Mathematics N5

Module 1:
.....................................................................................................
................................ 5
1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 The function ..................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 System of axes and ordered pairs ......................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Domain and range .................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.3 dependent and independent variables ............................................................................. 6
1.2.4 Functions ....................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.5 Continuous and discontinuous functions ............................................................................. 6
1.2.6 Functions and relations ............................................................................................................. 7
1.2.7 Inverse functions.......................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Limits ................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.1 Increments .................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.2 The concept of the limit ............................................................................................................ 8
1.3.3 A limit in the form 𝟎𝟎 ............................................................................................................... 11
1.3.4 L Hospital’s rule .......................................................................................................................... 12

Module 2:

............................................................................................................... 19
................................
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 19
2.2 Differentiation from first principles ........................................................................................... 19
2.2.1 Differentiate from first principles functions in the form 𝐟𝐱 = 𝐚𝐱𝐧 .................................. 19
2.2.2 Differentiate from first principles functions in the form 𝐟𝐱 = 𝐚 ± 𝐛𝐱𝐜 ± 𝐝𝐱 ................. 20
2.2.3 Differentiate from first principles functions in the form 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 and 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐱....................... 22
2.3 Differentiation techniques ......................................................................................................... 23
2.3.1 Trigonometric functions ........................................................................................................... 23
2.3.2 The chain rule............................................................................................................................. 30
2.3.3 Logarithmic differentiation ..................................................................................................... 31
2.3.4 Implicit functions ....................................................................................................................... 33

Module 3:

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..................................................................................... 42
................................
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 42
3.2 Determine the roots of cubic polynomials ........................................................................... 42
3.2.1 The table for 𝒙 and 𝒇(𝒙) .......................................................................................................... 42
3.2.2 Draw the graph ......................................................................................................................... 43
3.2.3 Find the roots .............................................................................................................................. 43
3.3 Determine the Turning points of cubic polynomials........................................................... 45
3.4 Rates of change ........................................................................................................................... 54
3.4.1 Velocity and acceleration ..................................................................................................... 54
3.4.2 Related rates of change ........................................................................................................ 55

Module 4:

............................................................................................... 66
................................
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 67
4.2 Indefinite integrals ........................................................................................................................ 67
4.2.1 Standard forms of integrals .................................................................................................... 68
4.2.2 The chain rule............................................................................................................................. 69
4.2.3 Other integrals ........................................................................................................................... 70
4.3 Substitution to transform composite functions ..................................................................... 71
4.4 The integral of the form 𝒇′𝒙𝒇𝒙 dx ............................................................................................ 72
4.5 The integral of the form 𝒇′𝒙 . 𝒇𝒙𝒏 dx ....................................................................................... 73
4.6 Algebraic fractions ...................................................................................................................... 75
4.6.1 Partial fractions .......................................................................................................................... 75

Module 5:

.......................................................................... 89
................................
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 89
5.2 The area between two curves ................................................................................................. 94
5.3 Second moment of area ......................................................................................................... 102
5.3.1 Second moment of area of a rectangular lamina ....................................................... 102
5.3.2 Second moment of area of a circular lamina ............................................................... 103

Module 6:

................................................................................................. 114
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6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 114

6.2 General and particular solutions of differential equations ............................................ 115

Past Examination Papers .......................................................................................... 122

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Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:

 Introduction to the function

 Apply the L Hospital’s rule
 Describe the conditions of continuity
 Determine whether a function is continuous or discontinuous in a specified
point

1.1 Introduction

This module introduces the function and describes the application

of the L Hospital’s rule. It also describes the conditions of continuity
and explains how to determine whether a function is continuous or
discontinuous in a specified point.

1.2 The function

1.2.1 System of axes and ordered pairs
The reason why the three numbered pairs in Figure 1.1 are termed ordered
pairs is because the 𝑥 value is written first and then the 𝑦 value.

Figure 1.1 A system of axes with three orders pairs

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1.2.2 Domain and range

The 𝑥 co-ordinates in ordered pairs are the domain and the 𝑦 co-ordinates are
the range. In Figure 1.1, the domain is (3; 1; -1) and the range is (2; -1; -3).

1.2.3 dependent and independent variables

The following equation has an independent variable 𝑥 and a dependent
variable 𝑦.
2
𝑦 = 𝑥−1
3

Values for 𝑥 are chosen and when inserted into the equation, 𝑦 is worked out
and changes depending on the value of 𝑥. So 𝑦 is dependent on 𝑥.

1.2.4 Functions
A function is symbolically written as: 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑦 and it reads as:

Function 𝑓 from 𝑥 to 𝑦 .

𝑓(𝑥) represents 𝑦 so the ordered pair (𝑥; 𝑦) = (𝑥; 𝑓(𝑥))

Figure 1.2 A system of axes with one orders pair

2
Take the equation: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 − 1

Looking at Figure 1.2, choose a value of 3 for 𝑥:

2
𝑓(3) = (3) − 1
3

The dependent variable 𝑓(3) = 1

1.2.5 Continuous and discontinuous functions

With a discontinuous function, the curve is always in two parts although in the
case shown in Figure 1.3, we know the curve is actually continuous and meets
in infinity.

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Figure 1.3 Discontinuous function Continuous function

A continuous function has a curve that is always in one part.

1.2.6 Functions and relations

Definition: Relation
A relation is simply a set of ordered pairs.

If we impose the following rule on a relation, it becomes a function.

Definition: Function
A function is a set of ordered pairs in which each x-element has only
ONE y-element associated with it.

1.2.7 Inverse functions

A function has an inverse function if a line parallel to the X axes cuts the curve
at one point only. See Figure 1.4 (a).

Figure 1.4 Curves representing functions

A function has not got an inverse function if a line parallel to the X axes cuts
the curve at more than one point. See Figure 1.4 (b).

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1.3 Limits
1.3.1 Increments
When very small values of variables are used, they are known as increments.
For example, if 𝑥 changes by a small amount, this small amount is known as ∆𝑥.

∆𝑥 means an increment in 𝑥.

Figure 1.5 The increase of x and y

1.3.2 The concept of the limit

As the independent variable 𝑥 approaches a value, say 3, the dependent
variable 𝑓(𝑥) will automatically approach a limit.

We can also say the functional value will automatically approach a limit. This is
explained in Worked example 1.1:

Worked Example 1.1

Find the limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5 when 𝑥 tends toward 3.

Solution:
To clearly show how this works, construct a table. (This is not done in
practice.)
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5

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For each value of 𝑥 in the table, the value of 𝑓(𝑥) must be found for example:
When 𝑥 = 2.9 then 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(2.9) − 5 = 0.8

𝑥 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999 3 3.0001 3.001 3.01 3.1

𝑓(𝑥) 0.8 0.98 0.998 0.9998 1 1.0002 1.002 1.02 1.2
Table 1.1
The table shows that when 𝑥 approaches 3, 𝑓(𝑥) approaches 1. So the limit of
the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5 when 𝑥 tends towards 3 is 1.

It is written this way:

lim(2𝑥 − 5) = 1
𝑥→3

Referring to Figure 1.5 to make things easier, replace the ∆𝑥 by ℎ:

The small increment in 𝑥 = ∆𝑥 = ℎ

Figure 1.6 The gradient of a curve

Figure 1.6 shows an attempt at finding the gradient of a curve between

points A and B on the curve. Note that the distance between A and B is

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governed by ℎ. This is not accurate if ℎ is as big as shown.

If ℎ was much smaller, then the distance between A and B would be smaller
and the straight line gradient would be a little more accurate.

But if ℎ tends toward 0. So small that people say it is infinitesimally small. Then
the straight line gradient between A and B would be accurate.

At this level of smallness, we can say that the straight line gradient is a
tangent to the curve.
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
tan 𝜃 =
(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
tan 𝜃 =
ℎ

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
The gradient of the tangent = limℎ→0 ℎ

Worked Example 1.2

Find, without the use of a table:

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
lim ( )
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

Solution:
Remember 𝑥 does not equal 1, it tends toward 1. So we factorise:

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

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(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
= lim𝑥→1 𝑥−1

= lim𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 2)

= lim𝑥→1 (1 − 2) Substitute 1 for 𝑥

= -1

𝟎
1.3.3 A limit in the form 𝟎

0
Rule: A limit of the form [0] can usually be found by dividing out certain factors.

Worked Example 1.3

𝑥 2 −1 0
lim𝑥→1 .......................... [0]
𝑥−1

Solution:
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
= lim𝑥→1 𝑥−1

= lim𝑥→1 (𝑥 + 1)
= 2

Worked Example 1.4

𝑥 2 −4 0
lim𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −2𝑥 ........................ [0]

Solution:
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)
= lim𝑥→2 𝑥(𝑥−2)
(𝑥+2)
= lim𝑥→2 𝑥

= 2

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∞
Rule: A limit of the form [∞] can usually be determined by dividing the

numerator and denominator by 𝑥 𝑛 where “𝑛” is the highest degree in either

the numerator or the denominator.

Worked Example 1.5

3𝑥 2 +𝑥+2 ∞
lim𝑥→∞ .................... [∞]
𝑥 2 +1

Solution:
3 1 2
+ +
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
= lim𝑥→∞ 1
1+ 3
𝑥

0+0+0
= 1+0

= 0

1.3.4 L Hospital’s rule

L Hospital’s rule converts a given function into another function which has the
same limit at the prescribed point of approach.

Always try the normal approach to using limits before using L Hospital’s rule. If
the indeterminate form of the quotient has not been identified, L Hospitals rule
could produce an incorrect answer.

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0

𝑥→𝐶 𝑥→0

𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑥→𝐶 𝑔′(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
lim = lim
𝑥→𝐶 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝐶 𝑔′(𝑥)

Worked Example 1.6

Given:
𝑥 4 −16
log 𝑦 = lim𝑥→2 ( 𝑥 3 −8 ), calculate the numerical value of:

1. log 𝑦

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2. 𝑦
Solution:
𝑥 4 −16 0
log 𝑦 = lim𝑛→2 ( 𝑥 3 −8 ) = 0 … indeterminate
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)(𝑛2 +4) 4𝑥 3
log 𝑦 = lim𝑛→2 (𝑛−2)(𝑛2 +2𝑥+4)
or log 𝑦 = lim𝑥→2 3𝑥 2
4𝑥
= lim𝑥→2 3
(𝑛+2)(𝑛2 +4) 4(2)
= lim𝑛→2 (𝑛2 +2𝑛+4)
(3) = 3

((2)+2)((2)2 +4) 8
= ((2)2 +2(2)+4)
∴ log 𝑦 = 3
8
∴ log 𝑦 = 3
8
8
log 𝑦 = 3 ∴ 𝑦 = 103 = 464,159

Worked Example 1.7

Determine the value of the following limits:

sin(2𝑥 − 12)
lim ( )
𝑥→6 𝑥−6

Solution:
sin(2𝑥−12) 0
lim𝑥→6 ( ) = 0 … indeterminate
𝑥−6
2 cos 2(𝑥−6)
= lim𝑥→6 ( )
𝑥

= 2 cos 2(0)
=2

Worked Example 1.8

Determine the values of the following limits:

tan 4𝑥 sin 4𝑥
lim ( − )
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥

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Solution:

tan 4𝑥 sin 4𝑥 0 0
lim𝑥→0 ( − ) =0−0
𝑥 𝑥
tan 4𝑥−sin 4𝑥
= lim𝑥→0 ( )
𝑥
4 sex2 4𝑥−4 cos 4𝑥
= lim𝑥→0 ( )
1
4(1)2 −4(1)
= 1

=0

Worked Example 1.9

Determine:
4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1
lim ( )
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

Solution:
4𝑥2 𝑥 1
4𝑥 2 +𝑥−1 + −
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
lim𝑥→∞ (
3𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1
)= 3𝑥2 2𝑥 1
+ +
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
1 1
4+ − 2
= 𝑥 𝑥
2 1
3+ + 2
𝑥 𝑥

4𝑥 2 +𝑥−1 4
lim𝑥→∞ (3𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1) =
3

Activity 1.1

1. Determine the following:

sin 2𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
2. Determine the following:
lim (𝑥 3 . 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝑥→∞

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3. Determine the value of the limit:

lim (1𝑛𝑥. 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑥→∞

4. Determine the values of the following limits:

1 − tan2 𝑥
lim𝜋 ( 𝜋 1 )
𝑥→
4 − 2𝑥
8

5. Determine the values of the following limit:

𝑥−2
lim ( 𝑥
)
𝑥→2
𝑙𝑛 (2)

6. Determine the values of the following limit:

𝑒 √𝑥
lim ( )
𝑥→1 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
7. Determine the values of the following limit:
1
𝑥
lim ( )
𝑥→0 cot 𝑥 − 𝑥

8. Determine the value of the limit:

3𝜋
( 2 − 𝑥) sin 𝑥
lim [ ]
𝑥→
3𝑥 cos 𝑥
2

9. Determine the values of the following limit:

𝑒2 − 1
lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥. 𝑒 2
10. Determine:
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
lim ( )
𝑥→−4 𝑥 3 + 64

11. Determine the values of the following limit:

𝑥2 + 1
lim [ 2 ]
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 − 1

12. Determine:
𝑥2 − 4
lim [ ]
𝑥→2 3𝑥 − 6
13. Determine the values of the following limit:

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lim[𝑥 2 ln 𝑥]
𝑥→0

14. Determine:
ln sec 𝑥
lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥. 𝑒 2−𝑥
15. Determine:
32𝑥 5 − 243
lim [ ]
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 5 − 3

16. Determine the following limit:

ln sin 𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 ln tan 𝑥

17. Determine the following limit:

sin(2𝑥 − 12)
lim
𝑥→6 𝑥−6

Activity 1.2

𝑥 2 −9
1. Find the value(s) of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6 is discontinuous.
4
1− √𝑥
2. log 𝑦 = lim [ ], calculate the numerical value of:
𝑥→1 1−√𝑥

2.1 log 𝑦
2.2 𝑦
𝑥
3. Determine the value(s) of 𝑥 where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +5𝑥+6 is discontinuous.

4. Determine ln 𝑦 if:
𝑥 3 −27
4.1 ln 𝑦 = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2 −9

4.2 Now, determine the value of 𝑦.

𝑥 1
5. Determine lim (ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑥)
𝑥→1
3𝑥 2 −3
6. Determine the value(s) of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) = ; 𝑥 ∈ [0; 𝜋] is continuous.
sin 3𝑥

7. Given:
−1−(𝑥−1)3
ln 𝑦 = lim , calculate the numerical value of:
𝑥→0 𝑥

7.1 ln 𝑦

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7.2 𝑦
𝑥
8. Determine the value(s) where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −20+𝑥 is discontinuous.
𝑥 3 −1
9. Determine the value(s) of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −1.

Activity 1.1

Answers:
1. 2
2. 0
3. 0
4. 8
5. 2
8√𝑥
6. lim𝑥→1 (2𝑥 2 −2𝑥) = (∞)

7. 1
8. 1
9. 1
1
10. − 12

11. 1
4
12. 3

13. 0
14. 0
15. 16
16. 1
17. 2

Activity 1.2

Answers:
1. 3 or 2

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1
2. log 𝑦 = 𝑦 = √10
2

3. -3 or -2
9
4. : 90.017
2

5. 1
6. Continuous 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑥 ≠ 𝜋
7. -3; 𝑒 −3
8. 5 or -4
9. Continuous 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≠ ±1

Self-Check

I am able to: Yes No

 Introduction to the function
 Apply the L Hospital’s rule
 Describe the conditions of continuity
 Determine whether a function is continuous or discontinuous in a
specified point
If you have answered ‘no’ to any of the outcomes listed above, then speak to
your facilitator for guidance and further development.

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Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:

 Demonstrate differentiation from first principles

o Of functions in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 were 𝑛 ∈ 𝑅
𝑎±𝑏𝑥
o Of functions in the form 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑐±𝑑𝑥 were a, b, c and d are constants
o Of functions in the form sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥
 Describe differentiation techniques
o Trigonometric functions
o The chain rule
o Logarithmic differentiation
o Differentiation of implicit functions
o Differentiation of inverse trigonometric functions

2.1 Introduction

This module describe differentiation from first principles and the

various differentiation techniques.

2.2 Differentiation from first principles

2.2.1 Differentiate from first principles functions in the form 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐚𝐱 𝐧
The following symbols all denote the derivation of a function:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) or 𝐷𝑥 or 𝑑𝑥

The first and much used standard derivative is:

To differentiate 𝑥 𝑛 do the following 𝑛. 𝑥 𝑛−1

Worked example 2.1 will demonstrate how that derivative is developed.

