial 2x²+ 5x + k such
aa +b aß+b S: 21
thata² +B²+aß =, thenK =? |Jharkhand 2015]

() (2
ca
() 3 (2) -3 (3) -2 (4) 2
 Quadratic Equations 6

LEVEL 2
1. What is the solution of the equation 10. Twoquadraticequationsx*-bx +6=0 and x-6x tc-0
3 x $2r-l-2 x $ - I= 0.2? have a common root. If the remaining roots of the rst and
second equations are positive integers and are in the ration
(1) x=5 (2) x= I
3:4 respectively, then the common root is |NTSE 2017|
(3) x=-I (4) x = 0
(1) (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

2. IFx=7+ 4d5,then x+!- 11. Thenumber ofsolutionsof thecquation og= 100x

Is |NMTC 2012)
(1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 3 (4) 2
()) 0 (2) I (3) 2 (4) 3
3 Theroots of thequadraticcquation x- 4x - log, a =0
are real. Then what is the least value of a? 12. If the quadratic equation x + bx + 72 = 0 has wo distinct
integer roots, then the number of all possible value for b
(1) 64 (3) (4) 81
IS |NTSE 2017]
64
4 Thevalues ofk, sothattheequations 2r+ kr-5= 0and (1) 12 (2) 9 (3)1s (4) 18

-3r-4=0 haveone root in common,are 13. Thegraph of thecquation y = 2r+4r +3 has its lowest
[NTSE 2018] point at |NSEJS 2010)
(1) (- 1,9) (2) (1, 9)
27
(3) (- 1, 1) (4) (0, 3)
(3) -3, (4)
14. If the difference of the roots of the equation
5. If a and B are roots of a (r 1) + 2bx = 0 and the
-bx + c= 0 be I, then
quadraticequationwhoserootsare 2a -and 28-! (1) -4c + | =0 (2) b²+4c =0
B
(3) b²-4c-| =0 (4) b²- 4c =0
is px + qx + r=0 then p + q +ris equal to
(1) 26 (2) 6a - 86 15. Ifr -5x + |=0, then + hasthevalue
(3) 6b - 8a (4) ĮNSEJS 2012|
6 Therealrootsof theequation 2+*-2=0 are (1) 2524 (2) 2525
(1) ,8 (2) -1, -8 (3) 2424 (4) 2010
(3) -1, 8 (4) I,-8 16. Let a, ß be the roots of the cquation
7. Let a, ß be therootsof thecquation r- px + r= 0 (r-aXx-b) +e = 0,c *0.
Theroots oftheequation( - a) (x-B) –c= 0 are
and 22 betherootsoftheequation - qx +r=0.
Then, the value ofr is
() a, c (2) b, c

(3) a, b (4) atc, b +c

() -9 (24-p) () 4-p) (2p-) 17. The product of the roots of the equation

J8 +r+8- =l is |NSEJS 2011]

6) & -2p) Q4 - p) (4) (-) 24-p) (1) -21 (2) - 189 (3) 9 (4) -5
8 Eachroot ofr- bx +e=0 isdecreasedby 2.Theresulting 18. The hypotenuse of grassy land in the shape of a right
equationis -2r+ l =0,then triangle is I metre more than twice the shortest side, ifthe
(1) b=6, c =9 (2) b=3, c = 5 third side is 7m more than the shortest side, nd the sides

(3) b=2, c=-1 (4) b=-4, c= 3 of grassy land.

(1) 3, 10,7 (2) 12, 5, 13
9. If a, B be the roots of x- a(x - 1) + b = 0, then value (3) 8, 15, 17 (4) 10, 8, 6

of
*B-a8,2 is
19. If a, B, Y are the roots of the
(r+ 6x- 1)= 0,then, (a + ß+)equals [NSEJS 2011|
(1)-4 (2) 23/6 (3) 13
equation

(4)
(r

-8
- 2)

(1) (2) 0 (3) 2 (4) 3

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 68 > Mathematics

20. Ifa and ß aretherootsof thequadraticcquation x²-6x -2 =0 31. Ifx+ 4r +7 is anevennumber, which of the following
and if [NTSE 2016] must be an odd number? INMTC 20131
()) 3r? - Sx - 33 + 9r- 212
a, = a-Bn, thenthevalueof 0 "24g (2) x+x+ 60+ 3x -9
2ag
(1) 6.0 (2) 5.2 (3) (4
5.0 3.0 (3) 6r- 2x - 80 + 6r - Sr?
21. Ifx <0 and log, (r - 5x - 65) = 0, then x is (4) x- 10x - 17 + 14x- 46
(1) -13 (2 (3) -6 (4) -5 32. Ifa., B be the roots of the quadratic equation x²-2x + | =0,
22. For theequation(x + x-6=0 |NTSE 2014) then the quadratic cquation whose roots are a + B and
(1) Three are four roots aß is:
(2) the sum of the roots is -1 (I) x²+2x + | =0 (2) x²+ 2x - I =0
(3) the product of the roots is 4 (3) x²-2x - 1 =0 (4) None of these
(4) the product of the roots is -6 33. The number of solutions of the equation
23. If 22r - I + 2l - 2r = 2, then the value of x is
Jy+3+y =I is

() 0.5 (2) -0.5 (3)

|NSEJS 2011]

(4)
0 34.
() 1
(2) 0 (3) 2

The number of integral solutions of the equation

(4)
4
24. In the equation

x(x-1)-(m+1)x the roots are equal when

=9is [NTSE 2015]

(x-1)(m -1) m

() m= (2) m=--
(1) 0 (2) (3) 2 (4)
3
35. Thevalueof ys+ 2y8+2/s+2\s+28+. is
(3) m=(0 (4) m=|
25. If one of the roots of the equation x - px + q = 0 is |NTSE 2014]
m times the other root then m/(| + m) is cqual to (1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 8 (4) 10

(1) (2)
36. If(-I² +(-3 +(¢-5) +(-7 =0, then xyzt + 16
is equal to |NTSE 2013]

p (1) (2) 9 (3) I12 (4) 122

(3)
(4)-24 37. Number of integral solutions of the given quadratic
inequality is/are |KVPY 2011]
26. The roots of 3r-7x + 6 <0
V2x-3+3x -5-V5x -6=0 are (1) 1
(2) 2

(3) no solution (4) In nite many solutions

() 2 only (2) 2 only
7
6 38. The roots of (x + a) (x + b) – 8K = (K - 2)² are real and
(3) 2 or only (4) None of these cqual, where a, b, c e R, then

27. The difference between the larger root and the smaller (1) a+b=0 (2) a=b
(3) k=-3 (4) k=0
of.a-pr+p'-) 4
= 0, is 39. Sum of the roots of the cquation 4* - 3(2* + 3) + 128 = 0,
is ĮNTSE 2014]
(1) 0 (2) (4)
(3) 2
p
28. ax' + bx +c= 0, where a, b, c are real, has real roots if (1) 0 (2) 7 (3) 5 (4) 8

INTSE 2013] 40. Number of real solutions of

(1) a, b, c are integers. (2) b²> 3ac
(3) ac >0 and b is zero (4) c=0. =1I is:
29. Theequation -x=a' + a has exactly one solution.
The number a must be (1) 4 (2) 5

(3) 6 (4) No solution

(1) (2) - (3) 0 (4)

30. Thevaluceof yo+yo+ó+ ..is

(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) -2 (4) 3.5
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