Section: Quantitative Aptitude

Number System &

1
CHAPTER

Simplification

INTRODUCTION Numbers

Real Numbers Non-real or Imaginary Numbers

Set of all real numbers a + ib, where i = –1,
are represented by R. and a is any real number
b is any non-zero-number

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

Decimal Form p Non-terminating

q q Form and Non-repeating
where p and q where q ≠ 0 and at (non-recurring)
are integers and least one of p and q Decimal Form
q ≠0 is not an integer In this form, number of
Examples: Examples: digits after decimal point
5 , 5 , 0.51 , 8.02 , is infinite but there is no
, 2 , group of digit(s) (one or
8 3 4.2 6 2.3
, more than one digits)
3 , etc.; just after decimal point
because 3, 0 and In this form, the 2, 5,
2 or leaving some digits
number of digits after In this form, number of after decimal point which
3, 0, –4 decimal point is finite. because 2 and 5
as and digits after decimal repeats continuously.
1 1 1 Examples: 4.024, can be written as
point is infinite but just Examples :
respectively. 5.008, 0.23, etc. after decimal point or 2 and 5 501.060060006...,
leaving some digits 1 1 23.1424434444...,
after decimal point a respectively. 0.009191191119...,
Integers group of digit (s) (one –7.401002003...., etc.
Examples : or more than one
digits) repeats conti-
2, 3, ..... nuously.
Examples:
5.4141 .....,

0.061245245...., etc.
Non-negative integer These irrational
Examples : or Whole Numbers numbers can be written
which includes zero by putting a bar or
and positive integers recurring above the
Examples : first group of digits(s)
0, 1, 2, 3, ... after decimal point
which repeats further
continuously.
Examples:
5.4141... = 5.41,
Zero 0.2383838...
(0)
Examples :1, 2, 3, ... = correct 0.238,
0.061245245....
= correct 0.061245, etc.

1 Prime Numbers Composite numbers

are natural numbers are natural numbers
other than 1, divisible which have at least one
by 1 and itself only diviser different from 1
Examples : and the number itself
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, etc. Examples :
4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15, etc.
A- 2 Number System & Simplification
Example : Is 401 a prime number?
Sol. Approximate square root of 401 is 20.
ê The ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are called digits. Prime numbers less than 20 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and 19
ê 1 is neither prime nor composite. 401 is not divisible by 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 or 19.
ê 1 is an odd integer.
\ 401 is a prime number.
ê 0 is neither positive nor negative.
(Hint : Next prime number after 19 and 23, which is greater than
ê 0 is an even integer.
20, so we need not check further.)
ê 2 is prime & even both.
Co-prime Numbers : Co-prime numbers are those numbers which
ê All prime numbers (except 2) are odd.
are prime to each other i.e., they don't have any common factor
Natural Numbers : other than 1.
Since these numbers do not have any common factor, their HCF
These are the numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.) that are used for counting. is 1 and their LCM is equal to product of the numbers.
It is denoted by N. Note : Co-prime numbers can be prime or composite numbers.
There are infinite natural numbers and the smallest natural number
Any two prime numbers are always co-prime numbers.
is one (1).
Example 1 : 3 and 5 : Both numbers are prime numbers.
Even numbers : Example 2 : 8 and 15 : Both numbers are composite numbers but
Natural numbers which are divisible by 2 are even numbers. they are prime to each other i.e., they don't have any common
It is denoted by E. factor.
E = 2, 4, 6, 8,...
Smallest even number is 2. There is no largest even number. Face value and Place value :
Odd numbers : Face Value is absolute value of a digit in a number.
Place Value (or Local Value) is value of a digit in relation to its
Natural numbers which are not divisible by 2 are odd numbers.
position in the number.
It is denoted by O.
Example : Face value and Place value of 9 in 14921 is 9 and 900
O = 1, 3, 5, 7, ...
respectively.
Smallest odd number is 1.
There is no largest odd number. Whole Numbers :
Æ Based on divisibility, there could be two types of natural The natural numbers along with zero (0), form the system of whole
numbers : Prime and Composite. numbers.
Prime Numbers : It is denoted by W.
There is no largest whole number and
Natural numbers which have exactly two factors, i.e., 1 and the
number itself are called prime numbers. The smallest whole number is 0.
The lowest prime number is 2. Integers :
2 is also the only even prime number.
The number system consisting of natural numbers, their negative
Composite Numbers : and zero is called integers.
It is a natural number that has atleast one divisor different from It is denoted by Z or I.
unity and itself. The smallest and the largest integers cannot be determined.
Every composite number can be factorised into its prime factors.
For Example : 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3. Hence, 24 is a composite number. The Number Line :
The smallest composite number is 4. The number line is a straight line between negative infinity on the
left to positive infinity on the right.
Twin-prime Numbers:
Pairs of such prime numbers whose difference is 2. -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Example: 3 and 5, 11 and 13, 17 and 19.
Rational numbers : Any number that can be put in the form
How to check whether a given number is prime or not ?
Steps : (i) Find approximate square root of the given number. p
of , where p and q are integers and q ¹ 0 , is called a
(ii) Divide the given number by every prime number less than the q
approximate square root.
rational number.
(iii) If the given number is exactly divisible by atleast one of the
• It is denoted by Q.
prime numbers, the number is a composite number otherwise a
prime number. • Every integer is a rational number.
Number System & Simplification A- 3

• Zero (0) is also a rational number. The smallest and (iv) p is an irrational number. p : approximately equal
largest rational numbers cannot be determined. Every
22
fraction (and decimal fraction) is a rational number. to or 3.14.
7
p (Numerator)
Q= Real Numbers :
q (Denominator)
All numbers that can be represented on the number line are called
real numbers.
It is denoted by R.
x+y
ê If x and y are two rational numbers, then is also a R+ : denotes the set of all positive real numbers and
2
R– : denotes the set of negative real numbers.
rational number and its value lies between the given two
rational numbers x and y. Both rational and irrational numbers can be represented in
ê An infinite number of rational numbers can be determined number line.
between any two rational numbers. Every real number is either rational or irrational.

1 2
EXAMPLE 2. Find an irrational number between and .
EXAMPLE 1. Find three rational numbers between 3 and 5. 7 7

3+ 5 8 1 2
Sol. 1st rational number = = =4 Sol. We find by dividing, = 0.142857 and = 0.285714 .
2 2 7 7
2nd rational number (i.e., between 3 and 4)
1 2
3+ 4 7 and , we find a
To find an irrational number between
= = 7 7
2 2 number which is non-terminating non-recurring lying
3rd rational number (i.e., between 4 and 5) between them.
4+5 9 1
= = . So, 0.1501500150000... is an irrational number between
2 2 7
Irrational numbers : The numbers which are not rational or
2
p and .
which cannot be put in the form of , where p and q are 7
q
integers and q ¹ 0, is called irrational number.. FRACTIONS
A fraction is a quantity which expresses a part of the whole.
It is denoted by Q ' or Qc .
Numerator
2, 3, 5, 2 + 3,3 - 5, 3 3 are irrational numbers. Fraction =
Denominator