Worked Example 2.1

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From first principles:

𝑑𝑦
Find of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Step1. Write down the function:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

Step 2. Find (𝑥 + ℎ):

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑥 + ℎ)2

= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥. ℎ + (ℎ)2

Step 3. Find 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) and simplify:

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥. ℎ + (ℎ)2 − 𝑥 2

= 2𝑥. ℎ + (ℎ)2

= ℎ (2𝑥 + ℎ)

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
Step 4. Find 𝑓′(𝑥) = limℎ→0 ℎ

ℎ (2𝑥 + ℎ)
𝑓′(𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑓′(𝑥) = limℎ→0 (2𝑥 + ℎ)

= 2𝑥

𝐚±𝐛𝐱
2.2.2 Differentiate from first principles functions in the form 𝐟𝐱 = 𝐜±𝐝𝐱

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Note:
𝑎±𝑏𝑥
Note that with the function 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑐±𝑑𝑥

Worked example 2.2 will demonstrate how the derivative of the function
𝑎±𝑏𝑥
𝑓𝑥 = 𝑐±𝑑𝑥 is developed.

Worked Example 2.2

5𝑥+4
Determine the derivative of 𝑦 = 2−3𝑥 from first principles.

Solution:
5𝑥+4
𝑓(𝑥) = 2−3𝑥
5(𝑥+ℎ)+4
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 2−3(𝑥+ℎ)
5𝑥+5ℎ+4
= 2−3𝑥−3ℎ
5𝑥+5ℎ+4 5𝑥+4
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = 2−3𝑥−3ℎ − 2−3𝑥
22ℎ
= (2−3𝑥−3ℎ)(2−3𝑥)
∴𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 22ℎ
ℎ
= (2−3𝑥−3ℎ)(2−3𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 22
∴ limℎ→0 ℎ
= (2−3𝑥)2

Worked Example 2.3

Given:
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 5
= . 𝑥 −5
(−3𝑥) (−3)5
Determine the following:
1. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ)
2. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
3. ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
4. limℎ→0
ℎ

Solution:
1
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = − . 𝑥 −5
243
1
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = − 243 (𝑛 + ℎ)−5

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1
=− [𝑥 −5 − 5. 𝑥 −6 . ℎ + 15𝑥 −7 ℎ2 + ⋯ ]
243
1 5 5
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = − 243 . 𝑥 −5 + 243 . 𝑥 −6 ℎ − 81 𝑥 −7 ℎ2 + ⋯
1 5 5 1
2. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = (− 243 𝑥 −5 + 243 𝑥 −6 ℎ − 81 𝑥 −7 ℎ2 + ⋯ ) − (− 243 𝑥 −5 )
5 5
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = (243 𝑥 −6 ℎ − 81 𝑥 −7 ℎ2 + ⋯ )
5 −6 5 −7
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) ℎ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 ℎ+⋯ )
3. ℎ
= 243 81
ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 5 5
ℎ
= 243
𝑥 −6 − 81 𝑥 −7 ℎ + ⋯
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
4. limℎ→0 ℎ
5 5
= limℎ→0 (243 𝑥−6 − 81 𝑥−7 ℎ + ⋯ )
5
= 243 𝑥 −6

2.2.3 Differentiate from first principles functions in the form 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 and 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐱

Worked Example 2.4

𝑑𝑦
Determine 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 by using first principles.

Show all the intermediate steps.

cos ℎ−1 sin ℎ−1
HINT: limℎ→0 = and limℎ→0 =1
ℎ ℎ

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = sin(𝑥 + ℎ) = sin 𝑥. cos ℎ + sin ℎ . cos 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥. cos ℎ + sin ℎ . cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
= (sin 𝑥 . cos ℎ − sin 𝑥) + sin ℎ. cos 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥(cos ℎ − 1) + sin ℎ . cos 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥(cos ℎ−1)+sin ℎ.cos 𝑥
ℎ
= ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) (cos ℎ−1) sin ℎ
= sin 𝑥 . + cos 𝑥 .
ℎ ℎ ℎ
(cos −1) sin ℎ
𝑓 1 (𝑥) = limℎ→0 + cos 𝑥 limℎ→0
ℎ ℎ

= sin 𝑥 . 0 + cos 𝑥 . 1
𝑓 1 (𝑥) = cos 𝑥

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Activity 2.1

𝑑𝑦
1. Determine if 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 by using first principles. Show all intermediate
𝑑𝑥

steps.
2+𝑥
2. Determine the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3−𝑥 from first principles.

3. Determine the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = √3𝑥 from first principles.

1
−1 1
4. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = =− . 𝑥 −2
√3𝑥 √3

Determine the simplified form of:

4.1 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ)
4.2 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
4.3 ℎ
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
4.4 limℎ→0 ℎ

5. Given:
√𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥2−𝑥
Determine the derivative from first principles
6. Given:
𝑥+𝑏
𝑦=
𝑥−𝑏
Determine the derivative from first principles
7. Given:
𝑥+𝑐
𝑦=
√𝑥
Determine the derivative from first principles

2.3 Differentiation techniques

2.3.1 Trigonometric functions
The Trigonometric derivatives in Table 2.1:

𝒅𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙

1 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

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2 cos 𝑥 − sec 𝑥

3 tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥

4 cot 𝑥 − cosec 2 𝑥

5 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 . tan 𝑥

6 csc 𝑥 −cosec 𝑥 . cot 𝑥

Table 2.1 Standard trigonometric derivatives

Sum and difference rules:

The derivatives in Table 2.2 below. The letter “k” is any constant.

𝒅𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙

1 𝑘 0

2 𝑘𝑥 𝑛 𝑘𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1

3 𝑘𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘𝑓′(𝑥)

4 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) ± 𝑔′(𝑥)

Table 2.2 Sum and difference rules

Product and quotient rules:

The derivatives in Table 2.3 below should be memorized.

𝒅𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙

1 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔′(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) × 𝑓′(𝑥) − 𝑔′(𝑥) × 𝑓(𝑥)

2
𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]2

Table 2.3 Product and quotient rules

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Worked Example 2.5

𝑑 𝑑
Assume that sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 and cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥. Show that:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
sin 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 ∴𝑦 =
cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥−(− sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥)
∴ 𝑦′ =
cos2 𝑥

cos2 𝑥+ sin2 𝑥
=
cos2 𝑥
1
=
cos2 𝑥

= sec 2 𝑥

Worked Example 2.6

𝑑
Assume that 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 and show that:
𝑑
cosec 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1
Let 𝑦 = cosec 𝑥 ∴𝑦 =
sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥×0−cos 𝑥×1
∴ 𝑦′ =
sin2 𝑥
−cos 𝑥
=
sin2 𝑥
−cos 𝑥 1
= ×
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥

= − cot 𝑥 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥

Inverse trigonometric functions:

Using sin 𝑥 Find the ratio when the angle is 30°

sin 30° = 0.5

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Using sin 𝑥 Find the angle when the ratio is 0.5

sin−1 𝑥 = 0.5 Answer equals 30°

Table 2.4 shows a list of the derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions:

𝒅 =
𝒅𝒙
(sin−1 𝑥) 1
√1 − 𝑥 2
(cos −1 𝑥) 1
√1 − 𝑥 2
(tan−1 𝑥) 1
1 + 𝑥2
(cot −1 𝑥) 1
1 + 𝑥2
(sec −1 𝑥) 1
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
(csc −1 𝑥) 1
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1

Table 2.4

Worked Example 2.7

𝑑𝑦 1
Prove that if 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sec 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥√𝑥 2−1

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sec 𝑥
sec 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
sec 𝑦 . tan 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 1
= sec 𝑦.tan 𝑦 but tan 𝑦 = √𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝑦 − 1
𝑑𝑥
1
= but tan 𝑦 = sec 𝑦 = 𝑥
sec 𝑦 √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦−1
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √𝑥 2 −1

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Worked Example 2.8

𝑑𝑦 1
Prove that if 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥, then =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

Solution:
𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥
sin 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
cos 𝑦 . =1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= where cos 𝑦 = √1 − sin2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 1
= where sin 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
√1−sin2 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥2

Worked Example 2.9

𝜋 𝜋
Make a neat sketch of the graph 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥 for the range [− 2 ; 2 ]

Figure 2.

Worked Example 2.10

Given: 𝑦 = arccos 𝑥
1. Make a neat sketch of the graph 𝑦 = arccos 𝑥 for the range [0; 𝜋]

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𝑑𝑦 1
2. Prove that if 𝑦 = arccos 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = −
√1−𝑥 2

Figure 2.
Solution:
𝑦 = arc cos 𝑥
cos 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
−sin 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 1
= − sin 𝑦 where sin 𝑦 = √1 − cos 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
= where cos 𝑦 = 𝑥
√1−cos2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥2

Worked Example 2.11

𝜋 𝜋
1. Make a neat sketch of the graph 𝑦 = arccos ec 𝑥 for the range [− ; ]
2 2
𝑑𝑦
2. Derive a formula to determine 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = arccos 𝑒𝑐 𝑥

Figure 2.

Solution:

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𝑦 = arc cosec 𝑥
cosec 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
−cosec 𝑦 . cot 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 −1
𝑑𝑥
= − cosec 𝑦.cot 𝑦 where cot 𝑦 = √cosec 2 𝑦 − 1
𝑑𝑦 −1
= where cosec 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 cosec 𝑦√1−cosec2 𝑦−1
𝑑𝑦 −1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

Activity 2.2

𝑑𝑦
1. Calculate 𝑑𝑥 of the following by making use of the derivative of sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥, as

well as the rules of differentiation:

𝑦 = cos 𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. Calculate 𝑑𝑥 of the following by making use of the derivative of sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥, as

well as the rules of differentiation:

𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
3. Prove that if 𝑦 = arctan 𝑥, then =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
1
4. Prove that the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cot ( ) + 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cot 𝑥 is zero.
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1
5. Prove that if 𝑦 = arccosec 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

6. Given is the sketch of 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [−𝜋; 𝜋]

Figure 2.
6.1 Give the co-ordinates of A and B
𝑑𝑦
6.2 If 𝑦 = arcsin(tan 4𝑥), give the derivative of 𝑦
𝑑𝑥

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2.3.2 The chain rule

The chain rule is an extension of the sum and difference rules and the product
and quotient rules. The chain rule states:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
If 𝑦 = 𝑦 [𝑢 (𝑥)] then = ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Worked Example 2.12

The following functions are differentiated with respect to the appropriate variable
and the chain rule:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
1. 𝑦 = tan 4𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 tan(4𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
2. 𝑦 = (2𝑥)3 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 3(2𝑥)2 × 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2
3. 𝑦 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
4. 𝑦 = ln 3𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥)

Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑦 = tan 4𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 tan(4𝑥)
𝑑
= sec 2 4𝑥 × (4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

= sec 2 4𝑥 × 4
= 4 sec 2 4𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
2. 𝑦 = (2𝑥)3 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 3(2𝑥)2 × (2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

= 12 𝑥 2 × 2
= 24 𝑥 2
2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2
3. 𝑦 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 ⟹ = etan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑
= etan 𝑥 × tan 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑
= etan 𝑥 × sec2 𝑥2 × 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
2
= etan 𝑥 × sec2 𝑥2 × 2𝑥
2
= 2 × sec 2 𝑥 2 etan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑
4. 𝑦 = ln 3𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = = × (3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ×3
3𝑥

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1
=
𝑥

2.3.3 Logarithmic differentiation

To appreciate the use of logarithmic differentiation, let us consider the following:

𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 10 sin 𝑥), determine
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑓′(𝑥)
We recognize this as 𝑦 = ln 𝑓(𝑥), for which = and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 10 sin 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

If 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 10 sin 𝑥), then

𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥10 sin 𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥10 sin 𝑥

𝑥10 cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥×10𝑥9

=
𝑥10 sin 𝑥

𝑥10 cos 𝑥+10𝑥9 sin 𝑥

=
𝑥10 sin 𝑥
10
= + cot 𝑥
𝑥

However, if we use the logarithmic laws to simplify the right-hand side of the equation,
and then differentiate, the solution is considerably shorter:

From 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 10 sin 𝑥), it follows that:

𝑦 = 10 ln 𝑥 + ln sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 10 cos 𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = +
𝑥 sin 𝑥
10
= + cos 𝑥
𝑥

Worked Example 2.13

𝑑𝑦 2
Calculate if 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑥 with the aid of logarithmic differentiation.
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
3
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 . 𝑥
3
ln 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑥)
3
= 𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑥 | + ln 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = 𝑥3 + ln 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
. = 3𝑥2 +
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑦 [3𝑥 2 + 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥

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𝑑𝑦 3 1
= 𝑒𝑥 . 𝑥 [3𝑥2 + ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Worked Example 2.14

𝑑𝑦
Calculate if 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 4)(4−𝑥) with the aid of logarithmic differentiation.
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑦 = (𝑥2 − 4)(4−𝑥)
ln 𝑦 = (4 − 𝑥)𝑙𝑛(𝑥2 − 4)
1 𝑑𝑦 1
. = (−1)𝑙𝑛(𝑥2 − 4) + ( . 2𝑥) (4 − 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 −4

𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑦 [−𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 − 4) + ( . 2𝑥) (4 − 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 −4

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥(4−𝑥)
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥2 − 4)(4−𝑥) [−𝑙𝑛(𝑥2 − 4) + ( )]
𝑥2 −4

Worked Example 2.15

𝑑𝑦
Calculate 𝑑𝑥 with the aid of logarithmic differentiation if 𝑦 = (cos 5𝑥)𝑥 .

Solution:
𝑦 = (cos 5𝑥)𝑥
ln 𝑦 = 𝑥. ln cos 5𝑥
1𝑑𝑦 −5 sin 5𝑥
= 1. ln cos 5𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 5𝑥
𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦[ln cos 5𝑥 − 5𝑥 tan 5𝑥]
𝑑𝑥

Worked Example 2.16

𝑑𝑦 2
Calculate if 𝑦 = 𝑥 1−𝜋𝑥 with the aid of logarithmic differentiation.
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 1−𝜋𝑥

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2
ln 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 1−𝜋𝑥
ln 𝑦 = (1 − 𝜋𝑥2 ) ln 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
. = (−2𝜋𝑥) ln 𝑥 + (1 − 𝜋𝑥2 )
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑦 [(−2𝜋𝑥) ln 𝑥 + (1 − 𝜋𝑥 2 )]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Activity 2.3

𝑑𝑦 4 −ln 𝑥)
1. Calculate 𝑑𝑥 with the aid of logarithmic differentiation if 𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 4 −ln 𝑥)
2. Determine with the aid of logarithmic differentiation if ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3. Calculate 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = 4𝑥 . 𝑒 −1 with the aid of logarithmic differentiation.
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥
4. Determine with the aid of logarithmic differentiation if 𝑦 = 𝑧 𝑒 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 +𝑥
5. Calculate 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒 with the aid of logarithmic differentiation.
𝑑𝑦
6. Calculate 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = (cos 𝑥)(1+sin 𝑥) with the aid of logarithmic differentiation.

2.3.4 Implicit functions

𝑑𝑦
Sometimes one is required to determine 𝑑𝑥
for a function 𝑦 or 𝑥 where the relation
between 𝑥 and 𝑦 is not explicit. For instance, if 𝑦 = sin 𝑦 = 2𝑥, it is not possible to make
𝑦 the subject of the formula. We call this an implicit equation of 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
However, it is possible to find the value of 𝑑𝑥
in such cases by differentiating both sides
of the equation with respect to 𝑥. This process is known as implicit differentiation.

