COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

BKB30303
Lecturer 3

Angle Modulation
Frequency Modulation (FM)

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Communication System Chart

Communication
System

Continuous Wave Digital Wave

Amplitude Angle Analogue Pulse Digital Pulse

Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation
(AM)

Frequency Phase
Modulation Modulation
(FM) (PM)

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Analogue Modulation

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Angle Modulation

1. FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

2. PHASE MODULATION (PM).

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FREQUENCY-MODULATION SYSTEM

Definition:

Frequency modulation is a system in which the amplitude of

the modulated carrier is kept constant, while its frequency and
rate of change are varied-by the modulating signal.

As the amplitude of the information signal varies, the carrier frequency shifts
proportionately. As the modulating signal amplitude increases, the carrier
frequency increases. If the amplitude of the modulating signal decreases, the
carrier frequency decreases.

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FREQUENCY-MODULATION

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Basic Principles of Frequency Modulation
• The amount of change in carrier frequency produced by the modulating
signal is known as the frequency deviation 𝑓𝑑 or (𝛿𝑓 ).

• frequency deviation occurs at the maximum amplitude of the

modulating signal.

• The frequency of the modulating signal determines the frequency

deviation rate, or how many times per second the carrier frequency
deviates above and below its center frequency.

• As the modulating information signal goes positive, the frequency of the

carrier increases proportionately. The highest frequency occurs at the
peak amplitude of the modulating signal.

• When the modulating signal is at zero amplitude, the carrier is at its

center frequency point.

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 Basic Principles of Frequency Modulation

•Point A, C and E are where the

information signal is at 0V.
•Point B is where the information
signal is at the max. positive
amplitude, point D is where the
information signal is at the max.
negative amplitude.
•During the time from point A to
B, the FM signal increases in freq.
to its max. value at point B.
•From point B to C, the FM signal
freq. decrease until reaching the
freq. of the carrier signal which
called the center frequency.

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 Basic Principles of Frequency Modulation

• At point D is where the info signal has the max.

negative amplitude.
• From point D to E, the FM signal decrease until
reaching the centre frequency.

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 Frequency Modulation (FM)

The important features about FM waveforms are:

i. The frequency varies

ii. The rate of change of carrier frequency changes is the

same as the frequency of the information signal

iii. The amount of carrier frequency changes is proportional to

the amplitude of the information signal

iv. The amplitude is constant

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Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Frequency modulation is a system in which the amplitude of the
modulated carrier is kept constant, while its frequency and rate of
change are varied by the modulating signal.
In general, the angle modulated signal is given by:
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos( 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ∅(𝑡))

Where: 𝐴𝑐 is the maximum amplitude

𝜔𝑐 is the angular velocity of the carrier frequency, radians per second.
(rad/sec)
∅(𝑡) is the time-varying phase.

The frequency modulated is obtained when the frequency of the

carrier 𝜔𝑐 is made to vary

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 Frequency Modulation (FM)

• The instantaneous frequency of the modulated frequency

𝑓𝑖 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑚(𝑡)
Where: 𝑓𝑐 is unmodulated carrier signal frequency
𝑘𝑓 is the frequency sensitivity of the FM modulator in Hz/volt
𝑚 𝑡 is the modulating signal.

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 𝑡
∅ 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 න 𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
The message signal, 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

𝑡
∅ 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑘𝑓 න 𝐴𝑚 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0

𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚
∅ 𝑡 = sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
𝑓𝑚
Where:
The maximum frequency deviation, ∆𝒇 𝒐𝒓 𝜹𝒇 = 𝒌𝒇 𝑨𝒎
Then the instantaneous frequency of the frequency modulated is given
by:
𝑓𝑖 = 𝑓𝑐 ± 𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐 ± 𝛿𝑓

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Frequency Modulation (FM)
The frequency modulation expression will be:

𝑥𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 sin 𝜔𝑚 𝑡)

Where:
𝛿𝑓
𝑚𝑓 = , is the modulation index
𝑓𝑚

Modulation Index
The ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulating
frequency is known as the modulation index, 𝑚𝑓

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Example 1:
Consider FM signal generated by 1 Hz modulating signal, and
cos 20𝜋𝑡 carrier signal. The frequency sensitivity 𝑘𝑓 = 5 𝐻𝑧/𝑣. Write
the expression of FM signal.

Solution:
𝑥𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

𝛿𝑓 = 𝒌𝒇 𝑨𝒎 = 5

𝛿𝑓
𝑚𝑓 = =5
𝑓𝑚

𝑥𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = cos(20𝜋𝑡 + 5 sin 2𝜋𝑡)

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Example 2:

• What is the modulation index of TV sound if the maximum frequency

deviation is 25 kHz, and the maximum modulating frequency is 15 kHz?

Solution:
𝛿𝑓 25
𝑚𝑓 = = = 1.667
𝑓𝑚 15

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Example 3:
• In an FM system, when the audio frequency is 500 Hz, and the
amplitude is 2.4 V, the frequency deviation is 4.8 KHz. Calculate:
1- The frequency sensitivity.
2- The modulation index.