EXAMPLE 3. Write a fraction whose numerator is 22 + 1

NOTE :
and denominator is 32 – 1.
(i) Every positive irrational number has a negative Sol. Numerator = 22 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
irrational number corresponding to it. Denominator = 32 – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8
(ii) 2+ 3¹ 5 Numerator 5
\ Fraction = =
5- 3 ¹ 2 Denominator 8

3 ´ 2 = 3´ 2 = 6
TYPES OF FRACTIONS :
6
6¸ 2= = 3 1. Proper fraction : If numerator is less than its denominator,
2
then it is a proper fraction.
(iii) Some times, product of two irrational numbers is a
rational number. 2 6
For example : ,
5 18
For example : 2 ´ 2 = 2´2 = 2
2. Improper fraction : If numerator is greater than or equal to
2 2
(2 + 3) ´ (2 - 3) = (2) - ( 3) = 4 – 3 = 1 its denominator, then it is a improper fraction.
A- 4 Number System & Simplification
7. Simple fraction : Numerator and denominator are integers.
5 18 13
For example : , ,
2 7 13 3 2
For example : and .
7 5
8. Complex fraction : Numerator or denominator or both are
NOTE : If in a fraction, its numerator and denominator are of fractional numbers.
equal value then fraction is equal to unity i.e. 1.
2
1+
3. Mixed fraction : It consists of an integer and a proper 1 7
2 2+
fraction. 2 3, 3
For example : ,
5 2 2
1 2 5 5
For example : 1 , 3 , 7 7 3
2 3 9 9. Decimal fraction : Denominator with the powers of 10.
NOTE : Mixed fraction can always be changed into improper 2 9
fraction and vice versa.
For example : = (0.2), = (0.09)
10 100
5 7 ´ 9 + 5 63 + 5 68 10. Comparison of Fractions
For example : 7 = = = Comparison of two faction can be easily understand by the
9 9 9 9
following example:
19 9 ´ 2 + 1 1 1 3 7
and = =9+ =9 To compare two fraction and , multiply each fraction
2 2 2 2 5 9
by the LCM (45) of their denominators 5 and 9.
4. Equivalent fractions or Equal fractions : Fractions with
3
same value. ´ 45 = 3 ´ 9 = 27
5
2 4 6 8 æ 2ö
For example : , , , ç= ÷ . 7
3 6 9 12 è 3 ø ´ 45 = 7 ´ 5 = 35
9
Since 27 < 35
NOTE : Value of fraction is not changed by multiplying or 3 7
dividing both the numerator or denominator by the same number. \ <
5 9

For example : SHORT CUT METHOD

2 2 ´ 5 10 3 7
(i) = = So, 2 = 10 5 9
[Write the each product on
5 5 ´ 5 25 5 25
27 < 35 their numerator side]
36 36 ¸ 4 9 36 9
(ii) = = So, = 3 7
16 16 ¸ 4 4 16 4 \ <
5 9

5. Like fractions: Fractions with same denominators. EXAMPLE 4. Write 2.73 as a fraction.

2 3 9 11 273
For example : , , , Sol. 2.73 =
7 7 7 7 100
6. Unlike fractions : Fractions with different denominators. 2
EXAMPLE 5. Express as a decimal fraction.
2 4 9 9 5
For example : , , ,
5 7 8 2 2 2´ 2 4
Sol. = =
5 5 ´ 2 10
NOTE : Unlike fractions can be converted into like fractions.
EXAMPLE 6. After doing 3/5 of the Biology homework on
3 4 Monday night, Sanjay did 1/3 of the remaining homework on
For example : and Tuesday night. What fraction of the original homework would
5 7
Sanjay have to do on Wednesday night to complete the Biology
3 7 21 4 5 20 assignment ?
´ = and ´ =
5 7 35 7 5 35 (a) 1/15 (b) 2/15
(c) 4/15 (d) 2/5
Number System & Simplification A- 5
Sol. (c) Remaining homework on Monday night First write the non-terminating repeating decimal number in
3 2 recurring form i.e., write
=1– =
5 5 64.20132132132..... as 64.20132
Work done on Tuesday night p
1 2 2 Then using formula given below we find the required form
q
= of =
3 5 15 of the given number.
Remaining homework to complete the biology
p
2 2 6-2 4 Rational number in the form
assignment = - = = q
5 15 15 15
éComplete number neglecting ù é Non-recurring part of ù
ê the decimal and bar over ú - ê the number neglecting ú
ADDITION OF MIXED FRACTIONS ê ú ê ú
êë repeating digit (s) úû êë the decimal úû
You can easily understand the addition of mixed fractions by the =
following example: m times 9 followed by n times 0

3 8 4 8 17 14 where m = number of recurring digits in decimal part

1 +1 + 2 = + + and n = number of non-recurring digits in decimals part
5 9 9 5 9 5
p 6420132 - 6420
72 + 85 + 126 283 23 Thus, q form of 64.20132 =
= = =6 99900
45 45 45
6413712 534476
SHORT CUT METHOD = =
99900 8325
3 8 4 æ3 8 4ö
1 + 1 + 2 = (1 + 1 + 2) + ç + + ÷ a ab
In short; 0.a = , 0.ab = , 0.abc =
abc
5 9 5 è5 9 5ø etc. and
9 99 999,
27 + 40 + 36
=4+ ab - a
, 0.abc =
abc - a
, 0.abc =
abc - ab
,
45 0.ab = 90 990 900
103 13 13
= 4+ = 4+ 2 =6 abcd - ab
, ab.c de =
abcde - abc
, etc.
45 45 45 0.abcd = 9900 990
Rounding off (Approximation) of Decimals : p
EXAMPLE 8. Convert 2.45102 in the q form of rational
There are some decimals in which numbers are found upto large
number of decimal places. number.
For example : 3.4578, 21.358940789.
p 246102 - 2 246100
But many times we require decimal numbers upto a certain number Sol.Required form = =
q 99999 99999
of decimal places. Therefore,
If the digit of the decimal place is five or more than five, then the p
EXAMPLE 9. Convert 0.1673206 in the q form of rational
digit in the preceding decimal place is increased by one and if
the digit in the last place is less than five, then the digit in the number.
precedence place remains unchanged. p 1673206 - 167 1673039
Sol.Required form = =
q 9999000 9999000
EXAMPLE 7.
(a) Write 21.3751 upto two places of decimal. p
EXAMPLE 10. Convert 31.026415555 ... into form of
(b) Write 3.27645 upto three places of decimal. q
Sol. (a) 21.3751 = 21.38 rational number.
(b) 3.27645 = 3.276
Sol. First write 31.026415555... as 31.026415
CONVERSION OF RATIONAL NUMBER OF p 31026415 - 3102641 27923774
THE FORM NON-TERMINATING RECURRING Now required form = =
q 900000 900000
DECIMAL INTO THE RATIONAL NUMBER OF
13961887
p =
THE FORM 450000
q
A- 6 Number System & Simplification

PROPERTIES OF OPERATIONS : Divisibility by 9 :