Worked Example 2.17

𝑑𝑦
Find if 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 = 2𝑥.
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑦 + sin 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 + sin 𝑦) = (2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
∴ + cos 𝑦 × =2× (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
∴ 𝑑𝑥 (1 + cos 𝑦) = 2 × 1

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𝑑 2
∴ 𝑑𝑥 =
1+cos 𝑦

Worked Example 2.18

𝑑𝑦
Determine if 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑥 2 = ln 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑥 2 = ln 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
∴ (𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑥 2 ) = (ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
∴ 𝑥2𝑦 × 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 × 1| + 𝑦 × 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 × 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑀𝑆]
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥2 ) = − 𝑦2 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 −𝑦2 −2𝑥𝑦 1−𝑥𝑦2 −2𝑥2 𝑦
= 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦+𝑥2 2𝑥2 𝑦+𝑥3

Worked Example 2.19

𝑑𝑦 2 2
Determine |(1; 2) if 𝑦𝑒 4𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
2 2
𝑦𝑒 4𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦
𝑑 2 𝑑 2
(𝑦𝑒4𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥𝑒𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2
∴ 𝑦𝑒 4𝑥 8𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (𝑥𝑒 𝑦 2𝑦 × 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 × 1)
2 𝑑𝑦 2
= 4𝑥𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 × 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2 2 2 2
∴ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 4𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 ) = 2𝑒𝑦 − 8𝑥𝑦 𝑒4𝑥
2 2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑒𝑦 −8𝑥𝑦 𝑒4𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 2
𝑒4𝑥 −4𝑥𝑦 𝑒𝑦

𝑑𝑦 2.𝑒4 −8.1.2.𝑒4
Thus |(1; 2) = =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑒4 −4.1.2.𝑒4

Activity 2.4

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𝑑𝑦 𝑦
1. Determine 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑥 2 + ln (𝑥 ) − 5𝑥 + 4 = 0 by using implicit differentiation.
𝑑𝑦
2. Determine 𝑑𝑥 of the implicit function 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − ln 𝑦 = 7.
𝑑𝑦
3. Determine the value of 𝑑𝑥 of the implicit function sin 3𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 = 1,047 at the
𝜋
point (1; ).
3
𝑑𝑦
4. Find 𝑑𝑥
of the implicit function 𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 = ln 𝑦.
𝑑𝑦
5. Determine 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 = −3𝑥𝑦 6 by using implicit differentiation.

Worked Example 2.20

𝑑𝑦
Determine in each of the following cases:
𝑑𝑥

(simplification is not required).

2𝑥.log 𝑥
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑒
2. 𝑦 = √cos 𝑏𝑥
tan 𝑥
3. 𝑦 = ln ( 𝑥2
)

Solution:
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥.log 𝑥 2𝑥 1
1. = ( 2𝑒 ln 2) ((2𝑒 )(log 𝑥) + ( ) (𝑒2𝑥 ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 10
3
𝑑𝑦 1 −
2. = − (cos 𝑏𝑥) 2 . (− sin 𝑏𝑥. 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 (sec2 𝑥)(𝑥2)−(2𝑥)(tan 𝑥)
3. =( )( )
𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥 (𝑥2 )2

Worked Example 2.21

𝑑𝑦
Determine in each of the following cases:
𝑑𝑥

(simplification is not required).

𝑒𝑥
1. 𝑦 = (ln2 𝑥)

2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 . 𝑎𝑟𝑐 cot 𝑥
4
3. 𝑦 = √𝑥 4 + sec 7𝑥

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Solution:
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒𝑥 )(ln2 𝑥)−(2 ln 𝑥. )(𝑒𝑥 )
1. = 2
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (ln2 𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 −1
2. = (3𝑥2 )(𝑎𝑟𝑐 cot 𝑥) + ( ) ( 𝑥3 )
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥2
3
𝑑𝑦 1 −
3. = (𝑥4 + sec 7𝑥) 4 . (4𝑥3 + sec 7 𝑥 . tan 7𝑥. 7)
𝑑𝑥 4

Activity 2.5

𝑑𝑦
1. Determine in each of the following cases:
𝑑𝑥

(simplification is not required).

−1 .arctan 𝑥)
1.1 𝑦 = 6(𝑥
𝑥 ln 𝑥
1.2 𝑦= 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. Determine 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases:

(simplification is not required).

2.1 𝑦 = sin(cos √𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑥4
2.2 𝑦 = ln [(5𝑥−4)2 ]

2.3 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑟𝑐 cot 𝑥)[ln(1 + 𝑥 2 )]

𝑑𝑦
3. Determine 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases:

(simplification is not required).

3𝑥
3.1 𝑦=
√6𝑥−4

3.2 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3𝑥

4. Determine 𝑦 for:
(simplification is not required).
4.1 𝑦 = 2 ln3 (sec 𝑥)
4.2 𝑦 = 54𝑥 . ln √𝑥
𝑑𝑦
5. Determine 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases:

(simplification is not required).

1 1
5.1 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + ln (𝑥)
𝑥2
5.2 𝑦 = sec −1 ( )
𝑒 𝑏𝑥

5.3 𝑦 = √√cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 3

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𝑑𝑦
6. Determine 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases:

(simplification is not required).

6.1 𝑦 = tan2 √1 − 3𝑥
sin3 𝑥
6.2 𝑦=
ln sin 𝑥

7. If sec 𝑦 = 𝑥, then 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sec 𝑥:

𝑑𝑦 1
7.1 Prove that 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑𝑦
7.2 Now, use this derivative to determine 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sec(8𝑥 )

Simplification is not required.

𝑑𝑦
8. Determine in each of the following cases:
𝑑𝑥

(simplification is not required).

𝜋𝑥
8.1 𝑦 = cos ( 2 ) . 𝑒 −𝑥
1−𝑥 5
8.2 𝑦 = arctan 𝑥

8.3 𝑦 = √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
9. Determine 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases:

(simplification is not required).

tan 𝑥
9.1 𝑦=
ln(2𝑥)
1
9.2 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 . arccos 𝑥
2
9.3 𝑦 = ln4 [𝑒 ln 𝑥 + 1]
𝑑𝑦
10. Determine 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases:

(simplification is not required).

10.1 𝑦 = arctan(𝑎 − 𝑥)
10.2 𝑦 = tan √1 − 𝑥
10.3 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑦
11. Determine 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases:

(simplification is not required).

11.1 𝑦 = ln(𝑒 3𝑥 . 𝑥 4 )
11.2 𝑦 = √ln 𝑥 − log 7 (tan 𝑥)

11.3 𝑦 = sin √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
12. Determine 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases:

(simplification is not required).

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12.1 𝑦 = sin (cos √2(𝑥 3 − 1))

12.2 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 . ln(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐)
109𝑥
12.3 𝑦 = sec 3𝑥

Activity 2.1

Answers:
1. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
5
2. = (3−𝑥)2

√3
3. = 2√𝑥

4.
1 −1 1 3
3 5
4.1 = 𝑥 2 +2 𝑥 −2 ℎ − 8 𝑥 −2 ℎ 2 + ⋯
√3 √ 3 √ 3
2 5
1 − 3 −
4.2 =2 𝑥 2 ℎ−8 𝑥 ℎ2 + ⋯
2
√3 √3
3 5
1 3
4.3 =2 3
𝑥 −2 ℎ − 8 3
𝑥 −2 ℎ + ⋯
√ √
3
1 −
4.4 = 𝑥 2
2√3

√𝑥(1−3𝑥)
5.
2(𝑥 2 −𝑥)2
−2𝑏
6. (𝑥−𝑏)2
𝑥−𝑐
7.
2𝑥√𝑥

Activity 2.2

Answers:
1. – cosec 𝑥 . cot 𝑥
2. = sec 2 𝑥
3. Proof
4. Proof
5. Proof
6.
6.1 𝐴(1; 𝜋) 𝐵(−1; −𝜋)

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𝑑𝑦 4 sec2 4𝑥
6.2 =
𝑑𝑥 √1−(tan 4𝑥)2

Activity 2.3

Answers:
4 −ln 𝑥) 1
1. = 𝑒 (𝑥 [4𝑥 3 − 𝑥]
1
2. = 𝑦. ln 𝑦 [4𝑥 3 − 𝑥]

3. = 4𝑥 . 𝑒 −𝑥 (ln 4 − 1)
4. = 𝑦[−𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]
𝑥 +𝑥
5. = 𝑒 𝑒 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
1
6. = 𝑦 [(cos 𝑥) ln(cos 𝑥) + (
cos 𝑥
− sin 𝑥) ( 1 + sin 𝑥)]

Activity 2.4

Answers:
1
−2𝑥+ +5
1. 1. = 1
𝑥

−2𝑥𝑦 2 −1
2. = 1
2𝑥 2 𝑦−
𝑦

3. = 0.476
𝑦
−3𝑥 2 −
4. = 1
𝑥
ln 𝑥−
𝑦

−3𝑦6 −4𝑥 3
5. =
4𝑦 3 +18𝑥𝑦 5

Activity 2.5

Answers:
1.
𝑑𝑦 −1 .arctan 𝑥) 1
1.1 𝑑𝑥
= 6(𝑥 ln 6 . (−𝑥 −2 . arctan 𝑥 + 1+𝑥2 . 𝑛−1 )
1
𝑑𝑦 (1.ln 𝑥+ .𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 ln 𝑥)
1.2 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥 )2

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2.
2.1 𝑦 = sin(cos √𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 1
= (cos (cos √𝑥 2 + 1) (− sin √𝑥 2 + 1)) ( . 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥4
2.2 𝑦 = ln (5𝑥−4)2
𝑑𝑦 (5𝑥−4)2 4𝑥 3 (5𝑥−4)2 −𝑥 4 (2(5𝑥−4).5)
𝑑𝑥
=( 𝑥4
)( [(5𝑥−4)2 ]2
)

2.3 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑟𝑐 cot 𝑥)[ln(ln 1 + 𝑥 2 )]

𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥
3.
1
1
3𝑥 𝑑𝑦 3√6𝑥−4−3𝑥. (6𝑥−4)2.6
3.1 𝑦= = 2
2
√6𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥 (√6𝑥−4)

𝑑𝑦 −3𝑥 ln 3
3.2 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 √(3𝑥 )2 −1

4.
𝑑𝑦 sec 𝑥.tan 𝑥
4.1 𝑦 = 2 ln3 (sec 𝑥) = 6 ln2 (sec 𝑥) .
𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥

4.2 𝑦 = 54𝑥 . ln √𝑥
1
𝑦 = 54𝑥 . ln 𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 11
= 4.54𝑥 ln 5 . ln √𝑥 + 54𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
5.
1 1
5.1 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + ln (𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 −1 1
= −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑙𝑛2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥2
5.2 𝑦 = sec −1 (𝑒 𝑏𝑥 )
𝑒 𝑏𝑥 .2𝑥−𝑥 2 .𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 2𝑏𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥4
𝑏𝑥
√ 2𝑏𝑥 −1
𝑒 𝑒

𝑒 𝑏𝑥 .2𝑥(2−𝑥𝑏)
=
𝑥 2 √𝑥 4 −𝑒 2𝑏𝑥

(2−𝑏𝑥)𝑒 𝑏𝑥
=
√𝑥 4 −𝑒 2𝑏𝑥

6.
6.1 𝑦 = tan2 √1 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 −1
= 2[tan √1 − 3𝑥]. sec 2 √1 − 3𝑥. (1 − 3𝑥) 2 . −3
𝑑𝑥 2
sin3 𝑥
6.2 𝑦=
ln sin 𝑥 Gateways to Engineering Studies
3 sin 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 . ln sin 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥40.
2 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (ln sin 𝑥)2
 Mathematics N5

Self-Check

I am able to: Yes No

 Demonstrate differentiation from first principles
o Of functions in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 were 𝑛 ∈ 𝑅
𝑎±𝑏𝑥
o Of functions in the form 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑐±𝑑𝑥 were a, b, c and d are
constants
o Of functions in the form sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥
 Describe differentiation techniques
o Trigonometric functions
o The chain rule
o Logarithmic differentiation
o Differentiation of implicit functions
 Differentiation of inverse trigonometric functions
If you have answered ‘no’ to any of the outcomes listed above, then speak to
your facilitator for guidance and further development.

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Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:

 Describe irrational roots of equations

o Determine the approximate value of any root of any function
o Calculate with the aid of given formula a better approximation of
finding any root
 Apply differentiation techniques to obtain maximum and minimum values
to solve problems
 Apply differentiation techniques to problems concerned with rates of
change
 Apply differentiation techniques to problems concerned with related rates

3.1 Introduction

This module will explain the irrational roots of equations and will show
you how to apply differentiation techniques to obtain maximum
and minimum values to solve problems. Also how to solve problems
with rates of change and related rates.

3.2 Determine the roots of cubic polynomials

It is not always possible to determine the roots of a cubic polynomial
algebraically. Newton, however, devised a method of calculating the roots of
such equations. This is known as the Newton-Raphson method of simply
Newton’s Method.

3.2.1 The table for 𝒙 and 𝒇(𝒙)

Create a table for x and f(x) with suitable values of x. Use the example:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2

Here we chose x values between -3 and 3. To determine the f(x) values do the
following for each value of x:

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𝑓(−3) = (−3)3 − (−3)2 − 4(−3) + 2 = −22

𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) -22 -2 4 2 -2 -2 8
Table 3.1

3.2.2 Draw the graph

Use the values in Table 3.1 to draw the graph. From the graph, the first rough
estimation of the values of the roots can be obtained.

Figure 3.1

3.2.3 Find the roots

There are three roots to this equation. This first rough estimation is named:
𝑥1 between {−2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1} ; 𝑥1 between {0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1} ; 𝑥1 between {2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3}

Out of the three roots of the graph above, lets concentrate on one of them:
𝑥1 between {−2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1}

An initial estimation for the root: 𝑥1 between {−2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1} = −1.8

Simply write 𝑥1 = −1.8

To reach a higher degree of accuracy and obtain:

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𝑥2 between {−2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1}

𝑓𝑥1
Use the formula 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑓′𝑥1

Figure 3.2 helps to demonstrate Newton’s reasoning on obtaining a more

accurate root. This is also called the Taylor’s Newton’s method.

Figure 3.2

The graph 𝑓(𝑥) crosses the 𝑥 axis at R and our rough estimation is 𝑥1 . If we draw
a tangent to the graph on the root we establish a point 𝑥2 .

This new point 𝑥2 is closer to the actual root as shown.

𝑓𝑥1
tan 𝜃 = 𝑓′𝑥1 =
𝑥1 − 𝑥2

𝑓𝑥1
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 −
𝑓′𝑥1

To reach an even more accurate value for the root, the process may be
repeated.
𝑥3 between {−2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1}
𝑓𝑥2
𝑥3 = 𝑥2 −
𝑓′𝑥2

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Worked Example 3.1

Use Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1 to estimate the value for the root between
𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = −1 for the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 and then use
Taylor’s Newton’s method to determine a better approximation of the root.

Solution:

An initial estimation for the root: 𝑥1 between {−2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1} = −1.8

𝑥1 = −1.8

A better estimation for the root:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2

𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4

𝑓(−1.8) = (−1.8)3 − (−1.8)2 − 4(−1.8) + 2 = 0.128

𝑓 ′ (−1.8) = 3(−1.8)2 − 2(−1.8) − 4 = 9.320

𝑓𝑥1
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑓′𝑥1

(0.128)
𝑥2 = ( −1.8) − (9.320)

𝑥2 = −1.814

3.3 Determine the Turning points of cubic polynomials

Worked Example 3.2

Determine the turning points of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2.

Solution:

Step 1. Differentiate the function:

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𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4

Step 2. Let the function equal zero and use the formula:

−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑎

−(−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4(3)(−4)

𝑥=
2(3)

2 ±√52
𝑥= 6

𝑥 = 1.535 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −0.869

𝑓(𝑥) = −2.879 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) = 4.065

Turning points: (1.535; -2.879) and (-0.869; 4.065)

Figure 3.3

Activity 3.1

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1
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3

1.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning points of 𝑓(𝑥).

1.2 Use Taylor’s/Newton’s method to determine, to three decimal
1
places, the root of the equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0 which lies
3

close to 0,6.
2. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3
2.1 Determine the co-ordinates of the turning points of 𝑓(𝑥).
2.2 Draw up a table of values for 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥), with 𝑥 ranging from 𝑥 = −2
to 𝑥 = 3.
2.3 Draw a neat graph of 𝑓(𝑥) between these values and show the
turning points on it.
2.4 Use the table and the graph to estimate a value for the root
between 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = −1 of the equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 = 0
and then use Taylor/s Newton’s method to determine a better
approximation of this root. (Correct to three decimal figures).
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
3.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning points of 𝑓(𝑥).
3.2 Draw up a table of values of 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥) for values of 𝑥 from -2 to 2
and make a neat sketch of this part of the curve.
3.3 Use the table and your graph to estimate the values of the roots of
𝑓(𝑥).
3.4 If the positive root of 𝑓(𝑥) is estimated as 0,7, use Taylor/Newton’s
method to determine a better approximation of this root correct to
four decimal numbers.
4. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
4.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning points of 𝑓(𝑥).
4.2 Draw up a table of values of 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥) with 𝑥 ranging from 𝑥 = −4
and 𝑥 = 2.
4.3 Draw a neat graph of 𝑓(𝑥) between the values and show the
turning points on it.

