Name : ALI HASAN

ROLL NO: MY- 20002

SUBJECT: INSTRUMENTATION

COURSE CODE: EE -221

Assignment-Measurement of Non-Electrical
Quantities & Their Applications
Temperature Measurement:
A temperature transducer is a device that converts the thermal quantity into any physical quantity such
as electrical signals eg thermocouple , Thermistor etc

Thermistor

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is strongly dependent on temperature.

when temperature changes its resistance changes which alter the voltage in circuit, mostly
electronic thermometer are calibrated according to change in voltage

Application
Used in Air conditioner sensor to measure the temperature

Used in digital thermometer

Vibration Measurement;

A process of monitoring how much a machine component or systems vibrates, commonly

measured using a ceramic piezoelectric sensor or accelerometer

when a voltage is generated across certain types of crystals as they are stressed this voltage is utilize to
create the signals which results in measurement of vibration

Application:

Used to trigger the airbags as the sensor would send a signal when it experiences a sudden shock

Used to measure machine vibrations

Measurement of Rotational Speed:

A tachometer refers to any transducer that produces a signal proportional to the speed of rotation of a
joint There are many different types of tachometers, some based on measuring the frequency of, or the
time between, pulses generated by the rotating shaft

Applications:

Monitoring of motor's speed

Counting process
Measurement of Pressure:

Strain gauge sensor, is a pressure transducer that is mainly use in the industry. This
type of pressure transducer is the difference between two pressures, a pressure being
measured and a reference pressure

Applications:

Structural component testing.

Construction applications

Measurement of Linear Motion (Displacement):

Potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable
voltage divider

Application:

Used in audio controlling of speakers

Used to control the picture brightness, colour response and contrast in TV

Task 2

Thermal Radiations:
The transducer use for the measurement of thermal radiation is thermocouple, because
the temperature use in this physical quantity is very high

Working Principle:
When two wires composed of dissimilar metals are joined at both ends and one of the ends is heated, a
voltage is being produce now there is a potential difference between two metals ,there is a continuous
current which flows in the thermoelectric circuit

Measurement through thermocouple :

When the junction is heated or cooled, a small voltage is generated in the electrical circuit of the
thermocouple which can be measured, and this corresponds to temperature

Radiation Pyrometers:
Radiation pyrometers are usually used to measure high temperatures where physical contact with the
hot body is not possible

Working Principle and Measurement

Radiation pyrometers focus the infrared radiation emitted by the body onto a thermocouple contained
within the instrument. The voltage produced by the thermocouple is then read on a dial calibrated
directly in terms of temperature

Level of Liquid:
To measure level of liquid we use capacitive sensors

A capacitive liquid level sensor is an instrument for measuring the height of a liquid and converting it to
an electrical signal

Working principle
It works on the principle of capacitance charge accumulates in the gap between two sheets of metal
when a voltage is applied to one electrode and from other electrode, change in capacitance does to
measuring. Capacitance level sensor uses the change of measuring capacitance to measure the height of
the liquid level

Measurement;
A simple technique for monitoring liquid levels is to immerse a parallel-plate capacitor in the liquid as
the liquid level changes, the amount of dielectric material between the plates changes, which causes the
capacitance to change as well

Flow Rate:

Differential pressure transducers:

Differential pressure transducers measure the difference in pressure between two points, typically
referred to as P1 and P2 or high side and low side. This type of sensor can be used to monitor level in a
sealed tank, cleanliness of a filter, or flow across an orifice

Working principle and measurement :

These sensors work according to Bernoulli's principle which states that the pressure drop across the
meter is proportional to the square of the flow rate. Using the pressure drop across a pipe's cross
section is one of the most common manners to determine a flow measurement
to measure the pressure drop across an orifice plate in the pipe and calculate the flow rate.

Thermal Conductivity of Gases:

Thermal conductivity detector using a sensor that employs four matched filaments that change their
resistance according to the thermal conductivity of the gas passing over it.

Working principle:

TCD is based on the principle of thermal conductivity which depends upon the composition of the gas.
The sample components in the carrier gas pass into the measuring channel. A second channel serves as
a reference channel where only pure carrier gas flow.
Measurement through TCD:

Two parallel tubes both containing gas and heating coils. The gases are examined by comparing the heat
loss rate from the heating coils into the gas