The following properties of addition, subtraction and A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
multiplication are valid for real numbers a , b and c.
(a) Commutative property of addition : Divisibility by 10 :
a+b=b+a
A number is divisible by 10 if its unit’s digit is 0.
(b) Associative property of addition :
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) Divisibility by 11 :
(c) Commutative property of multiplication:
a×b=b×a A number is divisible by 11 if the sum of digits at odd and even
(d) Associative property of multiplication : places are equal or differ by a number divisible by 11.
(a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
(e) Distributive property of multiplication with respect to Divisibility by 12 :
addition : A number is divisible by 12 if the number is divisible by both 4
(a + b) × c = a × c + b × c and 3.
DIVISIBILITY RULES Divisibility by 13 :
Divisibility by 2 : A number is divisible by 13 if its unit’s place digit is multiplied by
4 and added to the remaining digits and the number obtained is
A number is divisible by 2 if its unit’s digit is even or 0.
divisible by 13.
Divisibility by 3 : For example,
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits are divisible by 3. 219 7 ¾¾
® 219 + 7 ´ 4 = 247

Divisibility by 4 : Again 24 7 ¾¾
® 24 + 7 ´ 4 = 52, divisible by 13.
Hence 2197 is divisible by 13.
A number is divisible by 4 if the last 2 digits are divisible by 4, or
if the last two digits are 0’s. Divisibility by 14 :
Divisibility by 5 : A number is divisible by 14 if the number is divisible by both 2
and 7.
A number is divisible by 5 if its unit’s digit is 5 or 0.
Divisibility by 15 :
Divisibility by 6 :
A number is divisible by 15 if the number is divisible by both 3
A number is divisible by 6 if it is simultaneously divisible by 2
and 5.
and 3.
Divisibility by 16 :
Divisiblity by 7 :
A number is divisible by 16 if its last 4 digits is divisible by 16 or
A number is divisible by 7 if unit’s place digit is multiplied by 2
if the last four digits are zeros.
and subtracted from the remaining digits and the number obtained
is divisible by 7. Divisibility by 17 :
For example,
A number is divisible by 17 if its unit’s place digit is multiplied by
1680 7 = 1680 – 7 × 2 = 1666 5 and subtracted from the remaining digits and the number
It is difficult to decide whether 1666 is divisible by 7 or not. In obtained is divisible by 17.
such cases, we continue the process again and again till it become For example,
easy to decide whether the number is divisible by 7 or not.
491 3 ¾¾
® 491 - 3 ´ 5 = 476
166 6 ¾¾
®166 - 6 ´ 2 = 154
Again, 47 6 ¾¾
® 47 - 6 ´ 8 = 17, divisible by 17.
Again 15 4 ¾¾
®15 - 4 ´ 2 = 7, divisible by7
Hence 4913 is divisible by 17.
Hence 16807 is divisible by 7.
Divisibility by 18 :
Divisibility by 8 :
A number is divisible by 18 if the number is divisible by both 2
A number is divisible by 8 if the last 3 digits of the number are and 9.
divisible by 8, or if the last three digits of a number are zeros.
Number System & Simplification A- 7

Divisibility by 19 : It is divisible by 4 because 20 is divisible by 4.

It is divisible by 5 because its unit’s place digit is 0.
A number is divisible by 19 if its unit’s place digit is multiplied by
2 and added to the remaining digits and the number obtained is It is not divisible by 7.
divisible by 19. It is divisible by 9 beacuse 8 + 7 + 1 + 2 + 0 = 18 is divisible
For example, by 9.
It is divisible by 10 because its unit’s place digit is 0.
4873 7 ¾¾
® 4873 + 7 ´ 2 = 4887 It is divisible by 11 beacuse 87120 ® (8 + 1 + 0) – (7 + 2)
= 9 – 9 = 0.
488 7 ¾¾
® 488 + 7 ´ 2 = 502

50 2 ¾¾ ® 50 + 2 ´ 2 = 54 not divisible by 19. EXAMPLE 12. Is 473312 divisible by 7?

Hence 48737 is not divisible by 19. Sol. 47331 – 2 × 2 = 47327
4732 – 2 × 7 = 4718
Properties of Divisibility 471 – 2 × 8 = 455
(i) The product of 3 consecutive natural numbers is divisible 45 – 2 × 5 = 35
by 6. 35 is divisible by 7, therefore, 473312 is divisible by 7.
(ii) The product of 3 consecutive natural numbers, the first of
EXAMPLE 13. What is the value of M and N respectively if
which is even, is divisible by 24.
M39048458N is divisible by 8 and 11, where M and N are single
(iii) Difference between any number and the number obtained
digit integers?
by writing the digits in reverse order is divisible by 9.
(a) 7, 4 (b) 8, 6
(iv) Any number written in the form (10n – 1) is divisible by 3
(c) 6, 4 (d) 3, 2
and 9.
Sol. (c) A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by the
(v) Any six-digits, twelve-digits, eighteen-digits or any such
last three digits is divisible by 8.
number with number of digits equal to multiple of 6, is
i.e., 58N is divisible by 8.
divisible by each of 7, 11 and 13 if all of its digits are same.
Clearly,N = 4
For example 666666, 888888, 333333333333 are all
divisible by 7, 11 and 13. Again, a number is divisible by 11 if the difference
between the sum of digits at even places and sum of
(vi) Any number in the form abcabc (a, b, c are three different
digits) is divisible by 1001. digits at the odd places is either 0 or is divisible by 11.
(vii) (a) (an – bn) is divisible both by (a + b) and (a – b), when n i.e. (M + 9 + 4 + 4 + 8) - (3 + 0 + 8 + 5 + N)
is even.
(b) (an – bn) is divisible only by (a – b), when n is odd. = M + 25 - (16 + N)
EXAMPLE 11. Without actual division, find which of the = M - N + 9 must be zero or it must be divisible by 11
following numbers are divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11 : i.e. M - N = 2
(i) 36324 (ii) 2211
Þ M = 2+4 = 6
(iii) 87120 (iv) 32625
Sol. (i) 36324 Hence, M = 6, N = 4
It is divisible by 2 because 4 (unit’s digit) is divisible by 2. It 14. The highest power of 9 dividing 99! completely,
EXAMPLE
is divisible by 3 because 3 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 4 = 18 is divisible by
3. It is divisible by 4 becuase 24 is divisible by 4. is:
It is not divisible by 5. (a) 20 (b) 24
It is not divisible by 7. (c) 12 (d) 11
It is divisible by 9 because 3 + 6 + 3 + 2 + 4 = 18 is divisible Sol. (c) 99! = 99 ´ 98 ´ 97 ´ 96 ´ 95 ´ 94..... ´1
by 9. To find the highest power of 9 that divides this product,
It is not divisible by 10. we have to find the sum of powers of all 9’s in the
It is not divisible by 11. expression.
(ii) 2211
In the nos. from 1 to 99, all the nos. divisible by 9 are 9,
It is not divisible by 2.
18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81 (9 × 9), 90, 99, i.e. 12 in no.
It is divisible by 3 because 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 6 is divisible by 3.
This clearly shows that 99! will be completely divisible
It is not divisible by 4, 5, 7, 8, 10.
by 912.
It is divisible by 11 because 2211 ® (2 + 1) – (2 + 1) = 3 – 3
= 0.
(iii) 87120 DIVISION ALGORITHM :
It is divisible by 2 because its unit’s place digit is 0. Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder
It is divisible by 3 because 8 + 7 + 1 + 2 + 0 = 18 is divisible where, Dividend = The number which is being divided
by 3.
Divisor = The number which performs the division process
A- 8 Number System & Simplification
Quotient = Greatest possible integer as a result of division Methods to Find The HCF or GCD
Remainder = Rest part of dividend which cannot be further divided
by the divisor. There are two methods to find HCF of the given numbers
(i) Prime Factorization Method
Complete remainder :
When a number is written as the product of prime numbers, then
A complete remainder is the remainder obtained by a number by
it is called the prime factorization of that number. For example, 72
the method of successive division.
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 23 × 32. Here, 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 or 23 × 32 is called
Complete remainder = [I divisor × II remainder] + I remainder
prime factorization of 72.
C.R. = d1r2 + r1 To find the HCF of given numbers by this methods, we perform
C.R. = d1d 2 r3 + d1r2 + r1 the prime factorization of all the numbers and then check for the
common prime factors. For every prime factor common to all the
numbers, we choose the least index of that prime factor among
F Shortcut Approach the given numbers. The HCF is the product of all such prime
factors with their respective least indices.
Two different numbers x and y when divided by a certain
divisor D leave remainder r1 and r2 respectively. When the EXAMPLE 17. Find the HCF of 72, 288 and 1080.
sum of them is divided by the same divisor, the remainder is Sol: 72 = 2 × 32, 288 = 25 × 32, 1080 = 23 × 33 × 5.
3
r3. Then,
The prime factors common to all the given numbers are 2
divisor D = r 1 + r2 – r3
and 3. The lowest indices of 2 and 3 in the given numbers are 3
and 2 respectively.
Method to find the number of different divisors (or factors)
(including 1 and itself) of any composite number N : Hence, HCF = 23 × 32 = 72.
STEP I : Express N as a product of prime numbers as (ii) Division Method
N = xa × yb × zc ......... To find the HCF of two numbers by division method, we divide
STEP II : Number of different divisors (including 1 and itself) the larger number by the smaller number. Then we divide the
= (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) ........ smaller number by the first remainder, then first remainder by the
second remainder.. and so on, till the remainder becomes 0. The
EXAMPLE 15. Find the number of different divisors of 50, last divisor is the required HCF.
besides unity and the number itself.
EXAMPLE 18.Find the HCF of 288 and 1080 by the
Sol. If you solve this problem without knowing the rule, you will
division method.
take the numbers in succession and check the divisibility.
In doing so, you may miss some numbers. It will also take Sol.
more time. 288 1080 3
Different divisors of 50 are : 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 864
If we exclude 1 and 50, the number of divisors will be 4. 216 288 1
By rule : 50 = 2 × 5 × 5 = 21 × 52 216
\ the number of total divisors = (1 + 1) × (2 + 1) = 2 × 3 = 6 72 216 3
or, the number of divisors excluding 1 and 50 = 6 – 2 = 4 216