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4.4 Use the table and the graph to estimate a value for the root
between 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 0 of the equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
and use Taylor/Newton method to determine a better
approximation of this root (the root must be correct up to three
decimal figures).
5. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 4
5.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning points of 𝑓(𝑥).
5.2 Draw up a table of values of 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥) with 𝑥 ranging from 𝑥 = −2
and 𝑥 = 4.
5.3 Draw a neat graph of 𝑓(𝑥) between the values and show the
inflection point on it.
5.4 Use the table and the graph to estimate a value for the root
between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1 of the equation 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 4 = 0 and
then use Taylor/Newton’s method to determine a better
approximation of this root (the root must be correct up to three
decimal figures).
6. Given a rough sketch of the graph of 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1
6.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning points A and B of 𝑓(𝑥).
Show all your calculations.
6.2 If the root of 𝑓(𝑥) is estimated as 2,8, use Taylor/Newton’s method
once to determine a better approximation of this root correct to
four decimal numbers.
7. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
7.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning points of 𝑓(𝑥).
7.2 Draw up a table of values of 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥), with 𝑥 ranging from 𝑥 = −2
to 𝑥 = 2.
7.3 Draw a neat graph of 𝑓(𝑥) between these values and show the
turning points on it.
7.4 Use the table and the graph to estimate a value for the root
between 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 0 of the equation −3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
and then use Taylor’s/Newton’s method to determine a better

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approximation of this root. (Root correct to three decimal figures).

8. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5
8.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning points of 𝑓(𝑥).
8.2 Draw up a table of values for 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥), with 𝑥 ranging from 𝑥 = −2
to 𝑥 = 3.
8.3 Draw a neat graph of 𝑓(𝑥) between these values and show the
turning points on it.
8.4 Use the table and the graph to estimate a value for the root
between 𝑥 = 1,5 and 𝑥 = 2 of the equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5 = 0 and
then use Taylor’s/Newton’s method to determine a better
approximation of this root. (Root correct to three decimal figures).
9. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
9.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning points of 𝑓(𝑥). Show all
the calculations.
9.2 Draw up a table of values of 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥) for values of 𝑥 from −1 to 2
and make a neat sketch of this part of the curve.
9.3 If the value of the negative root is estimated as -0,3, use
Taylor/Newton’s method once to determine a better
approximation of this root correct to four decimal numbers.

3.3 Optimization techniques

In the manufacturing process, it is important to minimalise costs. Similarly, it is
sometimes necessary to determine the maximum height of a projectile. We
are going to apply our knowledge of maximum and minimum values of the
previous paragraph to such problems.

Worked Example 3.3

A can with a fixed volume 𝑉 has to be manufactured (say 340 𝑚ℓ for a beer
can). The area of plate metal used must be kept to a minimum to minimize
costs. It is possible to show that the area of a can is given by the formula,
2𝑉
𝐴= + 2𝜋 2 where 𝑟 is the radius of the can. Find the radius for minimum
𝑟

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area.
Solution:
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
It is clear that 𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑟). Find and put = 0 for a minimum/maximum value
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟

for A.
𝑎 = 2𝑣𝑟 −1 + 2𝜋 2
𝑑𝐴
∴ = 2𝑉(−1𝑟 −2 ) + 2𝜋. 2𝑟 [𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡!]
𝑑𝑟
2𝑉
= + 4𝜋
𝑟2
𝑑2 𝐴 2𝑉
∴ = + 4𝑥
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑟3
𝑑2 𝐴
It is obvious that > 0 because a radius is always positive! The problem is
𝑑𝑟 2

definitely minimisable!
𝑑𝐴 2𝑉
Now = + 4𝜋𝑟 = 0
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2

⟹ 4𝜋𝑟 3 = 2𝑉
𝑉
⟹ 𝑟 3 = 2𝜋

3 𝑉
∴ 𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √ 2𝜋

Worked Example 3.4

A farmer has to fence a field as shown below. The area of the field is 120 m2.
The cost for fencing the rectangular and semicircular part of the field is
R100/m and R200/m respectively. Determine the dimensions of the field so
as to minimize the total cost.

Figure 3.4

Solution:

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Figure 3.5

1
𝐴 = 2𝑥𝑟 + 2 𝜋𝑟 2
1
120 = 2𝑥𝑟 + 2 𝜋𝑟 2

240 = 4𝑥𝑟 + 𝜋𝑟 2
240−𝜋𝑟 2
∴𝑥 = 4𝑟

𝐶 = (100)(2𝑥) + (100)(2𝑟) + (200)(𝜋𝑟)

𝐶 = 200𝑥 + 200𝑟 + 200𝜋𝑟
240−𝜋𝑟 2
∴ 𝐶 = 200 ( ) + 200𝑟 + 200𝜋𝑟
4𝑟
1200
𝐶 = − 50𝜋𝑟 + 200𝑟 + 200𝜋𝑟
𝑟
1200
𝐶 = + 150𝜋𝑟 + 200𝑟
𝑟
𝑑𝑐 1200
=− + 150𝜋 + 150𝜋 + 200 = 0
𝑑𝑟 𝑟

∴ 𝑟 = 4,228 𝑚
240−𝜋𝑟 2
𝑥 = 4𝑟
𝜋(4,228)2
= 240 − 4(4,228)

𝑥 = 10,870

Activity 3.2

1. The difference between two numbers is -12. Calculate the two numbers if
the product of the square of one number and the second number is to be
a maximum.
2. A rectangular tank to hold 342 m3 is to be built with a square base and
open top and is to be lined with metal. If it costs R48/m 2 for the lining of

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the sides and R22/m2 for the bottom, what should the dimensions for the
least cost for the lining be?

Figure 3.6
3. The volume of a closed cylindrical container is 689 cm 3. Calculate the
dimensions of the container if the area of contact between the container
and the substances it contains, has to be a minimum.
Volume of cylinder = 𝜋𝑥 2 ℎ
Surface area of a closed cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋 𝑟 ℎ

Figure 3.7
4. The sum of the slant height (ℎ2 ) and the perpendicular height (ℎ1 ) of a
right circular cone is 20 cm. Calculate the radius and the perpendicular
height of the cone, if the volume is to be a maximum.
1
HINT: Volume of a cone 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ⊥ and ℎ𝛿2 = ℎ⊥2 | + 𝑟 2

5. The product of two numbers is 16. Determine the numbers so that the
square of one of them plus the cube of the other number is as small as
possible.
6. A closed tank is to be made of sheet iron. It must have a square base and
sides perpendicular to the base. Its capacity is to be 20 cubic metres.
Find the length of the sides of the square base and the depth of the tank,
so that the smallest amount of sheet iron is used.

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Figure 3.8
7. A manufacturer has set aside R1 200 for material necessary for the
production of a closed right cylinder. The cost of the material for the side
of the cylinder is R25/m and the material for the top and bottom circular
pieces is R40/m. Calculate the maximum volume that the cylinder can
have.
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
8. Determine the cylinder of greatest volume inscribed in a given right
circular cone with a height of 34 cm and a base radius of 10 cm.

Figure 3.9
9. A rectangular wall is to be erected on a river bank. Building cost
budgeted for is R5 600,00. The building cost of the two parallel walls are
R10,00/m and the cost of the wall parallel to the river bank is R15,00/m
(see the sketch).

Figure 3.10
Calculate the dimensions of the wall to enclose a maximum area for the

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money available.

3.4 Rates of change

3.4.1 Velocity and acceleration
Applying derivatives to velocity and acceleration with respect to time, note
that the derivative of a distance function represents instantaneous velocity.

Also the derivative of the velocity function represents instantaneous

acceleration at a particular time.

In considering the relationship between the derivative and the indefinite

integral as inverse operations, note that the indefinite integral of the
acceleration function represents the velocity function and that the indefinite
integral of the velocity represents the distance function.

𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑆 = 𝑓(𝑡)

Where:
𝑡 is time and is greater than 0
𝑆 is the distance that the body travels

The velocity of a body at a specific time 𝑉𝑡 :

𝑑𝑆
𝑉𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡

The acceleration of a body at a specific time 𝑎𝑡 :

𝑑𝑉 𝑑2 𝑠
𝑎𝑡 = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

Worked Example 3.5

A body moves in a straight line according to the law 𝑆 = 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡.

Determine the following:
1. Distance covered after 3 seconds
2. Velocity after 3 seconds
3. Acceleration after 3 seconds

Solution:
1. Distance covered after 3 seconds:

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𝑆 = 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡

𝑆 = (3)3 − (3)2 − 4(3) = 6 𝑚

2. Velocity after 3 seconds:

𝑑𝑆
= 3𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 4
𝑑𝑡

= 3(3)2 − 2(3) − 4 = 17 𝑚⁄𝑠

3. Acceleration after 3 seconds

𝑑𝑉
= 6𝑡 − 2
𝑑𝑡

= 6(3) − 2 = 16 𝑚⁄𝑠 2

3.4.2 Related rates of change

Sometimes there is a situation where there is more than one variable. Each
variable will be a function of time.

Their relative rates of change can be determined by differentiation.

Always create a sketch of the situation to get a clear picture of the variables
affecting the outcome.

Note:
Note the quantities that do not change throughout the problem
and mark the dependent variable that will be changing. These you
should give symbols.

It is important to look for a physical relation between these variables.

Worked Example 3.6

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Flood lights in an athletics stadium are at a height of 10 m above the ground.

An athlete is 1.8 m high and walks away from the light source at 2.4 km/h.
At what rate is his shadow increasing as he walks away.

Solution:

Figure 3.11

C is the point below the lights

DE is the height of the athlete
B is the end of his shadow
BE is the length of his shadow
CE is the distance he is from the lights
Let 𝑦 be the length of his shadow BE
Let 𝑥 be his distance from the lights CE

Given:
𝑑𝑥
= 2.4 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑑𝑡

Need to find:
𝑑𝑦
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑑𝑡

𝑦 1.8
=
𝑦+𝑥 10

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10𝑦 = 1.8𝑦 + 1.8𝑥

1.8𝑥
∴𝑦= = 0.22𝑥
8.2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 0.22
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

= 0.22 × 2.4 = 0.528 𝑘𝑚⁄ℎ

The athletes shadow is increasing at 0.528 km/h

Worked Example 3.7

A metal ball is covered by a layer of ice. The diameter of the ball is 100 mm.
When the layer of ice is 5 mm thick, it melts at a rate of 10 000 mm 3/s.

At what rate is the thickness of the ice decreasing:

4 3
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟
3

Solution:
4
𝑉 = 3 𝜋. 𝑟 3
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
= 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡 NB: Radius = 50 + 5 = 55 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
10 000 = 4𝜋(55)2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
0,263 = 𝑑𝑡

Activity 3.3

1. During an experiment a steel ball soaked with oil rolls down an incline
and collects sulphur particles at a rate of 250 mm3/s when the layer of
sulphur is 10 mm thick. The steel ball has a diameter of 50 mm. How fast

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is the thickness of the sulphur particles increasing?

4
HINT: Volume of sphere = 3 𝜋𝑟 3

2. A particle moves according to a law of motion 𝑠 = 2𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 − 14𝑡, where

𝑡 is measured in seconds and 𝑠 in metres.
2.1 Determine the velocity of the particle after 𝑡 seconds.
2.2 When does the particle reach a velocity of 10 𝑚. 𝑠 −1?
2.3 Find the acceleration at time 𝑡 and after 2 seconds.
3. The volume of a sphere increases at 2,5 𝑐𝑚3 . 𝑠 −1 . Calculate the rate at
which the area of the sphere changes when the diameter is 12 cm.
4
HINT: 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 and 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 3.

4. A balloon is in the shape of a cylinder with a hemisphere at both ends.

The height of the cylinder is 4 times that of the radius. Air is pumped in
the balloon at a rate of 60 cm3/s. At what rate does the surface area
change if the radius is 8 cm?
4
HINT: 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 + 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ and 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 3 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ.

Figure 3.12
5. A machine part is moving according to the law 𝑆 = 𝑡. sin 2𝑡, where 𝑆 is the
distance covered in metres in 𝑡 seconds.
𝜋
Calculate the velocity when 𝑡 = 4

6. The motion of a point on a spring is modelled according to the equation

𝑠(𝑡) = 3𝑒 −2,5𝑡 . cos 2𝜋𝑡 where 𝑠 is measured in centimetres and 𝑡 in seconds.
Determine the following:
6.1 The displacement after two seconds
6.2 The velocity after 𝑡 seconds
7. The top of a silo has the shape of a hemisphere of radius 130 cm. If it is

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coated uniformly with a layer of ice and if the thickness is decreasing at

a rate of 0,25 dm/hr, how fast is the olume of ice changing when the ice
is 3 dm thick?
4
HINT: 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3

8. A spherical balloon is inflated with gas at the rate of 100 cm3/min.

Assuming that the gas pressure remains constant, how fast is the radius of
the balloon increasing at the instant when the radius is 3 cm?
4 3
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟
3
9. The power developed by a circuit is given as 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉. If 𝑉 is decreased at
a rate of 0,6 𝑉/s and I increased at a rate of 0,4 𝐴/s, at what rate is the
power 𝑃 changing at the moment when 𝑉 is 12 volts and 𝐼 is 6 amperes?
1
10. The position function of a particle is given by 𝑠 = 2 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 + 1, where 𝑡

is measured in seconds and 𝑠 in metres.

Determine the following:
10.1 The velocity of the particle after 𝑡 seconds
10.2 The acceleration of the particle after 𝑡 seconds
10.3 When the acceleration zero is
11. A liquid falls onto a cylindrical block of ice and solidifies. The volume of
the cylindrical block of ice increases at 1000 𝜋𝑐𝑚3 . 𝑠 −1 and the radius
increase at 2,5 𝑐𝑚. 𝑠 −1 .

Figure 3.13
Calculate the rate at which the height changes when the radius is 10 cm
and the height is 15 cm.
HINT: 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

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12. A particle moves on a horizontal plane with displacement s metres after

time t seconds according to, 𝑠 = (3 − ℓ𝑛𝑡). 𝑡 2 .
Determine:
12.1 An expression for the velocity of the particle after 𝑡 seconds.
12.2 The acceleration of the particle after 2 seconds.
13. Two resistance 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are connected in parallel, where the total
1 1 1
resistance 𝑅 is given as 𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 . If 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are decreasing at rates of
1 2

0,02Ω. 𝑠 −1 and respectively, calculate at what rate is 𝑅 changing at the

instant that 𝑅1 = 40Ω and 𝑅2 = 100Ω.
14. Winds have damaged an oil rig and caused a circular oil slick 0,167 m
thick. Suppose the radius of the slick is currently 100 m and growing at
the rate of 0,6 m/min. What is the rate at which the oil is spilling?
HINT: 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ with 𝑟 being the radius and ℎ the thickness of the oil slick.
15. The position of a particle moving in a horizontal line is given as:
𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 + 1
𝑠(𝑡) =
𝑡2 + 1
where 𝑠 is the displacement in meters and 𝑡 is the time in seconds.
Calculate the following:
15.1 The velocity of the particle
15.2 The time it takes for the particle to reach maximum displacement

Activity 3.1

Answers:
1. [(4.828; -25.418)(-0.828; 4.752); 0.592]
2. [(1.549; 0.369)(-0.215; 3.113); -11; 1; 2; 1; 1; 9; -1.150]

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Figure 3.14
3. [(-0.667; 5.481)(2; -4); -4; 5; 4; -1; -4; 1; 0.8056]

Figure 3.15
4. [(-1.869; -5.065)(0.535; 1.879); 21; 1; -5; -3; 1; 1; -9; -0.287]

Figure 3.16
5. [(-0.667; -5.556); -14; -6; -4; 10; 54; 146; 304; 0.472]

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Figure 3.17
6. [(0; 1)(2; -3); 2.8845]

Figure 3.18
7. [(0.412; 3.929)(-1.079;-1.040); 7; -1; 3; 1; -25; -0.639]

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Figure 3.19
8. [(0; -5)(1.333;-6.185); -21; -8; -5; -6; -5; 4; 2.691]

Figure 3.20
9. [(0.333; 1.296)(1; 1); -7; 1; 1; 5; -0.1271]

Figure 3.21

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Activity 3.2

Answers:
1. [0 and -12]
2. [11.43; 2.62]
3. [7.010; 4.463]
4. [5; 15; 14.142]
5. [2.795; 5.724]
6. [2.714; 2.715]
7. [1.262; 4.034]
8. [11.32; 2032.544; 7.56]
9. [140.035; 186.62]

Activity 3.3

Answers:
1. [+0.016]
2. [4; -1; 6]
3. [5.526x10-3; 0.833]
4. [0.019; 11.25]
5. [1]
6. [0.020]
7. [133; -55571.632]
8. [0.884]
9. [+1.2]
10. [3t-2; 2/3]
11. [2.5]
12. [5t-2tlnt; 1.614]
13. [-0.013]
14. [62.95]
15. [1]

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Self-Check

I am able to: Yes No

 Describe irrational roots of equations
o Determine the approximate value of any root of any
function
o Calculate with the aid of given formula a better
approximation of finding any root
 Apply differentiation techniques to obtain maximum and
minimum values to solve problems
 Apply differentiation techniques to problems concerned with
rates of change
 Apply differentiation techniques to problems concerned with
related rates
If you have answered ‘no’ to any of the outcomes listed above, then speak
to your facilitator for guidance and further development.

