Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers
Module – 1
Introduction
1
Internal organization of computing device
Microprocessor – Block Diagram
CPU
Fetch, decode and executes the instruction stored in memory
CPU must equipped with necessary resource
Important resources of CPU:
Registers – to store the information temporarily
ALU – to carryout Arithmetic and Logical operation
Program Counter – to point the next instruction to be
executed
Instruction decoder – to interpret the instruction fetched into
the CPU
MEMORY
One of the important feature
Binary digits : 0’s and 1’s
Bit: 0 or 1
Nibble: 4-Bits or half a byte – ex:
0101
Byte: 8-Bit or Byte – ex: 1010 0101
Word : 16-bits – ex: 1111 0000 1010 0101
Kilo Byte: 210 = 1024 bytes, Mega : 220, Giga : 230, Tera : 240
Ex: 16 Megabyte = 16 x 220 = 24 x 220 =224 Bytes
Memory Types: RAM & ROM
RAM or Volatile Memory : Temporary storage
ROM or Non-volatile Memory : Permanent storage
Input and outputs
I/O devices used to provide a communication with CPU via
keyboard, video monitor etc.,
Buses
CPU is connected through stripes of wires called Buses
Address bus: To identify the device connected to CPU. Total
number of memory location addressable by a CPU is 2 x, where x
is the number of bits.
Data Bus: To carry info. in and out of CPU, 8-bit to 64-bit
Control bus: To provide the read or write signal to CPU
Steps to execute an instruction
1. Fetch Instruction from Memory
2. Decode Instruction and Fetch Operands
3. Perform ALU Operations
4. Store ALU result to register file
5. Memory Access (for load/store)
6. Update Program counter
Microprocessor is a CPU on a single chip.
Microprocessor has several support devices like ROM, Read
write memory, timer, serial interface, I/O ports, etc.
All these support devices are interfaced to the
microprocessor through a system bus.
So finally we can conclude that all support devices in a
microprocessor are connected externally.
Microprocessor applications
• Calculators
• Accounting system
• Games machine
• Complex Industrial Controllers
• Traffic light Control
• Data acquisition systems
• Multi user, multi-function environments
• Military applications
• Communication systems
Microprocessor Based Temperature Monitoring System
What was the first microprocessor?
History behind first microprocessor?
1969: The assignment
Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation approached Intel to design 12 custom
chips for its new Busicom 141-PF* printing calculator.
The Intel solution
lntel designed a set of four chips known as the MCS-4. It included CPU(4004), Shift registers(4003)
RAM(4002), ROM(4001)
1971: Era of integrated electronics
Intel purchased the rights from Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation and launched the Intel®
4004 processor and its chipset with an advertisement in the November 15, 1971
History behind first microprocessor?
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First Microprocessor 4004 - Inventors
Federico Faggin Marcian "Ted" Hoff Stanley Mazor Masatoshi Shima
Evolution of Intel processors
Evolution of Intel processors (2)
18
Introduction
• Apple's A11 Bionic system-on-chip, also used in
the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, which is a six-core
processor with two cores optimized for
performance
• Qualcomm Snapdragon. The Snapdragon was
used in the Tegra 2 of last year, as it was the first
to market with 1 GHz speeds.
• The Snapdragon was based on the ARM Cortex-
A8
• Tegra processors used in smartphone and tablet
markets
18
Introduction
• Broadcom BCM2835 SoC used in the first
generation Raspberry Pi includes a 700
MHz ARM11 76JZF-S processor, VideoCore
IV graphics processing unit (GPU), and RAM
• Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based
on the ATmega328P
• Intel Core i5 used in laptops
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