16. A certain number when divided by 899 leaves 0

EXAMPLE The last divisor 72 is the HCF of 288 and 1080.
the remainder 63. Find the remainder when the same number is
divided by 29.
(a) 5 (b) 4
(c) 1 (d) Cannot be determined F Shortcut Approach
Sol. (a) Number = 899Q + 63, where Q is quotient To find the HCF of any number of given numbers, first find
= 31 × 29 Q + (58 + 5) = 29 [ 31Q + 2] + 5
the difference between two nearest given numbers. Then
\ Remainder = 5
find all factors (or divisors) of this difference. Highest factor
HIGHEST COMMON FACT OR (HCF) OR which divides all the given numbers is the HCF.
GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR (GCD)
EXAMPLE 19. Find the HCF of 12, 20 and 32.
The highest (i.e. largest) number that divides two or more given
numbers is called the highest common factor (HCF) of those Sol. Differen ce of nearest two numbers 12 and 20
numbers. = 20 – 12 = 8
Number System & Simplification A- 9
All factors (or divisor) of 8 are 1, 2, 4 and 8.
1, 2 and 4 divides each of the three given numbers 12, 20 and F Shortcut Approach
32. Out of 1, 2 and 4; 4 is the highest number. Hence, HCF = 4.
Æ Using idea of co-prime, you can find the LCM by the
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM) following shortcut method:
The least common multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the LCM of 9, 10, 15 and 36 can be written directly as 9 × 10 × 2.
lowest number which is divisible by all the given numbers. The logical thinking that behind it is as follows:
Methods to Find The LCM Step 1: If you can see a set of 2 or more co-prime numbers in
There are two methods to find the LCM. the set of numbers of which you are finding the LCM,
write them down by multiply them.
(i) Prime Factorization Method In the above situation, since we see that 9 and 10 are co-prime
After performing the prime factorization of all the given numbers, to each other, we start off writing the LCM by writing
we find the highest index of all the prime numbers among the 9 × 10 as the first step.
given numbers. The LCM is the product of all these prime numbers Step 2: For each of the other numbers, consider what prime
with their respective highest indices because LCM must be factor(s) of it is/are not present in the LCM (if factorised into
divisible by all of the given numbers. primes) taken in step 1. In case you see some prime factors of
EXAMPLE 20. Find the LCM of 72, 288 and 1080. each of the other given numbers separately are not present in
the LCM (if factorised into primes) taken in step 1, such prime
Sol. 72 = 23 × 32
factors will be multiplied in the LCM taken in step 1.
288 = 25 × 32 Prime factorisation of 9 × 10 = 3 × 3 × 2 × 5
1080 = 23 × 33 × 5 Prime factorisation of 15 = 3 × 5
Hence, LCM = 25 × 33 × 51 = 4320 Prime factorisation of 36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
Here we see that both prime factors of 15 are present in the
(ii) Division Method prime factorisation of 9 × 10 but one prime factor 2 of 36 is not
present in the LCM taken in step 1. So to find the LCM of 9, 10,
To find the LCM of 5, 72, 196 and 240, we use the division method 15 and 36; we multiply the LCM taken in step 1 by 2.
in the following way:
Thus required LCM = 9 × 10 × 2 = 180
Check whether any prime number that divides at least two of
all the given numbers. If there is no such prime number, then the RULE FOR FINDING HCF AND LCM OF
product of all these numbers is the required LCM, otherwise find FRACTIONS
the smallest prime number that divides at least two of the given (I) HCF of two or more fractions
numbers. Here, we see that smallest prime number that divides at
least two given numbers is 2. HCF of numerator of all fractions
=
Divide those numbers out of the given numbers by 2 which LCM of denominator of all fractions
are divisible by 2 and write the quotient below it. The given (II) LCM of two or more fractions
number(s) that are not divisible by 2 write as it is below it and LCM of numerator of all fractions
repeat this step till you do not find at least two numbers that are =
HCF of denominator of all fractions
not divisible by any prime number.
EXAMPLE 21. Find the HCF and LCM of .
2 5, 72, 196, 240 HCF of 4, 6, 3 1
Sol. HCF = =
2 5, 36, 98, 120 LCM of 5, 11, 5 55
2 5, 18, 49, 60
LCM of 4, 6, 3 12
3 5, 9, 49, 30 LCM = = = 12
HCF of 5, 11, 5 1
5 5, 3, 49, 10
1, 3, 49, 2 SIMPLIFICATION

After that find the product of all divisors and the quotient left FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS :
at the end of the division. This product is the required LCM.
Hence, LCM of the given numbers = product of all divisors 1. Addition :
and the quotient left at the end. (a) Sum of two positive numbers is a positive number.
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 3 × 49 × 2 = 35280 For example : (+ 5) + (+ 2) = + 7
A-10 Number System & Simplification