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Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:

 Determine integrals of the form:

∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) . [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ dx
𝑓(𝑥)

 Apply substitution to transform a composite function

 Describe integration of algebraic fractions with regard to:
o Rewrite fractions into standard form
o Transform fractions when numerator is of a higher order
 Divide partial fractions in the form:
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
∫ (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
∫ (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)2

 Describe integration by parts in the form:

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
 Describe integration of trigonometrical functions in the form:
∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) . sin 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
∫ sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥,
∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ sin(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, ∫ cos(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, ∫ tan(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥,
∫ sin2 (𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥,
∫ sin(𝑎𝑥) . cos(𝑏𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, ∫ sin(𝑎𝑥) . sin(𝑏𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑏𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑥 2 = 𝑏
sin−1 𝑎
+𝑐

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4.1 Introduction

Integration is the inverse process to differentiation. If the derivative

of a function is given, we determine the original function.

For example, when we find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 we get:

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6

When we integrate 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6 we get 6𝑥 … the original function.

Another example is if we integrate 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 we ask, what did the original

function look like to get the derivative 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 ?

The answer is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 . This is the integral.

The process of integration has the symbol ∫ . This is known as the integral sign.

In the expression ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 the function 𝑓(𝑥) is called the integrand

The sign ∫ 𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑥 is regarded as an operator

The operator indicates that the function 𝑓(𝑥) must be integrated with respect
to 𝑥.

4.2 Indefinite integrals

Different functions have the same derivatives. Look at the example:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 → 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 8 → 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝜋 → 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥

The indefinite integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is not a unique function

An arbitrary constant “c” is added so that an indefinite integral is always

written:

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

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4.2.1 Standard forms of integrals

Say 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑐 is the constants. Then:

1. ∫ 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

3 ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 “a” any constant

𝑥 𝑛+1
4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

1
5 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐

6 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

1
7 ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑎
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐

8 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

9 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

10 ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐

11 ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝑐

12 ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝑐

13 ∫ cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥 + 𝑐

Table 4.1 Standard forms of integrals

Worked Example 4.1

Determine the following integrals:

5
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ sec 𝑥

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1
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1.
5 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Rule 1.
𝑥 𝑥

= 5 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐 Rule 5.
2.
𝑑𝑥 1
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥

= sin 𝑥 + 𝑘 Rule 8.
3.
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

𝑥 −1
= −1

1
= − + 𝑐
𝑥

4.2.2 The chain rule

Because integration is the inverse of differentiation, let’s look at the chain rule
again.

𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 2

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦′ = cos 𝑥 2 × 2𝑥

= 2x cos 𝑥 2

∫ 2x cos 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 2 + 𝑐

This gives rise to another special rule:

14. ∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) cos 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

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4.2.3 Other integrals

15. ∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) sec 2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
16. ∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝑐

Worked Example 4.2

Determine the following integrals:

1. ∫ 3𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 3 𝑑
2. ∫ 2𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 6𝑥 (32 + 7)5 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
1.

∫ 3𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

= sin 𝑥 3 + 𝑐
2.

∫ 2𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sec 2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= tan 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

= tan 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
3.

∫ 6𝑥 (32 + 7)5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) [ 𝑓(𝑥)]5 𝑑𝑥

[𝑓(𝑥)]5+1
= +𝑐
5+1

(3𝑥 2 + 7)6
= +𝑐
6

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4.3 Substitution to transform composite functions

Differentiate the composite function: (𝑥 + 4)6

𝑑
(𝑥 + 4)6 = 6(𝑥 + 4)5
𝑑𝑥

As stated before, Integration is the inverse process to differentiation. If the

derivative of a function is given, we determine the original function.

∫ 6 (𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 4)6

But to actually perform this procedure the following has to be done:

Apply a substitution, therefore 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 4

∴ ∫ 6(𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6 𝑢5 𝑑𝑥 … … … … (1)

In order to integrate, first convert the 𝑑𝑥 to a 𝑑𝑢. Therefore, the following

calculation must be done:

𝑢 =𝑥+4
𝑑𝑢
∴ = 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒: 𝑑𝑥 = 1. 𝑑𝑢 … … … … (2)
𝑑𝑥

Substitute (2) into (1):

∫ 6(𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6 𝑢5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢

𝑢5 + 𝑐 = (𝑥 + 4)5 + 𝑐

Worked Example 4.3

Determine ∫ √2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑢 1
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1 ∴ = 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
1
1
∴ ∫ √2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 × 2 𝑑𝑢
1
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑢2 . 𝑑𝑢

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3
1 𝑢2
=2× +𝑘
3
1
= 3 √(2𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝑘

Worked Example 4.4

Determine ∫ √(𝑥 2 + 7)3 × 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 + 7 ∴ 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑢, and so
1
∴ ∫(2𝑥 2 + 7)3 × = 2 ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢4
=2 +𝑘
4
𝑢4
= +𝑘
8
4
(𝑥 2 +7)
= +𝑘
8

Worked Example 4.5

Determine using the substitution method:

∫ sin3 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Solution:
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = sin 𝜃 ∴ = cos 𝜃 and so cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝜃

∴ sin3 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
𝑢4
= +𝑘
4
sin4 𝜃
= +𝑘
4

𝒇′ (𝒙)
4.4 The integral of the form ∫ dx
𝒇(𝒙)
1
It is known that: ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝑐
𝑛+1

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1
But this does not work for 𝑛 = −1 but the log rule states that log 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥

So we get this rule for integration:

𝑑𝑦 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = log 𝑒 {𝑓(𝑥)} 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
(17) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥)
Using this rule, we can say:

𝑑𝑥 1 5 𝑑𝑥 1
∫ = ∫ = log 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑐
5𝑥 5 5𝑥 5

4.5 The integral of the form ∫ 𝒇′ (𝒙) . [𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 dx

The chain rule states that:

𝑛+1
(𝑓(𝑥))
𝐷𝑥 [ ] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) . [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛
𝑛+1

Integrate both sides with respect to 𝑥:

𝑛+1
′ (𝑥)
(𝑓(𝑥))
∫𝑓 . [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1

Worked Example 4.6

Integrate the following using standard procedure: ∫ 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

3
𝑥 3+1 𝑥4 𝑥4
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 . + 𝑐 = +𝑐
3+1 4 2

Worked Example 4.7

Determine ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following:

1. ∫ 𝑒 cot 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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𝑥
2. ∫ √3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
+4
2𝑥+2
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:

1. Here the integrand is the product of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 and the exponential function
of cot 𝑥. But the derivative of cot 𝑥 is 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥.
Thus ∫ 𝑒 cot 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 cot 𝑥 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
= −𝑒 −cot 𝑥 + 𝑘
1
2. Rewrite the integral as ∫(3𝑥 2 + 4)−2 × 𝑑𝑥
1
Then ∫(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 4 and = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 with 𝑛 = − 2
1 1
− 1 −
∫(3𝑥 2 + 4) 2 × 𝑑𝑥 = 6 ∫(3𝑥 2 + 4) 2 6 × 𝑑𝑥
1
1 (3𝑥 2 +4)2
=6 1 + 𝑘 from 𝐾𝐼1
2

1
= 3 √3𝑥 2 + 4 + 𝑘

2𝑥+2
3. Write ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 as ∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3)−1 (2𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥

Then 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 and 𝑓′(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2. Here "𝑛" = −1. Hence 𝑛 + 1 =

0, which means that we will divide by "0" in the manipulation if we try to
use 𝐾𝐼1 . This is not permissible. These examples (where 𝑛 = −1) can
𝑓′(𝑥)
however be reduced to the form ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, whose answers are of the form

ℓ𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘 as indicated to the table above [see 𝐾𝐼2 ].

2𝑥+2
∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 = ℓ𝑛 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) + 𝑘

4. With 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 it follows that:

1
∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(2𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) cot 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘)
1
= − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 2 + 𝐾

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4.6 Algebraic fractions

Sometimes the integral of an algebraic fraction can be found by first
expressing the algebraic fraction as the sum of its partial fractions. In this unit
we will illustrate this idea. We will see that it is also necessary to draw upon a
wide variety of other techniques such as completing the square, integration by
substitution, using standard forms, and so on.

4.6.1 Partial fractions

The method of partial fractions can be used in the integration of a proper
algebraic fraction. This technique allows the integration to be done as a sum
of much simpler integrals A proper algebraic fraction is a fraction of two
polynomials whose top line is a polynomial of lower degree than the one in the
bottom line. Recall that, for a polynomial in x, the degree is the highest power
of x.

Worked Example 4.8

Determine ∫ 𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 by resolving the integrand into partial fractions:

𝑥−3
𝑦=
(2 − 𝑥)2
Solution:
𝑥−3 𝐴 𝐵
(2−𝑥)2
= (2−𝑥)2 + (2−𝑥)

𝑥 − 3 = 𝐴(1) + 𝐵(2 − 𝑥)
𝑥 − 2: −1 = 𝐴
Coeff of 𝑥 1 = −𝐵 ∴ 𝐵 = −1
𝑥−3 1 1
∫ (2−𝑥)2 . 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ (2−𝑥)2 . 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ (2−𝑥) . 𝑑𝑢
1
= − (2−𝑥) + ln(2 − 𝑥) + 𝐶

Worked Example 4.9

1. Determine 𝑓 cos 2𝑥. cos 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 by using the following techniques: Integration

by parts.
2. Determine 𝑓 cos 2𝑥. cos 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 by using the following techniques: 𝑢 −
substitution.

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Solution:

1. Integration by parts
1 1
∫ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥. 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑙 𝑥 ln 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥

=∫
1
2 ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑥 ′. 𝑑𝑥 = (ln 𝑥)2
1 (ln 𝑥)2
∫ ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 ′. 𝑑𝑥 = 2
+𝐶
sin 3𝑥 sin 𝑥
=− + +𝐶
6 2

2. 𝑢 − substitution
1
= ∫((1 − 2) sin2 𝑥) cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 ln 𝑥 . . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

= ln 𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑢. 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑢2
= +𝐶
2
(ln 𝑥)2
= + 𝐶 √𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
2

Worked Example 4.10

Determine 𝑓 𝑦𝑑𝑥 by resolving the integrand into partial fractions if:

5𝑥 − 8 𝐴 𝐵
𝑦= = +
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 3)2

Solution:
5𝑥−8 𝐴 𝐵
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9 = (𝑥−3) + (𝑥−3)2

5𝑥 − 8 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3: 𝐵 = 7
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0: 𝐴 = 5
5
∫ [(𝑥−3) + 7(𝑥 − 3)−2 ] 𝑑𝑥

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7
= 5 ln(𝑥 − 3) − (𝑥−3) + 𝑐

Worked Example 4.11

Determine ∫ 𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 if:

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥. cos 𝑥
ln 𝑥
2. 𝑦 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 = [(ln 𝑥)2 − 𝜋] HINT: Let 𝑢 = (ln 𝑥)2 − 𝜋
𝑥
1
−𝑒 𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥
(ln 𝑥−𝑒 𝑥 )3
HINT: 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 − 𝑒 2

4. 𝑦 = cos 5𝑥. cos 3𝑥

5. 𝑦 = cos 2 𝑥. sin3 𝑥
Solution:

1. ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥. sin 𝑥 − ∫ 1. sin 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥. sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥. sin 𝑥 (— cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
= 𝑥. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
ln 𝑥
2. ∫ − cot[(ln 𝑥)2 − 𝜋]. . 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = (ln 𝑥)2 − 𝜋
𝑥
1 1
= ∫ − cot 𝑛. 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ln 𝑥. 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
1 1 ln 𝑥
= − 2 ∫ cot 𝑛 . 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = . 𝑑𝑢
2 𝑥
1
= − 2 ln(sin 𝑢) + 𝐶
1
= − 2 ln(sin[(ln 𝑥)2 − 𝜋]) + 𝐶

1
−𝑒 𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥
(ln 𝑥−𝑒 𝑥 )3
. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑢−3 . 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) . 𝑑𝑥
𝑢−2
= +𝐶
−2
(ln 𝑥−𝑒 𝑥 )−2
= +𝐶
−2

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4. ∫ cos 5𝑥 . cos 3𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 ∫(cos 8𝑥 + cos 2𝑥). 𝑑𝑢
1 sin 8𝑥 sin 2𝑥
= 2( + )+𝐶
8 4
sin 8𝑥 sin 2𝑥
= + +𝐶
16 4

5. ∫ cos2 𝑥 . sin3 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ cos2 𝑥 (1 − cos 2 𝑥). sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑢
= ∫(cos2 𝑥 − cos4 𝑥). sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 = cos 𝑥
= − ∫(𝑢2 − 𝑢4 ). 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑢3 𝑢5
= + +𝐶 −𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
3 5
cos3 𝑥 cos5 𝑥
=− 3
+ 5
+𝐶

Activity 4.1

1. Determine ∫ 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 by resolving the integrand into partial fractions:

12𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 12
2. Determine 𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 by resolving the integrand into partial fractions:
3𝑥 − 2
𝑦=
1 − 𝑥2
3. Determine ∫ 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 by using partial fractions:
𝑥−1
𝑦=
4𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 25
4. Determine ∫ 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 by resolving the integrals into partial fractions:
𝑥+1
𝑦=
𝑥2 − 10𝑥 + 25
5. Determine ∫ 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 by resolving the integrand into partial fractions:
𝑥+1
𝑦=
2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥2
4𝑥+3
6. Determine 𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 by resolving the integrand into partial fractions:
4𝑥 + 3 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑥 1 + 𝑥

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7. Determine ∫ 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 by resolving the integrand into partial fractions:

3
𝑦=
𝑥(𝑥 − 4)
8. Determine ∫ 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 by resolving the integrand into partial fractions:
5𝑥 + 4
𝑦=
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10
9. Use partial fractions to determine:
4𝑥 − 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥

Worked Example 4.12

Determine ∫ 𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 if:

1. 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 . sin 𝑥
2 cos 2𝑥
2. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
1
(𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥)4
3. 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2

√𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑡 √𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐√𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥
7𝜋 3𝜋
5. 𝑦 = cos ( 2 𝑥) . cos ( 2 𝑥)

Solution:

1. 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑥 . sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 . sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 . cos 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 . cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 . cos 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 . cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 . cos 𝑥 − [𝑒 −𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 . sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥]
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 . sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 . cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 . sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 . sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 . cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 . sin 𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 . sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 −𝑥 . cos 𝑥 − 2 𝑒 −𝑥 . sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

2 cos 2𝑥
2. 𝑦 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
2 cos 2𝑥
= ∫ sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
2 cos2 𝑥−sin2 𝑥
=∫ . 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥

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2(cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥)

=∫ . 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥

= ∫ 2(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥
= 2 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
(𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥)4
3. 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2
1
(𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥)4
=∫ . 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
1
1
= ∫(𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥)4 . 1+𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥
1
1
= ∫ 𝑢4 . 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = . 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2
1
+1
𝑢2
= 1 +𝐶
+1
4
5
4
= 5 (𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑥)4 + 𝐶

√𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑡 √𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐√𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 𝑥

√𝑥.cot √𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 √𝑥
=∫ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
cot √𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 √𝑥
=∫ . 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

= ∫ cot √𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 √𝑥 . √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = √𝑥
1
= ∫ cot 𝑢. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 . 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 2 . 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
1
= −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶 2𝑑𝑢 = . 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