Solution:
𝛿𝑓 4.8
1- The frequency sensitivity, 𝑘𝑓 = = = 2 𝑘𝐻𝑧/𝑉
𝐴𝑚 2.4

𝛿𝑓 4.8
2- The modulation Index, 𝑚𝑓 = = = 9.6
𝑓𝑚 0.5

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 Example 4:
• Find the carrier and modulating frequencies, the modulation index, the
maximum frequency deviation of the Frequency modulation system
represented by the equation, 𝑥𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 12sin(6 × 108 𝑡 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠1250𝑡).

• Solution:
6×108
1- The carrier frequency, 𝑓𝑐 = = 95.49 𝑀𝐻𝑧
2𝜋

1250
2- The modulating frequency, 𝑓𝑚 = = 199 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋

3- The modulation index, 𝑚𝑓 = 5

4- The frequency deviation, 𝛿𝑓 = 𝑚𝑓 × 𝑓𝑚 = 5 × 199 = 995 𝐻𝑧

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FM Frequency Spectrum
• The spectrum of an FM or a PM signal is usually wider than that of an equivalent
AM signal.
• In FM and PM signals, a large number of pairs of upper and lower sidebands are
generated.

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Bessel Functions
𝑥𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 sin 𝜔𝑚 𝑡)
Given the modulation index, the number and amplitudes of the
significant sidebands can be determined by solving the basic equation
of an FM signal. This equation is solved with a complex mathematical
process known as Bessel functions.

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FM Frequency Spectrum
• Where Jn is a Bessel Function from first type, nth order
• J0 - will give the amplitude of the carrier
• Jn – will give the amplitude of the sidebands, with frequency
(𝑓𝑐 ± 𝑛𝑓𝑚 )
The amplitudes of the sidebands are determined by the Jn coefficients

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Carrier and sideband amplitudes for different modulation
indexes of FM signals based on the Bessel functions.

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Bessel Functions

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• The leftmost column gives the modulation index 𝑚𝑓 .

• The remaining columns indicate the relative amplitudes of the carrier and
the various pairs of sidebands.

• Any sideband with a relative carrier amplitude of less than 1 percent

(0.01) has been eliminated.

• some of the carrier and sideband amplitudes have negative

signs. This means that the signal represented by that amplitude is simply
shifted in phase 180° (phase inversion).

• With the increase in the modulation index, the carrier amplitude decreases
while the amplitude of the various sidebands increases. With some values
of modulation index, the carrier can disappear completely.

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Example 5:
• Given an FM signal in which the modulating frequency is 2 kHz, and
the maximum frequency deviation is 3 kHz? Sketch the FM frequency
spectrum.

• Solution:
𝛿𝑓 3
The modulation index, 𝑚𝑓 = = = 1.5
𝑓𝑚 2

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FM Signal Bandwidth
• The total bandwidth of an FM signal can be determined by two methods,
• by knowing the modulation index and using the table of Bessel
functions.
• where the higher the modulation index in FM, the greater the number
of significant sidebands and the wider the bandwidth of the signal.

𝑩𝑭𝑴 = 𝟐𝒏𝒇𝒎
Where: n is the number of significant sidebands in the signal

• Another way to determine the bandwidth of an FM signal is to use

Carson’s rule.
• Carson’s rule will always give a bandwidth lower than that calculated
with the the Bessel table (𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2𝑛𝑓𝑚 ).
Carson's rule is given by:
•
𝑩𝑭𝑴 = 𝟐(𝜟𝒇 + 𝒇𝒎 )

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 Example 6:
• What is the maximum bandwidth of an FM signal with a
deviation of 30 kHz and a maximum modulating signal of 5 kHz.
determine by (a) Bessel table, and (b) Carson’s rule?

• Solution:
𝛿𝑓 30
a) 𝑚𝑓 = 𝑓 = 5
=6
𝑚
The Bessel table shows nine significant sidebands
𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2𝑛𝑓𝑚 = 2 × 9 × 5 𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 90 𝑘𝐻𝑧

b) 𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2 𝛥𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 = 2 30 𝑘𝐻𝑧 + 5 𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 70 𝑘𝐻𝑧

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Power in Angle-Modulated Signal
In FM, the amplitude of the modulated signal is the same as
the amplitude of the un-modulated carrier signal. Power of FM
wave dissipated in a load, R is:

𝑽𝟐𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑽𝟐𝒄 𝑽𝟐𝒄

𝑷𝑭𝑴 = = = = 𝑷𝒄
𝑹 𝟐
( 𝟐) 𝑹 𝟐𝑹

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Example 7:
• In an FM modulator, the frequency sensitivity is 𝑘𝑓 = 50, the carrier
signal is given by 𝑐 𝑡 = 10cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡), and the modulating signal by
cos 20𝜋𝑡 .
1) Calculate the power of FM signal
2) Write the expression for the modulated signal

Solution:
𝑉𝑐2 102
1) 𝑃𝐹𝑀 = 𝑃𝑐 = = = 50 𝑊
2𝑅 2
2) 𝑥𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

𝛿𝑓 50
𝑚𝑓 = = =5
𝑓𝑚 10
𝑥𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 10cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 5 sin(20𝜋𝑡))

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