(b) Sum of two negative numbers is a negative number. ‘BODMAS’ RULE

For example : (– 5) + (– 3) = – 8
Now a days it becomes ‘VBODMAS’ where,
(c) Sum of a positive and a negative number is the difference
‘V’ stands for “Vinculum”
between their magnitudes and give the sign of the number
‘B’ stands for “Bracket”
with greater magnitude.
‘O’ stands for “Of”
For example : (– 3) + (+ 5) = 2 and (– 7) + (+ 2) = – 5
‘D’ stands for “Division”
‘M’ stands for “Multiplication”
2. Subtractions : ‘A’ stands for “Addition”
Subtraction of two numbers is same as the sum of a positive ‘S’ stands for “Subtraction”
and a negative number. Same order of operations must be applied during simplification.
For Example :
(+ 9) – (+ 2) = (+ 9) + (– 2) = 7 EXAMPLE 22. Simplify
(– 3) – (– 5) = (– 3) + 5 = + 2.
6 + 5 – 3 × 2 of 5 – (15 ¸ 7 - 2 )
NOTE : In subtraction of two negative numbers, sign of second = 6 + 5 – 3 × 2 of 5 – (15 ¸ 5) {Remove vinculum}
number will change and become positive. = 6 + 5 – 3 × 2 of 5 – 3 {Remove common bracket}
= 6 + 5 – 3 × 10 – 3 {‘Of’ is done}
= 6 + 5 – 30 – 3 {Multiplication is done}
3. Multiplication :
= 11 – 33 {Addition is done}
(a) Product of two positive numbers is positive. = – 22 {Subtraction is done}.
(b) Product of two negative numbers is positive.
(c) Product of a positive number and a negative number is F Shortcut Approach
negative. To simplify an expression, add all the positive numbers together
(d) Product of more than two numbers is positive or negative and all the negative numbers separately and add or subtract the
depending upon the presence of negative quantities. resulting numbers as the case will.
If the number of negative numbers is even then product is
positive and if the number of negative numbers is odd then EXAMPLE 23. Simplify : 7 – 2 + 13 – 5 – 2 + 1
product is negative. Sol. 7 – 2 + 13 – 5 – 2 + 1
For Example : = 7 + 13 + 1 – 2 – 5 – 2 = 21 – 9 = 12
(– 3) × (+ 2) = – 6 [7 + 13 + 1 = 21 and – 2 – 5 – 2 = – 9]
(– 5) × (– 7) = + 35
(– 2) × (– 3) × (– 5) = – 30 EXAMPLE 24. 11×11 – 21 =
9 × 6 – (2) 2
(– 2) × (– 3) × (+ 5) = + 30
11
(a) 0 (b)
4. Division : 52
(a) If both the dividend and the divisor are of same sign, then (c) 2 (d) 40
quotient is always positive. 11´ 11 - 21 121 - 21 100 = 2
Sol. (c) = =
(b) If the dividend and the divisor are of different sign, then 9 ´ 6 - ( 2) 2 54 - 4 50
quotient is negative,
For Example : 1 + 1×1 – 1×1 + 1
EXAMPLE 25.
(– 36) ¸ (+ 9) = – 4 1 + 1 ÷ 1 + (1 + 1)× (1 + 1)
(– 35) ¸ (– 7) = + 5
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/5
Brackets : (c) 2/5 (d) 1/3
1+ 1 -1 + 1 3 -1 2 1
Types of brackets are : Sol. (d) = = =
(i) Vinculum or bar – 1 + 1+ 2 ´ 2 2 + 4 6 3
(ii) Parenthesis or small or common brackets : ( ) EXAMPLE 26. What is the missing figure in the expression
(iii) Curly or middle brackets : { } given below?
(iv) Square or big brackets : [ ]
16 16 * 9 9 9
The order for removal of brackets is (), {}, [] × – × + × =1
7 7 7 7 7 7
NOTE : If there is a minus (–) sign before the bracket then while (a) 1 (b) 7
removing bracket, sign of each term will change. (c) 4.57 (d) 32
Number System & Simplification A-11
Sol. (d) Let the missing figure in the expression be x. m n mn n m 2 4 2´4
(iii) (a ) = a = (a ) (Example: (6 ) = 6 = 6 = (64)2
8

16 16 x 9 9 9 (iv) (a) (ab)n = an . bn (Example: (6 ´ 4)3 = 63 ´ 43)

´ - ´ + ´ =1
7 7 7 7 7 7 n æ 4
54 ö
æaö an æ5ö
(b) ç ÷ = n , b ¹ 0 ç Example : ç ÷ = 4 ÷
Þ 16 × 16 – 9x + 9 × 9 = 7 × 7 ç è3ø 3 ÷
èbø b è ø
Þ 9x = 16 × 16 + 9 × 9 – 7 × 7
= 256 + 81 – 49 = 288 1 æ -3 1ö
(v) a – n = n ç Example : 5 = 3 ÷
a è 5 ø
228
Þ x= = 32 (vi) For any real number a, a0 = 1
9

ALGEBRIC IDENTITIES
POWERS OR EXPONENTS
When a number is multiplied by itself, it gives the square of the Standard Identities
number. i.e., a ´ a = a2 (Example 5 ´ 5 = 52)
If the same number is multiplied by itself twice we get the cube (i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
of the number i.e., a ´ a ´ a = a3 (Example 4 ´ 4 ´ 4 = 43) (ii) (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(iii) a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
In the same way a ´ a ´ a ´ a ´ a = a5
(iv) (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
and a ´ a ´ a ´ ... upto n times = an
(v) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
There are five basic rules of powers which you should know:
If a and b are any two real numbers and m and n are positive
Some More Identities
integers, then We have dealt with identities involving squares. Now we will
m
(i) a ´ a = a n m+n 3 4
(Example: 5 ´ 5 = 5 3+ 4 7
=5 ) see how to handle identities involving cubes.
(i) (a +b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2
am æ 65 5- 2 ö Þ (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(ii) =a m–n
, if m > n çç Example : 2 = 6 = 63 ÷
6 ÷ (ii) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3a2b + 3ab2
an è ø
Þ (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
am 1 æ 43 1 1 ö (iii) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
= , if m < n çç Example : 8 = 8 -3 = 5 ÷÷ (iv) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
an a n -m è 4 4 4 ø
(v) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
æ 34 ö = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
am 4- 4 0
and 0
= a = 1, if m = n çç Example : 4 = 3 = 3 = 1 ÷÷ If a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
an è 3 ø

EXERCISE
Directions (Qs. 1 - 50): What will come in place of the question 4. 10150 ÷ 10146 = ?
mark (?) in the following questions? (a) 106 (b) 100000
1. 16.02 × 0.001 = ? (c) 1000 (d) 10000
(a) 0.1602 (b) 0.001602 (e) None of these
5. ?% of 360 = 129.6
(c) 1.6021 (d) 0.01602
(a) 277 (b) 36
(e) None of these (c) 64 (d) 72
? 60.5 (e) None of these
2. = 6. 8265 + 2736 + 41320 = ?
50 ?
(a) 51321 (b) 52231
(a) 55 (b) 1512.5 (c) 52321 (d) 52311
(c) 52.5 (d) 57.5 (e) None of these
(e) None of these
3. 5400 ÷ 9 ÷ 3 = ? (7´?) 2
7. < 81
(a) 1800 (b) 900 49
(c) 450 (d) 300 (a) 9 (b) 2
(e) None of these (c) 3 (d) 4
(e) None of these
A-12 Number System & Simplification

8. 19. 2070.50 ÷15.004 + 39.001 × (4.999)2 =?