= −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 √𝑥 + 𝐶
7𝜋 3𝜋
5. 𝑦 = = cos ( 2 𝑥) . cos ( 2 𝑥)
7𝜋 3𝜋
= ∫ cos ( 2 𝑥) . cos ( 2 𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥
1 7𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋
= ∫ 2 [cos ( 2 𝑥 + 𝑥) − cos ( 2 𝑥 − 𝑥)] . 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= 2 ∫ cos 5𝜋 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ cos 2𝜋 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
1 sin 5𝜋𝑥 1 sin 5𝜋𝑥
=2 −2 +𝐶
5𝜋 5𝜋
sin 5𝜋𝑥 1 sin 2𝜋𝑥
= −2 +𝐶
10𝜋 4𝜋

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Worked Example 4.13

Determine ∫ sin3 𝑥𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

∫ sin 𝑥 . sin2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫ sin 𝑥 (1 − cos2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
− sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑢
∫ sin 𝑥 (1 − 𝑢2 )
− sin 𝑥
= ∫ −1 +𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3
= −𝑢 + +𝑐
3
cos3 𝑥
= − cos 𝑥 + +𝑐
3

Worked Example 4.14

Determine ∫ sin 9 𝜋𝑥 . cos 3 𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥

Solution:

∫ sin 9 𝜋𝑥 . cos 3 𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥

1
= 2 ∫ sin 12 𝜋𝑥 + sin 6 𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 − cos 12𝜋𝑥 cos 6𝜋𝑥
= 2( − )+𝑐
12𝜋 6𝜋

Worked Example 4.15

Determine ∫ cos 2 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 by using the following:

1
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2

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Solution:

∫ cos 2 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = 2[cos(𝐴+𝐵)+cos(𝐴−𝐵)]

=∫
1 sin 3𝑥
= 2( + sin 𝑥) + 𝐶
3
sin 3𝑥 sin 𝑥
= + +𝐶
6 2

Worked Example 4.16

Determine ∫ cos 2 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 by using the following:

𝑢 = sin 𝑥

Solution:

∫ cos 2 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥

= ∫((1 − 2) sin2 𝑥) cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 = sin 𝑥

= ∫((1 − 2)𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
2
= 𝑢 − 3 𝑢2 + 𝐶
2
= sin 𝑥 − 3 sin3 𝑥 + 𝐶

Worked Example 4.17

Determine ∫ tan 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by using two methods:

1. Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥
2. Let 𝑢 = sec 𝑥
Solution:

1. 𝑢 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= sec 2 𝑥

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𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = sec2 𝑥
du
∫ u. sec 2 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
sec 2 𝑥
𝑢2 tan2 𝑥
+𝑐 = +𝑐
2 2

2. 𝑢 = sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= sec 𝑥 . tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥.tan 𝑥
du
∫ tan 𝑥 . 𝑢2 .
u. tan 𝑥
𝑢2 tan2 𝑥
+𝑐 = +𝑐
2 2

= ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢
(sec 𝑥)2
= +𝑐
2

Activity 4.2

Determine ∫ 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases:

1. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . sin 3𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑥2
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥3

3. 𝑦 = sin3 𝑥 cos3 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
4. 𝑦 = (1−cot 𝑥)2

5. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝑥 − 1). cot(2𝑥 − 1)

1
6. 𝑦 =
√3−2𝑥

7. 𝑦 = 𝑥. cos 3𝑥
sin 2𝑥
8. 𝑦 = 2 cos2 𝑥+3

9. 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 . sin 𝑥
𝜋 ln 𝑥
10. 𝑦 = 𝑥

11. 𝑦 = 𝑥. 𝑒 −2𝑥

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ln √𝑥
12. 𝑦 = 𝑥

13. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 . cot(2𝑥 )
14. 𝑦 = √25 − 9𝑥 2
15. 𝑦 = cos 2 + 4𝑥
tan √𝑥
16. 𝑦 =
√𝑥
𝑥2
17. 𝑦 = 𝑥−5
𝑒 𝜋𝑥 +3
18. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝜋𝑥 +3𝜋𝑥

19. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝜋 . ln 𝑥
1
20. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 . ln 𝑥

21. 𝑦 = 𝑒 cos 2𝑥 . (sin 𝑥 . cos 𝑥)

22. 𝑦 = (cos 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 )−1 . (sin 𝑥 + 6𝑥)
23. 𝑦 = sin 9𝑥 . sin 3𝑥
24. 𝑦 = √36 − 49𝑥 2
1
25. ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
2√2𝑥 3
𝑒 3𝑥
26. ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 +5 . 𝑑𝑥
4
27. ∫ 𝑥 3 . 𝑒 (1−𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
28. ∫ 7+16𝑥 2
𝑥
29. 𝑦 = √2𝑥 3
−6

30. 𝑦 = 𝑦 = cot 4𝑥
31. 𝑦 = cos3 𝑥
1
32. 𝑦 = 4+16 𝑥 2

33. 𝑦 = √tan 3𝑥 . sec 2 3𝑥

34. 𝑦 = (8 − 5𝑥)3
1
35. 𝑦 = 4+9𝑥 2

36. 𝑦 = sin(𝑒 2𝑥 ). 𝑒 2𝑥
37. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . ln 8𝑥

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Activity 4.1

Answers:
48 36
1. ln(𝑥 − 4) + ln(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶
7 7

2. − ln(𝑥 − 2) − 2 ln(𝑥 − 5) − 𝐶
3 1 1
3. − 4 . 2𝑥−5 + 4 ln(2𝑥 − 5) + 𝐶
6
4. − (𝑥−5) + ln(𝑥 − 5) + 𝐶
1 2
5. − 3 ln(2 + 𝑥) − 3 ln(1 − 𝑥) + 𝑐

6. 3 ln 𝑥 + ln(1 + 𝑥) + 𝑐
3 3
7. − 4 ln 𝑥 + 4 ln(𝑥 − 4) + 𝑐
5𝑥+4
8. ∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥+5 ≡ 2 ln(𝑥 − 2) + 3 ln(𝑥 + 5) + 𝐶
1 7
9. ln 𝑥 + 2 ln(𝑥 − 4) + 𝑐
2

Activity 4.2

Answers:
3 1
1. 𝑓𝑒 𝑥 . sin 3𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = − 10 𝑒 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 10 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
1
2. 𝑒 𝑥2 + 𝐶
2
sin4 𝑥 sin6 𝑥
3. − +𝐶
4 6
1
4. (1−cot 𝑥)
+𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝑥−1)
5. 𝑦 = +𝑐
2

6. −√3 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥
7. 𝑥. + +𝑐
3 9
−1
8. ln(2 cos2 𝑥 + 3) + 𝑐
2
1 2
9. ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 5 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 5 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜋𝑛 𝜋 𝑙𝑛𝑛
10. ln 𝜋 + 𝐶 = ln 𝜋
+𝐶

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1 1
11. − 2 𝑥. 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 4 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑐
2
12. (ln √𝑥 ) 𝑐 3𝐸7
1
13. ℓ𝑛2 . ℓ𝑛(sin 2𝑥 ) + 𝑐

25 3𝑥 25
14. sin−1 ( 5 ) + √ 9 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
6

1 1
15. 2 𝑥 + 16 sin 8𝑥 + 𝑐

16. 2 ln(sec √𝑥) + 𝑐

𝑥2
17. + 5𝑥 + 25 ln(𝑥 − 5) + 𝑐
2
1
18. 𝜋 ln(𝑒 𝜋 + 3) + 𝑐
𝑥 𝜋−1 𝑥 𝜋+1
19. 𝑛+1 ln 𝑥 − (𝑛+1)2
+𝑐
𝑥 −2 1
20. −2 ln 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 −2 + 𝑐
1 1
21. − 4 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 = 4 𝑒 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐

22. – ln(cos 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
sin 6𝑥 sin 12𝑥
23. − +𝑐
12 24

18 7𝜋 7𝜋 36
24. sin−1 ( 6 ) + √ − 𝑥2 + 𝐶
7 6 49

1
25. − +𝐶
√2𝑥
1
26. 3 ln(𝑒 2𝑥 + 5) + 𝐶
1 4
27. − 4 𝑒 1−𝑥 + 𝐶
1 4𝑥 2
28. 10,583 tan−2 ( )+𝐶
√7
1
29. +𝐶
√2𝑥
1
30. 4 ln sin 4𝑥 + 𝐶
1
31. − 4 𝑒 𝑢
1
32. 8 tan−1(2𝑥) + 𝐶
3 3
2 2
33. 9 𝑢2 = 9 (tan 3𝑥)2 + 𝑐
(8−5𝑥)4
34. +𝑐
20

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1 3𝑥
35. 6 tan−1 +𝑐
2
1
36. 2 −cos(𝑒 2𝑥 ) − 𝑐
𝑥3 𝑥3
37. . ln 8𝑥 +𝑐
3 9

Self-Check

I am able to: Yes No

 Determine integrals of the form:
∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) . [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ dx
𝑓(𝑥)

 Apply substitution to transform a composite function

 Describe integration of algebraic fractions with regard to:
o Rewrite fractions into standard form
o Transform fractions when numerator is of a higher order
 Divide partial fractions in the form:
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
∫ (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
∫ (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)2

 Describe integration by parts in the form:

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

 Describe integration of trigonometrical functions in the form:

∫ 𝑓′(𝑥) . sin 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

∫ sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥,

∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ sin(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, ∫ cos(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, ∫ tan(𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥,

∫ sin2 (𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥,

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∫ sin(𝑎𝑥) . cos(𝑏𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, ∫ sin(𝑎𝑥) . sin(𝑏𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑏𝑥
∫ √𝑎2 −𝑏2 𝑥 2 = sin−1 +𝑐
𝑏 𝑎

If you have answered ‘no’ to any of the outcomes listed above, then speak to
your facilitator for guidance and further development.

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Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:

 Solve the indefinite integral by Laplace transformations:

o Produce a rough sketch
o Indicate relevant limits and points of intersection
o Indicate the representative strip with respect to moments
o Give the increments as required
o Determine area and volume using the definite integral
 Calculate the area between the curve and any axis
 Calculate the area between two curves
 Calculate the volume of a rotated curve
o With a reference axis
o Without a reference axis
 Calculate the second moment of area:
o A rectangular lamina
o A circular lamina
 Calculate the second moment of mass:
o Uniform rectangular prism
o Uniform rectangular circular disc

5.1 Introduction

This section discusses definite integrals and their application.

Definition:
A Definite Integral has start and end values: in other words,
there is an interval (a to b). The values are put at the bottom
and top of the symbol.

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Figure 5.1 shows a graph with a hatched area between the curve and the and
the 𝑥 axis. There are many ways to determine this area like the mid-ordinate
rule or Simpsons rule.

However, by using the formula below, we have an accurate, short method of

finding the area.

𝑏
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

The limits 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 placed by the integral sign define the vertical
boundaries of the area. This is what makes it a definite integral. Note that a
definite integral has no constant.

Figure 7.1 Definite integral has boundaries

Worked Example 5.1

Integrate the following:

2
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1

Solution:
2
Because the symbol has boundaries ∫1 we know that we are dealing with a

definite integral.

In order to work this out:

 Create a rough sketch of the curve
 Find the indefinite integral first

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Figure 5.2 Straight line curve with boundaries between 1 and 2

The indefinite integral:

2
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑐
1

2
When 𝑥 = 1 Then ∫1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 12 + 𝑐

2
When 𝑥 = 2 Then ∫1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 22 + 𝑐

Subtract:
(22 + 𝑐) − (12 + 𝑐)

= 22 − 12 + 𝑐 − 𝑐

= 4− 1 = 3

The “c” gets cancelled out, so with definite integrals the constant, “c” can be
ignored.
In fact, we can simply solve it this way:

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2
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 22 − 12 = 3
1

Check the answer by finding the area that’s hatched in Figure 5.2.

Worked Example 5.2

𝑛
1. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 5 sin 𝑥, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = and indicate the enclosed
2

area. Also, indicate the representative strip used to calculate the enclosed
area.
2. Calculate the value of the indicated area by using integration.

Solution:
Produce a rough sketch
Indicate relevant limits and points of intersection
Indicate the representative strip with respect to moments
Give the increments as required
Determine area and volume using the definite integral

Figure 5.3
1.

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2
𝐴𝑜𝑋 = ∫ (5𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑛
= [−5 cos 𝑥]0 2

𝑛
= [(−5 cos 2 − (−5 cos 0))]

=0+5

= 5𝑢2

Worked Example 5.3

Evaluate the definite integral:

𝜋
4
∫ sin2 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
0

Solution:
𝜋
4
∫ sin2 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
= ∫04 sin2 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1 1
= ∫04 (2 − 2 cos 2𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1 1
= [2 𝑥 − 4 sin 2𝑥]
4

𝜋 1
= ( 8 − 4) − (0)

= 0,143

Worked Example 5.4

∞
Determine ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓(𝑡). 𝑑𝑡 if 𝑓(𝑡) = 4

Solution:

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∞
∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓(𝑡). 𝑑𝑡 if 𝑓(𝑡) = 4
𝑘
= lim𝑘→0 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 4 𝑑𝑡
𝑘
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= lim𝑘→∞ [4. ]
𝑠 0
𝑘
−4𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= lim𝑘→∞ [ ]
𝑠 0
−4 4
= lim𝑘→0 [ 5 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 − (− 5 𝑒 0 )]
−4 4
= lim𝑘→0 [5𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 + 5]
4
=0+5
4
=5

Activity 5.1

∞
1. Determine ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓(𝑡). 𝑑𝑡 if 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡.
1
1
2. Evaluate the definite integral ∫21 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
− 2

4 2
3. Evaluate the definite integral ∫1 𝑑𝑥 Hint: 𝑢 = √𝑥 + 4
√𝑥(√𝑥+4)

∞
4. Determine ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓(𝑡). 𝑑𝑡 if 𝑓(𝑡) = −𝑘
3√4 1
5. Determine ∫1 𝑥2. 3 . 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥
∞ 1
6. Determine ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓(𝑡). 𝑑𝑡 if 𝑓(𝑡) = − 4
ln 4 𝑒 𝑥 .𝑑𝑥
7. Evaluate the definite integral ∫0 (1+𝑒 𝑥 )
1 𝑑𝑥
8. Calculate the value of: ∫0 √16−9𝑥 2
8 𝑥 2 −3𝑥
9. Calculate the value of: ∫5 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

5.2 The area between two curves

Areas
𝑏 𝑏
𝐴𝑥 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 ; 𝐴𝑥 = ∫ (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
𝐴𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 ; 𝐴𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎

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Volumes
𝑏 𝑏
𝑉𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑉𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦12 − 𝑦22 )𝑑𝑥
2
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
𝑉𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 ; 𝑉𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥12 − 𝑥22 )𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎

Worked Example 5.5

If we subtract the area under the bottom curve from the area under the top
curve, we will get the area between the two graphs.
This can be done in one step.
The sketch in Figure 5.4 shows the area bounded by the curves:
1 1𝑥 1
𝑦= 𝑒 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
2 2

Figure 5.4
1. Draw the sketch and show on the sketch the enclosed area, the
representative strip, as well as, the lower and upper limits.
2. Calculate the magnitude of the area in Question 1.
3. Calculate the volume generated when the area in Question 2 rotates
about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

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Solution:
1.

Figure 5.5

2. If we subtract the area under the bottom curve from the area under the
top curve, we will get the area between the two graphs. This can be
done in one step.

𝛿𝐴 = (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝛿𝑥
1 1 1
𝛿𝐴 = ((2 𝑥 2 + 1) − (2 𝑒 2𝑥 )) 𝛿𝑥

3 1 1 1
∴ 𝐴 = ∫0 (2 𝑥 2 + 1) − (2 𝑒 2𝑥 ) . 𝑑𝑥
1 3
1 1
= (2 𝑥 2 + 1) − (2 𝑒 2𝑥 )
0

𝐴 = 4.018 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
3.
𝛿𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑦22 − 𝑦12 )𝛿𝑥
1 2
1 1
𝛿𝑉 = 𝜋 [(2 𝑥 2 + 1) − (2 𝑒 2𝑥 ) ] 𝛿𝑥
3 1 1
∴ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫0 (4 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 1 − 4 𝑒 𝑥 ) . 𝑑𝑥

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1 1 1 3
= 𝜋 (20 𝑥 5 + 3 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 4 𝑒 𝑥 )
0

𝑉 = 60.880 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3

Activity 5.2

1. The sketch in Figure 5.6 shows the area bounded by the curves 𝑥𝑦 = 6, 𝑦 =
1
𝑒 𝑥 and the line 𝑦 = 6. The intersection point between the two curves
4
1
𝑥𝑦 = 6 and 𝑦 = 4 𝑒 𝑥 is (2,332; 2,573).