625.04 ´16.96 + 136.001 ¸ 17 = ?
(a) 1005 (b) 997
(a) 418 (b) 441
(c) 425 (d) 433 (c) 1049 (d) 1213
(e) 449 (e) 1113
9. 48.25 × 150 + 32 × 16.5 – 125 × 10.5 = ?
(a) 6200 (b) 7500 452 ´ 272
20. =?
(c) 6453 (d) 7100 1352
(e) 6700 (a) 81 (b) 1
10. 36.0001 ÷ 5.9998 × ? = 108.0005 (c) 243 (d) 9
(a) 325 (b) 316 (e) None of these
(c) 256 (d) 16
1 1 1 2
(e) 18 21. 4 ´ 4 -8 ¸5 = ?
11. 138.009 + 341.981 – 146.305 = 123.6 + ? 2 3 3 3
(a) 210.85 (b) 120.85 1
(c) 220.085 (d) 120.085 (a) 8 (b) 18
34
(e) None of these
12. 197 × ? + 16 2 = 2620 33 7
(a) 22 (b) 12 (c) 1 (d)
34 17
(c) 14 (d) 16 (e) None of these
(e) None of these
22. 85.147 + 34.912 × 6.2 + ? = 802.293
13. 287.532 + 1894.029 – 657.48 = 743.095 + ?
(a) 400 (b) 450
(a) 870 (b) 790
(c) 550 (d) 600
(c) 780 (d) 770
(e) 500
(e) 890
23. 9548 + 7314 = 8362 + ?
3 2 5 6 (a) 8230 (b) 8500
14. 27 + 118 – 32 = 11 + ?
11 5 22 11 (c) 8410 (d) 8600
9 9 (e) None of these
(a) 113 (b) 111 24. 248.251 ÷ 12.62 × 20.52 = ?
10 11
(a) 400 (b) 450
9 9
(c) 90 (d) 101 (c) 600 (d) 350
10 11
(e) 375
(e) None of these
25. 6.595 × 1084 + 2568.34 – 1708.34 = ?
21 9 5 10 (a) 6,000 (b) 12,000
15. ¸ ´ ¸ =?
25 20 12 17 (c) 10,000 (d) 8,000
77 9 (e) 9,000
(a) 7 (b) 11
125 10 26. 5679 + 1438 – 2015 = ?
119 29 (a) 5192 (b) 5012
(c) (d) 1
450 90 (c) 5102 (d) 5002
(e) None of these (e) None of these
16. 69012 – 20167 + (51246 ¸ 6) = ?
2
(a) 57385 (b) 57286 27. 18 of 150.8 +? = 8697.32 – 3058.16
5
(c) 57476 (d) 57368
(e) None of these (a) 2764.44 (b) 2864.34
17. 98.98 ÷ 11.03 + 7.014 × 15.99 = (?)2 (c) 1864.44 (d) 2684.44
(a) 131 (b) 144 (e) None of these
(c) 12 (d) 121
? 72
(e) 11 28. <
24 ?
18. 39.05 × 14.95 – 27.99 × 10.12 = (36 + ?) × 5
(a) 22 (b) 29 (a) 12 (b) 16
(c) 34 (d) 32 (c) 114 (d) 144
(e) 25 (e) None of these
Number System & Simplification A-13
5 1 2 1 40. 1.542 × 2408.69 + 1134.632 = ?
29. 6 × 5 + 17 ´ 4 = ? (a) 4600 (b) 4800
6 3 3 2
(c) 5200 (d) 6400
1 (e) 3600
(a) 112 (b) 663
3 41. 8.539 + 16.84 × 6.5 ÷ 4.2 = ?
(a) 25 (b) 42
2
(c) 240 (d) 116 (c) 44 (d) 35
3
(e) None of these
(e) None of these
30. 35% of 1478 + 29% of 3214 = ? 2 1
42. 17 of 180 + of 480 = ?
(a) 1600 (b) 1250 3 4
(c) 1300 (d) 1450 (a) 3180 (b) 3420
(e) 1500 (c) 3200 (d) 3300
5 (e) None of these
31. of 1596 + 3015 = ? – 2150 3
7
43. 1325 17 + 508.24 of 20% – 85.39 of =?
(a) 7200 (b) 48000 4
(c) 5300 (d) 58000 (a) 5500 (b) 5200
(e) 6300 (c) 5800 (d) 4900
32. 5798 – ? = 7385 – 4632 (e) 5900
(a) 3225 (b) 2595 44. 45% of 1500 + 35% of 1700 = ?% of 3175.
(c) 2775 (d) 3045 (a) 50 (b) 45
(e) None of these (c) 30 (d) 35
(e) None of these
33. 152 ? + 795 = 8226 – 3486
(a) 425 (b) 985 3
45. 3 of 157.85 + 39% of 1847 = ? – 447.30
(c) 1225 (d) 1025 5
(e) 675 (a) 1200 (b) 1500
2 (c) 1600 (d) 1800
34. 6.39 × 15.266 + 115.8 of = ?
5 (e) 2100
(a) 145 (b) 165
(c) 180 (d) 130 46. 477.5 ¸ 473/ 2 ´ 47,3 < ( 47) ?
(e) 135
35. 8597 – ? = 7429 – 4358 1
(a) 3 (b) 2
(a) 5706 (b) 5526 2
(c) 5426 (d) 5626 (c) 6 (d) 3.5
(e) None of these (e) None of these
36. 857 of 14% – 5.6 × 12.128 = ?
1
(a) 48 (b) 36 47. 33 % of 768.9 + 25% of 161.2 – 68.12 = ?
(c) 60 (d) 52 3
(e) 46 (a) 230 (b) 225
(c) 235 (d) 220
3 11 1
37. 5 ¸3 +5 =? (e) 240
5 15 2
48. 257.5 × 52.5 ÷ 1251.5 = 5?
1 (a) 16 (b) 17.5
(a) 7 (b) 8
2 (c) 8.5 (d) 13
1 1 (e) None of these
(c) 7 (d) 6
2 2
(e) None of these 49. 16 524 ∗1492 , 250.0521 < ?
38. 5978 + 6134 + 7014 = ? (a) 1600 (b) 1800
(a) 19226 (b) 16226 (c) 1900 (d) 2400
(c) 19216 (d) 19126 (e) 1400
(e) None of these
39. 9568 – 6548 – 1024 = ? 50. (0.798)2 + 0.404 ´ 0.798 + (0.202) 2 + 1 = ?
(a) 2086 (b) 1996 (a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 2293 (d) 1896 (c) 1.596 (d) 10.404
(e) None of these (e) 3
A-14 Number System & Simplification
Directions (Qs. 51-60) : Four of the following five parts (a), (b), 62. Which of the following is the highest fraction?
(c), (d) and (e) are exactly equal. Which part is not equal to the
other four parts ? 5 3
(a) (b)
51. (a) 30 × 14 ÷ 7 × 5 (b) 103 – 100 × 7 7 4
(c) 5 ´ 3600 (d) 450 ÷ 50 × 50 – 5 × 30 2 6
(e) 10 × 3 + 120 × 2 (c) (d)
3 7
52. (a) 10.36 + 69.802 + 24.938
7
2 (e)
(b) 2207.1 ÷ 21 (c) 16 % of 630.6 8
3

1 1 4 3 5
(d) 32.84375 × 3.2 (e) of of 4729.4 63. If of of of a number is 45, what is the number?
5 9 9 10 8
53. (a) 75 × 8 ÷ 6 (b) 98 ÷ 2.5 + 15.2 × 4 (a) 450 (b) 550
(c) 3
– 5 × 22 (d) 76 × 1.5 – 5.5 × 2.6 (c) 560 (d) 650
225 ´ 2
(e) None of these
(e) 48 × 1.2 + 127.2 ÷ 3
54. (a) 115 × 8 ÷ 10 + 8 (b) 425 ÷ 17 × 4 64. Which of the following has fractions in ascending order?

(c) 36 × 5 ÷ 6 + 17 × 4 (d) 26 + 256 + 20 2 3 1 4 5 6 1 2 3 5 4 6

(a) , , , , , (b) , , , , ,
(e) 35 × 12 ÷ 14 + 14 × 5 5 5 3 7 6 7 3 5 5 6 7 7
55. (a) 45 × 120 + 52 × 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 4 3 5 6
(b) 113 × 25 × 2 (c) , , , , , (d) , , , , ,
3 5 5 7 6 7 3 5 7 5 6 7
(c) 27 × 25 × 8 + 15 × 6 + 4 × 40
(d) 226 × 5 + 113 × 45 (e) None of these
(e) 502 × 2 + 13 × 50 æ 1öæ 1öæ 1ö æ 1 ö
65. Find the value of ç 1 - ÷ ç1 - ÷ ç 1 - ÷ ..... ç1 - ÷.
56. (a) 85 ¸ 17 ´110 (b) 45 × 6 + 75 × 4 è 3 ø è 4 ø è 5 ø è 100 ø
(c) 175 ÷ 25 × 75 + 5 2 (d) 36 × 4 + 212 – 7 × 5
1 1
(e) 65 × 12 – 46 × 5 (a) (b)
5 10
2
57. (a) 120 × 12 – 22 × 20 (b) 10% of 5000 + of 1200 1 2
5 (c) (d)
50 5
(c) 80 × 40 – 20 × 110 (d) 8640 ÷ 60 + 53.5 × 16
(e) 5314 – 3029 – 1285 3
(e)
58. (a) 16.80 × 4.50 + 4.4 (b) 1600 ÷ 40 + 16 × 2.5 5
(c) 5.5 × 8.4 + 34.6 (d) 1620 ÷ 20 – 1 66. If 15625 = 125 , then the value of
(e) 1856.95 – 1680.65 – 96.3
15625 + 156.25 + 1.5625 is
1 (a) 1.3875 (b) 13.875
59. (a) 40% of 160 + of 240 (b) 120% of 1200 (c) 138.75 (d) 156.25
3
(e) 162.235
(c) 38 × 12 – 39 × 8 (d) 1648 – 938 – 566
67. When 0.47 is converted into a fraction the result is
1
(e) 6 of 140 – 2.5 × 306.4 46 46
2 (a) (b)
60. (a) 732.534 + 412.256 – 544.29 90 99
(b) 1256.214 – 355.514 – 300.2 47 47
(c) 246.86 + 439.38– 80.74 (c) (d)
90 99
(d) 1415.329 + 532.4 – 1347.229
(e) 398.14 – 239.39 + 441.75 99
(e)
61. Four of the following five parts lettered a, b, c, d and e are 90
exactly equal. Which of the following is not equal to the 68. (xn – an) is completely divisible by (x + a), when
other four? (a) n is any natural number
(b) n is an even natural number
(a) 242 – 122 + 112 ÷ 14 (b) 17 × 12 + 59 × 4
(c) n is an odd natural number
(c) 15 × 28 + 20 (d) 27 × 16 + 56 ÷ 8 (d) n is prime
(e) 185 × 6 ÷ 2 – 23 × 5 (e) None of these
Number System & Simplification A-15

Directions (Qs. 69-78): What approximate value will come in 3 5

place of the question mark (?) in the following questions ? (You (c) 3 (d) 3
7 7
are not required to find the exact value).
6
69. 2371 ÷ 6 + (43 × 4.35) = ? (e) 3
(a) 582 (b) 590 7
(c) 600 (d) 570 79. If the sum of two numbers is 55 and the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of
(e) 595 these numbers are 5 and 120 respectively, then the sum of
3 the reciprocals of the numbers is equal to:
70. 3380 + 1300 = ?
(a) 56 (b) 51 55 601
(c) 53 (d) 54 (a) (b)
601 55
(e) 55
11 120
71. (4.989)2 + (21.012)3 + 1090 = ? (c) (d)
120 11
(a) 9219 (b) 9391
(c) 9319 (d) 9129 (e) None of these
(e) None of these 80. The least number which when divided by 48, 64, 90, 120 will
13 leave the remainders 38, 54, 80, 110 respectively, is
72. 7020 ¸ 2.99 × =? (a) 2870 (b) 2860
29
(a) 1040 (b) 1100 (c) 2890 (d) 2880
(c) 1060 (d) 1050 (e) None of these
(e) None of these
81. Product of two co-prime numbers is 117. Their L.C.M.
73. 24.99% of 5001 – 65.01% of 2999 = ?
(a) 840 (b) 500 should be:
(c) 700 (d) –500 (a) 1 (b) 117
(e) –700 (c) equal to their H.C.F. (d) cannot be calculated
1 2 (e) None of these
- -
74. (81) 2 - (64) 3 =? 82. The number of prime factors in the expression
3 1 (6)10× (7)17× (11)27 is:
(a) (b)
19 16 (a) 54 (b) 64
7 1 (c) 71 (d) 81
(c) (d) (e) None of these
144 9
(e) None of these 83. The least number of five digits which is exactly divisible by
75. 331.8 ¸ 23.7 + (–21)2 – 94 = (?)2 12, 15 and 18, is:
(a) 15 (b) 16 (a) 10010 (b) 10051
(c) 18 (d) 19
(e) 17 (c) 10020 (d) 10080
76. 34% of 576 + 18% of 842 = ?% of 400 + 83.4 (e) None of these
(a) 75 (b) 72 84. The sum of two numbers is 462 and their highest common
(c) 62 (d) 65 factor is 22. What is the maximum number of pairs that
(e) 66 satisfy these conditions ?
29241 2 (a) 1 (b) 3
77. ´5 =?
361 9 (c) 5 (d) 6
(a) 47 (b) 49 (e) None of these
(c) 46 (d) 45
85. When n is divisible by 5 the remainder is 2. What is the
(e) 61
remainder when n2 is divided by 5.
1 2 3
78. 3 + 6 + ? = 13 (a) 2 (b) 3
4 7 28
(c) 1 (d) 4
2 4 (e) None of these
(a) 3 (b) 3
7 7
A-16 Number System & Simplification