Figure 5.6
1.1 Draw the sketch and show the enclosed area, the representative
strip, as well as the lower and upper limits.
1.2 Calculate the magnitude of the area in Question 1.
HINT: ∫ ln(4𝑦). 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦. ln(4𝑦) − 𝑦
1.3 Calculate the volume generated when the area in Question 2
rotates about the y-axis.
HINT: ∫(ln(4𝑦))2 . 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦(ln(4𝑦))2 − 2𝑦. ln(4𝑦) + 2𝑦
2. The sketch in Figure 5.7 shows the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 +
1
4𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 . The intersection points of these graphs are given as
(0,173; 1,173) and (2,59 ; 3,652).

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Figure 5.7

2.1 Draw the sketch and show on the sketch the enclosed area, the
representative strip and the intersection points.
2.2 Calculate the magnitude of the area in Question 1.
2.3 Calculate the volume generated when the area in Question 2
rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

3. Given 𝑦 = 𝑒 √2 and 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
3.1 Calculate the coordinates of the points of intersection.
3.2 Make a neat sketch of Question 1 to show the enclosed area
between the two graphs. (Indicate the representative strip and
intersection points).
3.3 Calculate the magnitude of the abovementioned Question 2.
4. The sketch in Figure 5.8 shows the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 =
1
(𝑥 − 4)2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3. The intersection points between 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)2 and
2
1
𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 3 are given as (2,719; 1,640) and (4,781; 0,610).

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Figure 5.8
4.1 Make a neat sketch to show the enclosed area between the two
graphs. (Indicate the points of intersection and the representative
strip).
4.2 Calculate the magnitude of the area in Question 1.
4.3 Calculate the volume of the solid of revolution formed when the
area in Question 2 rotates about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
5. The sketch in Figure 5.9 shows the area bounded by the curves 𝑥 = 2𝑒 −𝑦 +
1 and 𝑥 = −𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 − 5. The intersection points of 𝑥 = 2𝑒 −𝑦 + 1 and
𝑥 = −𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 − 5 are given as (1,4861; 1,415) and (1,018; 4,727).

Figure 5.9
5.1 Draw the sketch and show the enclosed area, the representative
strip and intersection points.

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5.2 Calculate the magnitude of the area in Question 1.

5.3 Calculate the volume generated when the area in Question 2
rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
6. The sketch in Figure 5.10 shows the area bounded by the curves 𝑥 =
−2𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 − 8 and 𝑥𝑦 = 4. The intersection points of 𝑥 = −2𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 − 8
and 𝑥𝑦 = 4 are given as (1,049; 3,814) and (2,616; 1,529).

Figure 5.10
6.1 Make the sketch and show on the sketch the enclosed area and the
representative strip.
6.2 Calculate the magnitude of the area in Question 1.
6.3 Calculate the volume generated when the area in Question 2
rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
7. The sketch in Figure 5.11 shows the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4, the line 𝑥 = 1 and the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

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Figure 5.11
7.1 Calculate the area of the shaded region.
7.2 If the shaded area revolves about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, calculate the value
of the solid generated.
8. The sketch in Figure 5.12 shows the area bounded by the curves 𝑥𝑦 = 5,
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1 and the line 𝑦 = 2. The intersection point of the line 𝑥𝑦 = 5 and
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1 is given as (4,965; 1,007).

Figure 5.12
8.1 Draw the sketch and show on the sketch the enclosed area and the
representative strip.
8.2 Calculate the magnitude of the area in Question 1.
HINT: ∫ ln(𝑦 − 1). 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 ln(𝑦 − 1) − 𝑦 − ln(𝑦 − 1)
8.3 Calculate the volume generated when the area in Question 2
rotates about the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

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HINT:

∫(ln(𝑦 − 1))2 . 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑦(ln(𝑦 − 1))2 − 2𝑦 ln(𝑦 − 1) + 2𝑦 + 2 ln(𝑦 − 1) − (ln(𝑦 − 1))2

9. The sketch in Figure 5.13 shows the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3
𝑦
and 12 = 𝑥, intersecting at (0; 0), (−2; −8) and (2; 8).

Figure 5.13
9.1 Calculate the area of the shaded region.
9.2 If the shaded area revolves about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, calculate the value
of the solid generated.

5.3 Second moment of area

The second moment of area, also known as the moment of inertia, is a
geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed
with regard to an arbitrary axis.

5.3.1 Second moment of area of a rectangular lamina

Second moment of area is denoted by a 𝐼
𝐼𝑥 for inertia about the x axis and 𝐼𝑦 for inertia about the y axis.

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑥 =
12

𝑏3ℎ
𝐼𝑦 =
12

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Figure 5.14 Rectangular laminar

5.3.2 Second moment of area of a circular lamina

Figure 5.15 Circular laminar

𝜋 4
𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼𝑥 = 𝑟
4

Second moment of area

𝑏 𝑏
𝐼𝑥 = ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝐴 ; 𝐼𝑦 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝐴
2
𝑎 𝑎

Moments of inertia
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝑀 = 𝑝𝑉

Definition: 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2

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𝑏 𝑏
General: 𝐼 = ∫𝑎 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑚 ; 𝐼𝑦 = 𝜌 ∫𝑎 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑉

Worked Example 5.6

Given the curves 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 49 and 𝑥𝑦 = 4.

1. Draw the curves and show on the sketch the enclosed area and the
representative strip, as well as the lower and upper limits.
2. Calculate the magnitude of the bounded area in the first quadrant of
Question 2.

Solution:

Figure 5.16
Point of intersection
4
49 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2

∴ 𝑥 2 − 49𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 6,994 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∴ 𝑥 = 0,286
2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

(6,994; 0,286) and (0,286; 6,9)

Vertical strip: 𝑑𝐴 = (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥
2
= (√49 − 𝑥 2 − 1 ) 𝑑𝑥
6,994 2
∴ 𝐴 = ∫0,286 (√49 − 𝑥 2 − 1 ) 𝑑𝑥

49 𝑥 𝑥 6,994
= [sin−1 7 + 2 √49 − 𝑥 2 − 2 ln 𝑥]
2 0,286

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49 6,994 6,994
= [sin−1 + √49 − (6,994)2 − 2 ln(6,994)]
2 7 2
49 0,286 0,286
= [sin−1 + √49 − (0,286)2 − 2 ln(0,286)]
2 7 2

= 30,088 (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)2

Worked Example 5.7

Determine, from first principles, the moment of inertia of a uniform circular

disc of radius 2 and mass 10 kg about an axis through its centre and
perpendicular to the plane of the disc.

HINT: Consider a ring of thickness ∆𝑟 a distance ‘𝑟’ units from the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. The
5
area of the ring is 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟 and its mass is 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟. 2𝜋.

Solution:

Figure 5.17
Mass per unit area
𝑚
= 𝜋𝑟 2

∴ 𝑥 2 − 49𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
10
∴ 𝛿𝑚 = 4𝜋

∆/221 = 𝑚. 𝑥 2
5
= 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟. 2𝜋 . 𝑟 2

= 5𝑟 2 ∆𝑟

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2
∴ 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 5 ∫𝑏 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟

= [𝑟 4 ]2

Worked Example 5.8

Determine, from first principles, the second moment of inertia of a

rectangular lamina with respect to a reference axis parallel to one side of the
lamina that bisects the lamina.

Solution:

Figure 5.18
∆/𝑦 = 𝑏 × ∆𝑥 × 𝑥 2 = 𝑏𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑏 ∫𝑎2 𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑎
𝑥3 2
= 𝑏 [ 3 ]𝑏
2

∆𝐴 = 𝑏 × ∆𝑥
𝑎3 𝑏
∴ 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
12

Activity 5.3

1. Determine the second moment of mass of a rectangular lamina of mass

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m about the axis parallel to one side of the lamina.

2. Calculate the volume generated when the area between the two graphs
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , rotates about the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
3. Determine, from first principles, the second moment of area of a
rectangular lamina with respect to reference axis parallel to one side of
the lamina that bisects the lamina.
4. Determine the second moment of mass of a rectangular lamina of mass
𝑚 about an axis parallel to one side of the lamina.
5. Calculate the moment of inertia of a circular lamina of radius 𝑟 and mass
𝑚 about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to the plane of the
lamina.
6. Determine the second moment of mass of a rectangular lamina of mass
𝑚 about an axis parallel to one side of the lamina.
7. Determine the second moment of mass of a rectangular lamina of mass
(𝑚) about the axis parallel to one side of the lamina. The distance from
the representative strip to the axis is 𝑥. The lamina’s length and breadth is
𝑎 and 𝑏 respectively.
8. Calculate the second moment of area of a circular lamina with a radius 𝑟
about an axis through the centre of the lamina and perpendicular to the
plane of the lamina.
9. Determine the second moment of area of a uniform rectangular lamina
of area ‘𝑎𝑏’ about an axis which bisects the lamina.

Activity 5.1

Answers:
∞ 1
1. ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2. (6 ) − (− 6 ) = 3

3. 1.704
−𝑘
4. 𝑠

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5. 0.106
1
6. 4𝑆

7. 0.916
8. 0.283
9. 0.283

Activity 5.2

Answers:
1.
1.1

Figure 5.19
1.2 𝐴 = 4,563 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
1.3 𝑉 = 60,753 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
2.
2.1

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Figure 5.20
2.2 2,476 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
2.3 𝑉 = 43,562 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
3.
3.1 𝑓𝑖: 𝑓 1 : 𝑓(0) = 1 𝑓2 𝑓2 (𝑥)√𝑒 𝑥
𝑓(4) = 𝑒 2 = 7,389 𝑓2 (0) = √1 = 1
𝑓(1) = 𝑒 1 = 2,7183 𝑓2 (1) = 1,648
𝑓2 (2) = 2,718
3.2

Figure 5.21
3.3 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2

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4.
4.1

Figure 5.22
1
4.2 𝛿𝑉 = 𝜋 (4 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 9 − (𝑥 − 𝑥)4 ) 𝛿𝑥

4.3 𝑉 = 6,423 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3

5.
5.1

Figure 5.23

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5.2 𝐴 = 6,424 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2

5.3 𝑉 = 92,191 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
6.
6.1

Figure 5.24
6.2 𝐴 = 4,503 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
6.3 𝑉 = 77,663 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
7.
7.1 𝐴 = 2,833 𝑢2
7.2 𝑉 = 51,941 𝑢3
8.
8.1

Figure 5.25

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8.2 𝐴 = 6,473 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2

8.3 𝑉 = 33,244 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
9.
9.1 12 𝑢2
9.2 𝑉 = 689,355 𝑢3

Activity 5.3

Answers:
1. 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑎2 𝑘𝑔. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
2. 0,057 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
𝑎3 𝑏
3. ∴ 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
12
1
4. 𝐼 = 3 𝑚𝑎2 𝑘𝑔. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
1
5. 𝐼 = 2 𝑚𝑟 2
1
6. 𝐼 = 3 𝑚𝑎2 𝑘𝑔. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
𝑚𝑎2
7. 3
𝜋𝑟 4
8. 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4
2
𝑎3 𝑏
9. 12

Self-Check

I am able to: Yes No

 Solve the indefinite integral by Laplace transformations:
o Produce a rough sketch
o Indicate relevant limits and points of intersection
o Indicate the representative strip with respect to moments
o Give the increments as required
o Determine area and volume using the definite integral
 Calculate the area between the curve and any axis
 Calculate the area between two curves
 Calculate the volume of a rotated curve
o With a reference axis
o Without a reference axis

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 Calculate the second moment of area:

o A rectangular lamina
o A circular lamina
 Calculate the second moment of mass:
o Uniform rectangular prism
 Uniform rectangular circular disc
If you have answered ‘no’ to any of the outcomes listed above, then speak to
your facilitator for guidance and further development.

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Learning Outcomes
On the completion of this module the student must be able to:

 Describe the difference between particular and general solutions of

differential equations
 Solve first order differential equations by direct integration
 Solve first order differential equations by separating variables
 Solve second order differential equations

6.1 Introduction

A differential equation is an equation with a function and one or

more derivatives of that function.

𝑑𝑦
𝑦+ = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Differential equations are used extensively where there is change.

Differential Equations can describe how populations change, how heat
moves, how springs vibrate, how radioactive material decays and much more.
They are a very natural way to describe many things in the universe.

To find out if an equation is a differential equation any rates of change in the

equation may need to be rewritten:

Newton’s Second Law of Motion. If an object of mass 𝑚 is moving with

acceleration 𝑎 and being acted on with force, 𝐹 then Newton’s Second Law
tells us.
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

To see that this is in fact a differential equation we need to rewrite it a little.

First, remember that we can rewrite the acceleration, 𝑎, in one of two ways.

𝑑𝑣 𝑑2 𝑢
𝑎= 𝑜𝑟 𝑎=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2

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6.2 General and particular solutions of differential equations

Find, in implicit form, the general solution of the differential equation:

𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 4 𝑒 2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 3(𝑒 2𝑥 + 7)2

Find the corresponding particular solution (in implicit form) that satisfies the
initial condition:
𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 0

Find the explicit form of this particular solution.

For the first part:

3 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑒 2𝑥
− =
𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 7)2

which is:

𝑑 𝑑 1
(𝑦 −3 ) = ( 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 + 7

then:
1
𝑦 −3 =
𝑒 2𝑥 + 7

𝑦 3 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 7

Worked Example 6.1

Solve the differential equation:

𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥 . 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥 . 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑒 4𝑥 . 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦. 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 2 . 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑒 −4𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
1
ln 𝑦 = 4 𝑒 −4𝑥 + 𝑐

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Worked Example 6.2

Calculate the particular solution of:

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 if 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2 , 𝑦 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1.

Solution:
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
= 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 2
1
𝑒 2 = 2 𝑒 2(1) − 1 + 𝐶1

∴ 𝐶1 = 4,695
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4,695
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑦 = 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 + 4,695𝑥 + 𝐶2
1 1
−1 = 4 𝑒 2(1) − 2 (1)2 + 4,695(1) + 𝐶2

∴ 𝐶2 = −7,042
1 1
∴ 𝑦 = 4 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 + 4,695𝑥 − 7,042

Worked Example 6.3

Determine the general solution of:

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 if 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2 , 𝑦 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1.

Solution:
1
𝜋. 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑦
1
𝜋. 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑦. 𝑑𝑦 + . 𝑑𝑦
𝑦
1
𝜋. 𝑑𝑥 = (4𝑦 + 𝑦) . 𝑑𝑦
1
∫ 𝜋. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4𝑦 + 𝑦) . 𝑑𝑦

𝜋𝑥 + 𝐶 = 2𝑦 2 + ln 𝑦

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Activity 6.1
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
1. Determine the particular solution of 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , given that = −3,
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 1.
𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑥
2. Solve the differential equation: = 𝑦(1+𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
3. Determine the particular solution of −2 𝑑𝑥 2 = 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 . Given that
𝑑𝑦
= −2, 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. Solve the general solution of the differential equation 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥+1
5. If the gradient of a curve is = , fine the equation for the curve if it is
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦

known that 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1.

𝑑𝑦
6. If the gradient of a curve is = −2𝑦(4𝑥 3 ),, find the equation for the curve
𝑑𝑥

if it is known that 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑥 = 1.

𝑑2 𝑦 1
7. Determine the general solution of = 𝑥 8 − 2 𝑥 4 + 16.
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
8. If the gradient of a curve is = −2𝑦(4𝑥 2 ) with 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑥 = 1 find the
𝑑𝑥

equation of the curve.

1 𝑑2 𝑦
9. Determine the general solution of the differential equation − 𝑒𝑥 + 1 =
4 𝑑𝑥 2

0.
𝑑𝑦
10. Solve the differential equation: + 𝑦 = 𝑦. sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
11. Calculate the particular solution of − 𝑑𝑥 2 = −𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 1 if = −1, 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥

−2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑦
12. Solve the differential equation: = −𝑦𝑒 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑2 𝑦 1 3
13. Solve the differential equation: 2 𝑑𝑥 2 = 2 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥 + 𝜋
𝑑𝑦
14. Solve the differential equation: = 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
15. Determine the particular solution of -2 . 𝑑𝑥 2 = 5 − 18𝑥, given that = −1,
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 = 4 and 𝑥 = 1.

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𝑑2 𝑦
16. Determine the general solution of = 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 4.
𝑑𝑥 2

17. Determine the particular solution of -(1 + 𝑥) cos2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = sin2 𝑦𝑑𝑥, given that
𝜋
𝑦(1) = 4 .

Activity 6.1

Answers:
1
1. 𝑦 = 6 𝑥 2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 + 2,889𝑥 + 1,971
1
2. 𝑦 2 = ln(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝐶
2
1 1 1 7 53
3. 𝑦 = 12 𝑥 4 + 3 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 2 − 3 + 12
𝑒 −3𝑦
4. −𝑒 −𝑥 = − +𝑐
3
3 3
5. 𝑦2 = 2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
2
1
6. − 2 ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 1
𝑥 10 𝑥6
7. − 60 + 8𝑥 2 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐
10
1
8. − 2 ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 1
4𝑧 2
9. 𝑦 = 4𝑤 𝑧 − + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
2

10. ln 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 1
11. = 4 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1,25
𝑑𝑥
1
12. – ln 𝑦 = 4 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐶
1 𝑥3 𝜋𝑥 2
13. − 12 𝑥 4 + + + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2 1
1
14. – ln 𝑦 = 2 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐶
1 3 2𝜋𝑥 2
15. 𝑦 = 12 𝑥 4 + 6 𝑥 3 + + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
𝑥4
16. 𝑦 = 12 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

17. – cot 𝑦 − 𝑦 = ln(1 + 𝑥) − 0,478

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Self-Check

I am able to: Yes No

 Describe the difference between particular and general
solutions of differential equations
 Solve first order differential equations by direct integration
 Solve first order differential equations by separating variables
 Solve second order differential equations
If you have answered ‘no’ to any of the outcomes listed above, then speak to
your facilitator for guidance and further development.

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Table of C
Past Examination Papers

NOVEMBER 2014

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

Mathematics N5
(16030175)

17 November 2014 (Y-Paper)

13:00 – 16:00

Scientific calculators may be used.

This question paper consists of 7 pages and a formula sheet of 5 pages.

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DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
MATHEMATICS N5
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100

__________________________________________________________________

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer ALL the questions.

2. Read ALL the questions carefully.

3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this question
paper.

4. Show ALL intermediate steps and simplify where possible.

5. ALL final answers must be rounded off to THREE decimal places (unless
indicated otherwise).

6. Questions may be answered in any order, but subsections of questions must be

kept together.

7. Use only blue or black ink.

8. Write neatly and legibly.

___________________________________________________________________

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QUESTION 1:

1.1 Determine the following limits:

ln sin 𝑥 (4)
1.1.1 lim𝑥→0 ln tan 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥−12) (2)
1.1.2 lim𝑥→0 𝑥−6

1.2 𝑥 3 −1 (2)
Determine the value(s) of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −1.
[9]

QUESTION 2:

2.1 Determine the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = √3𝑥from first principles. (4)

2.2 𝑑𝑦
Determine 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases:
(simplification of answers not required)

2.2.1 𝑦 = sin (cos √2(𝑥 2 − 1)) (3)

2.2.2 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 . ln(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐) (2)

109𝑥 (2)
2.2.3 𝑦 = sec 3𝑥

2.3 𝑑𝑦 (4)
Determine 𝑑𝑥 with the aid of logarithmic differentiation if:
ln 𝑦 = (cos 5𝑥)𝑥

2.4 Given is the sketch of 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥, 𝑥 𝜖[−𝜋; 𝜋]

2.4.1 Given the co-ordinates of A and B (2)

𝑑𝑦 (2)
2.4.2 If 𝑦 = arcsin(tan 4𝑥), give the derivative of 𝑦.
𝑑𝑥

2.5 Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 12 (5)

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at the point (−2; 1).

[24]

QUESTION 3:

3.1 Given 𝑓(𝑥)2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

3.1.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning points of 𝑓(𝑥). Show ALL (3)
the calculations.

3.1.2 Draw up a table of values of 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥) for values of 𝑥 from -2 to 2 (4)
and make a neat sketch of this part of the curves

3.1.3 If the value of the negative root is estimated as 0,3, use (4)
Taylor/Newton's method ONCE to determine a better
approximation of THIS root correct to FOUR decimal numbers.

3.2 A metal ball is covered by a layer of ice. The diameter of the ball is 100 (5)
mm. When the layer of ice is 5 mm thick, it melts at a rate of 10 000 m/s.

At what rate is the thickness of the ice decreasing?

4
𝑉= 𝜋. 𝑟 2
3

3.3 A rectangular wall is to be erected on a river bank. Building cost (5)

budgeted for is R5 600,00. The building cost of the two parallel walls are
R10,00/m and the cost of the wall parallel to the river bank is R15,00/m
(see the sketch.)

Calculate the dimensions of the wall to enclose a maximum area for the
money available.
[21]

QUESTION 4:

4.1 Determine ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases:

4.1.1 𝑦 = √tan 3𝑥 . sec 2 3𝑥 (3)

4.1.2 𝑦 = (8 − 5𝑥)3 (2)

1 (3)
4.1.3 𝑦 = 4+9𝑥 2

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4.1.4 𝑦 = sin(𝑒 2𝑥 ) . 𝑒 2𝑥 (4)

4.1.5 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln 8𝑥 (4)

4.3 4𝑥−2 (5)

Use partial fractions to determine ∫ 𝑥 2 −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Show ALL calculations
[21]

QUESTION 5:

5.1 8 𝑥 2 −3𝑥
Evaluate the definite integral 2 ∫5 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

𝑦
5.2 The sketch shows the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 and = 𝑥,
12
intersecting at (0;0), (-2;-8) and (2;8).

5.2.1 Calculate the area of the shaded region. (4)

5.2.2 If the shaded area revolves about the X-axis, calculate the volume (5)
of the solid generated.

5.3 Determine the second moment of area of a uniform rectangular lamina of (4)
area 'ab' about an axis which bisects the lamina.

Make use of the information of the given sketch.

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∞ 6
5.2 Prove that ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 3 if 𝑓(𝑡) = 6. Show ALL the steps (4)
[17]

QUESTION 6:

6.1 𝑑2 𝑦 (4)
Determine the general solution of: 𝑑𝑥 2 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 4

6.2 Determine the particular solution of (1 + 𝑥) cos 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = sin2 𝑦𝑑𝑥, given that (5)
𝜋
𝑥 = ( ) = 4.
[9]

TOTAL: 100

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Marking Guidelines

NOVEMBER 2014

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

Mathematics N5
(16030175)

17 November 2014 (Y-Paper)

13:00 – 16:00

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Table of C
Past Examination Papers

APRIL 2014

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

Mathematics N5
(16030175)

28 March 2014 (Y-Paper)

13:00 – 16:00

Scientific calculators may be used.

This question paper consists of 6 pages and 1 formula sheet of 5 pages.

DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

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 Mathematics N5

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
MATHEMATICS N5
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100

__________________________________________________________________

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer ALL the questions.

2. Read ALL the questions carefully.

3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this question
paper.

4. Show ALL intermediate steps and simplify where possible.

5. ALL final answers must be rounded off to THREE decimal places (unless
indicated otherwise).

6. Questions may be answered in any order, but subsections of questions must be

kept together.

7. Questions must be answered in blue or black ink.

8. Write neatly and legibly.

___________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 1:

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1.1 Determine the following limits:

sin 2𝑥 (3)
1.1.1 lim𝑥→0 𝑥

1.1.2 lim𝑥→0(𝑥 3 . 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) (4)

1.2 𝑥 2 −9 (2)
Find the value(s) of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) = − 5𝑥 + 6 is discontinuous.
𝑥2
[9]

QUESTION 2:

2.1 2+𝑥 (4)

Determine the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = from first principles.
3−𝑥

2.2 𝑑𝑦
Determine in each of the following cases : (Simplification is not
𝑑𝑥
required)
3𝑥 (3)
2.2.1 𝑦 =
√6𝑥−4

2.2.2 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3𝑥 (2)

2.3 𝑑𝑦 (5)
Determine 𝑑𝑥 with the aid of logarithmic differentiation if:
ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥4−ln 𝑥

2.4 Differentiate y for: (simplification not required)

2.4.1 𝑦 = 2 ln3 (sec 𝑥) (3)

2.4.2 𝑦 = 54𝑥 . ln √𝑥 (2)

2.5 𝑑𝑦 (5)
Determine the value of of the implicit function: sin 3𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1,047 at the point (1; 3 ).
[24]

QUESTION 3:

3.1 Given 𝑓(𝑥)𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4

3.1.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning points of 𝑓(𝑥). (3)

3.1.2 Draw up a table of values of 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥) for values of 𝑥 from -2 to 2 (4)
and make a neat sketch of this part of the curves

3.1.3 Use the table and your graph to estimate the values of the roots of (2)
𝑓(𝑥).

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3.1.4 If the positive root of 𝑓(𝑥) is estimate as 0,7, use Taylor/Newton's (4)
method to determine a better approximate of THIS root correct to
FOUR decimal numbers.

3.2 A machine part is moving according to the law 𝑆 = 𝑡. sin 2𝑡, where 𝑆 is the
distance covered in metres in 𝑡 seconds.
𝜋
Calculate the velocity when 𝑡 = 4

3.3 The volume of a closed cylindrical container is 689 cm 3. Calculate the (5)
dimensions of the container if the area of contact between the container
and the substance it contains, has to be a minimum.

[21]

QUESTION 4:

4.1 Determine ∫ tan 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 by using TWO methods:

4.1.1 Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥 (2)

4.1.2 Let 𝑢 = sec 𝑥 (2)

4.2 Determine ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases:

4.2.1 𝑦 = cos 𝑒𝑐(2𝑥 − 1) . cot(2𝑥 − 1) (2)

1 (3)
4.2.2 𝑦 =
√3−2𝑥

4.2.3 𝑦 = 𝑥. cos 3𝑥 (4)

sin 2𝑥 (3)
4.2.4 𝑦 = 2 cos2 𝑥+3

4.3 Determine ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 by resolving the integrand into partial fractions if: (4)
5𝑥 − 8 𝐴 𝐵
𝑦= 2 = +
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9 (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 3)2
[20]

QUESTION 5:

5.1 The sketch shows the area bounded by the curve and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and
𝑦 2 = 𝑥.

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5.1.1 Show by calculation, that the points of intersection of the graphs (4)
equal (0,618 ; 0,786) and (0,618 ; -0,786)
𝑏 (5)
5.1.2 Now, calculate the area of the shaded region using 2 ∫0 (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )𝑑𝑦

5.1.3 If the shaded area revolves about the Y-axis, calculate the volume (4)
𝑏
of the solid generated. Use 2𝜋 ∫0 (𝑥1 2 − 𝑥2 2 )𝑑𝑦.

∞ 6
5.2 Prove that ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 3 if 𝑓(𝑡) = 6. Show ALL the steps (4)
[17]

QUESTION 6:

6.1 Solve the general solution of the differential equation: (4)

𝑑𝑦
𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 − 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥

6.2 𝑑2 𝑦
Given: −3 𝑑𝑥 2 = −9𝑥 2 − 3𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 (1)
6.2.1 Make 𝑑𝑥 2 the subject of the equation

𝑑2 𝑦 (4)
6.2.2 Now, determine the particular solution of if it is given that 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
when 𝑦 = 10 and 𝑑𝑥 = 5.
[9]

TOTAL: 100

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Marking Guidelines

APRIL 2014

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

Mathematics N5
(16030175)

28 March 2014 (Y-Paper)

13:00 – 16:00

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Table of C
Past Examination Papers

NOVEMBER 2013

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

Mathematics N5
(16030175)

26 November 2013 (X-Paper)

09:00 – 12:00

This question paper consists of 6 pages and 5 formula sheets.

DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Gateways to Engineering Studies

159
 Mathematics N5

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
MATHEMATICS N5
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100

__________________________________________________________________

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer ALL the questions.

2. Read ALL the questions carefully.

3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this question
paper.

4. Questions may be answered in any order, but subsections of questions must be

kept together.

5. Show ALL intermediate steps. Simplify where possible.

6. ALL graph work must be done in the ANSWER BOOK.

7. Questions must be answered in BLUE or BLACK ink.

8. A formula sheet is attached. This list is not necessarily complete. Any other
applicable formula may be used.

9. Write neatly and legibly.

___________________________________________________________________

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QUESTION 1:

Determine the values of the following limits:

1.1 lim[x 2 ln 𝑥] (3)

𝑥→0

1.2 ln 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝑥 (3)

lim [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥. 𝑒 2−𝑥

1.3 32𝑥 2 − 243 (2)

lim [ ]
𝑥→0 2𝑥 2 − 3
[8]

QUESTION 2:

2.1 𝑑𝑦 −1 (3)
Prove that if 𝑦 = arccos 𝑒𝑐𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = .
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

2.2 Determine the slope of the tangent line at the point (-4;5) of the curve (4)
= arccos 𝑒𝑐 𝑥,

2.3 𝑑𝑦 (4)
Calculate of 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 by means of first principles.
𝑑𝑥
cos ℎ−1 sin ℎ
HINT: lim𝑥→0 = 0 and lim𝑥→0 =1
ℎ ℎ

2.4 𝑑𝑦
Determine 𝑑𝑥 in each of the following cases : (Simplification is NOT
required)

2.4.1 𝑦 = ln(𝑒 3𝑥 . 𝑥 4 )

2.4.2 𝑦 = √ln 𝑥 − log 7 (tan 𝑥)

2.4.3 𝑦 = sin √𝑙 − 𝑥 2 (3 x 3) (9)

2.5 𝑑𝑦 (4)
Calculate if 𝑦 = (𝑒)𝑥 ln 𝑥 with the aid of logarithmic differentiation.
𝑑𝑥
[24]

QUESTION 3:

3.1 Given 𝑓(𝑥)𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5

3.1.1 Determine the coordinates of the turning points of 𝑓(𝑥). (2)

3.1.2 Draw up a table of values for 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥) with 𝑥 ranging from (4)
𝑥 = −2 to 𝑥 = 3.

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3.1.3 Draw a neat graph of 𝑓(𝑥) between these values and show the (2)
turning points on it.

3.1.4 Use the table and the graph to estimate a value for the root (4)
between 𝑥 = 1,5 and 𝑥 = 2 of the equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5 = 0 and
then use Taylor's/Newton's method to determine a better
approximation of this root (Root correct to THREE decimal
figures).

3.2 Winds have damaged an oil rig and caused a circular oil slick of 0,167 m (4)
thick. Suppose the radius of the slick is currently 100 m and growing at
the rate of 0,6 m/min. What is the rate at which the oil is spilling?

HINT: 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ with 𝑟 being the radius and ℎ the thickness of the oil slick.

3.3 The poistion of a particle moving in a horizontal line is given as: (5)
𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 + 1
𝑠(𝑡) =
𝑡2 + 1
where 𝑠 is the displacement in meters and 𝑡 is the time in seconds.

Calculate the following:

3.3.1 The velocity of the particle

3.3.2 The time it takes for the particle to reach maximum displacement.
(2 x 3) (6)
[20]

QUESTION 4:

4.1 Determine the integrals in each of the following cases:

𝑥
4.1.1 𝑦 = √2𝑥 2
−6

4.1.2 𝑦 = cot 4𝑥

4.1.3 𝑦 = cos3 𝑥
1
4.1.4 𝑦 = 4+16𝑥 2
(4 x 3) (12)

4.2 Determine ∫ cos 2𝑥 . cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 by using the following techniques:

4.2.1 Integration by parts (4)

4.2.2 𝑢-substitution (3)

4.3 Determine ∫ 𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 by resolving the integrand into partial fractions if: (5)

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𝑥+1
𝑦= . 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 10𝑥 + 25
[24]

QUESTION 5:

5.1 Determine ∫1
3√4
𝑥2.
1
𝑑𝑥. (4)
3
5𝑥

5.2 Given the curves 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 49 and 𝑥𝑦 = 4

5.1.1 Draw the curves in the ANSWER BOOK and show on the
sketch the enclosed area and the representative strip, as well
as the lower and upper limits.

5.1.2 Caculate the magnitude of the bounded area in the first

quadrant of QUESTION 5.2.1 above.
(4 x 2) (8)

5.3 Determine the second moment of mass of a rectangular lamina of (4)

mass 𝑚 and an axis parallel to ONE side of the lamina.
[16]

QUESTION 6:

6.1 Solve the differential equation: (3)

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑦−𝑥
𝑑𝑥

6.2 1 𝑑2 𝑦 (5)
Determine the particular solution of − 2 𝑑𝑥 3 = 5 − 18𝑥, given that
𝑑𝑦
= −1, 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑥
[8]

TOTAL: 100

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Marking Guidelines

NOVEMBER 2013

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

Mathematics N5
(16030175)

26 November 2013 (X-Paper)

09:00 – 12:00

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