ANSWER KEY
1 (d) 10 (e) 19 (e) 28 (d) 37 (a) 46 (c) 55 (d) 64 (d) 73 (e) 82 (b)
2 (a) 11 (e) 20 (a) 29 (e) 38 (d) 47 (a) 56 (b) 65 (c) 74 (c) 83 (d)
3 (e) 12 (b) 21 (b) 30 (d) 39 (b) 48 (d) 57 (B) 66 (c) 75 (d) 84 (d)
4 (d) 13 (c) 22 (e) 31 (e) 40 b) 49 (a) 58 (c) 67 (d) 76 (e) 85 (d)
5 (b) 14 (e) 23 (b) 32 (d) 41 (d) 50 (b) 59 (b) 68 (a) 77 (a)
6 (c) 15 (d) 24 (a) 33 (e) 42 (d) 51 (e) 60 (c) 69 (a) 78 (b)
7 (c) 16 (e) 25 (d) 34 (a) 43 (a) 52 (e) 61 (d) 70 (b) 79 (c)
8 (d) 17 (e) 26 (c) 35 (b) 44 (e) 53 (d) 62 (e) 71 (c) 80 (a)
9 (c) 18 (e) 27 (e) 36 (d) 45 (d) 54 (c) 63 (e) 72 (d) 81 (b)

Hints & Explanations

1. (d) 16.02 × 0.001 = ? 11. (e) ? = 138.009 + 341.981 – 146.305 – 123.60
or, ? = 0.01602 \ ? = 210.085

? 60.5 2620 - 256

2. (a) = 12. (b) ? = = 12
50 ? 197
or, ?2 = 50 × 60.5 or, ?2 = 3025 13. (c) ? = 285 + 1895 – 655 – 745 or, ? = 780

or, ? = 3025 = 55 æ 3 2 5 6ö
14. (e) ? = (27 + 118 – 32 – 11) + ç + - - ÷
è 11 5 22 11ø
3. (e) 5400 ÷ 9 ÷ 3 = ?
1 æ 30 + 44 - 25 - 60 ö
or, ? = 5400 ´ = 200 or, ? = 102 + ç ÷ø
è 110
9´3
4. (d) 10150 ÷ 10146 = ? 1 9
or, ? = 102 – = 101
10 10
10150
or, ? = 146
= 10150–146 i.e., 21 20 5 17 119 29
10 15. (d) ?= ´ ´ ´ < <1
25 9 12 10 90 90
é mx x- y
ù 51246
êQ y = m ú = 104 = 10000 16. (e) ? = 48845 + = 48845 + 8541 = 57386
êë m úû 6
5. (b) ?% of 360 = 129.6 17. (e) 98.98 ¸ 11.03 + 7.014 × 15.99 = (?)2
Suppose ? = x
129.6 ´ 100 Then 99 ÷ 11 + 7 × 16 + » 121
or, ? = = 36
360 (taking approximate value)
6. (c) 7. (c) \ x = 11
8. (d) ? = 625.04 ´16.96 + 136.001 ¸ 17 » 25 ´ 17 + 8 18. (e) Solve using approximation
19. (e) 2070.50 ¸ 15.004 + 39.001 × (4.999)2 = ?
= 425 + 8 = 433
or ? » 2070 ¸ 15 + 39 × 5 × 5
9. (c)
= 138 + 975 = 1113
36 45´ 45´ 27 ´ 27
10. (e) Using approximation, we get ´ ? = 108
6 20. (a) ? = = 81
135´135
108 9 13 25 3
or, ?= 21. (b) ? = ´ , ´
6 2 3 3 17
or, ? = 18 39 25 663 , 50 613 1
< , < < < 18
or, ? = 324 » 325. 2 17 34 34 34
Number System & Simplification A-17
22. (e) 85.147 + 34.912 × 6.2 + ? = 802.293 39. (b) ? = 9568 – 6548 – 1024 = 1996.
or, ? = 802.293 – 85.147 – 34.912 × 6.2 40. (b) ? » 3700 + 1100 = 4800
» 800 – 85 – 35 × 6 » 500 41. (d) ? » 8.6 + 4 × 6.5 » 35
23. (b) 9548 + 7314 = 8362 + ? 2 1
42. (d) 17 of 180 + of 480 = ?
or, ? = 9548 + 7314 – 8362 = 8500 3 4
24. (a) 248.251 ÷ 12.62 × 20.52 = ?
53 1
or, ? » 240 ÷ 12 × 20 = 20 × 20 = 400 or, ? = of 180 + of 480 = 3180 + 120 = 3300
3 4
25. (d) ? » 6.6 × 1080 + 2560 –1700 » 7128 + 860 » 8000
26. (c) ?=5679 + 1438 – 2015 = 5102 3
43. (a) ? = 1325 17 + 508.24 of 20% – 85.39 of
4
92
27. (e) ? = 8697.32 – 3058.16 – ´ 150.8 = 1325 17 + 500 of 20% – 85 × 0.75
5
= 5639.16 – 2774.72 = 2864.44 = 5460 + 100 – 60 = 5500
44. (e) 45% of 1500 + 35% of 1700 = ? % of 3175

28. (d) ? × ? < 24´72 Squaring both the sides, 127000

\ ?= < 40
(?2 ×? ) = ?3 = (8 × (3) × (8 × 3) × (8 × 9) × (8 × 9) 3175
= 238393 18 40
\ ? = 2 × 8 × 9 = 144 45. (d) ? » ×160 + ×1850 + 450
5 100
41 16 53 9 41 ´ 16 + 53 ´ 9 ´ 3 » 576 + 740 + 450 » 1760 » 1800
29. (e) ?= ´ + ´ = 46. (c) (47)3 = [(47)1/2]6
6 3 3 2 6´3
656 + 1431 2087 17 1
= = = 115 47. (a) ? = 33 % of 768.9 + 25% of 161.2 – 68.12
18 18 18 3
30. (d) ? = 35% of 1478 + 29% of 3214 1 1
= of 768.9 + of 161.2 – 68.12
» 35% of (1500 – 22) + (30% – 1%) of 3200 3 4
» 35 × 15 – 8 + 30 × 32 – 32 = 256.3 + 40.3 – 68.12 » 230
= 525 + 960 – 40 = 525 + 920 48. (d) 257.5 × 52.5 ÷ 1251.5 = 5?
= 1445 » 1450 or, 52×7.5 × 52.5 ÷ 53 × 1.5 = 5?
31. (e) ? » 5 × 230 + 3000 + 2150
= 1150 + 3000 + 2150 = 6300 1
or, 515 ´ 52.5 ´ = 5?
4.5
32. (d) ? = 5798 + 4632 – 7385 = 3045 5
33. (e) 152 ? » 8200 – 3500 – 800 = 3900 or, 513 = 5? or, ? = 13
49. (a) ? » 1 6 × 23 + 1490 – 250 » 1600
3900
\ ? =
152 50. (b) (0.798)2 + 0.404 ´ 0.798 + (0.202)2 + 1

æ 4000 ö = (0.798)2 + 2 ´ 0.202 ´ 0.798 + (0.202)2 + 1

= slightly less than çè =÷ 26.67 i.e., 26
150 ø
= (0.798 + 0.202)2 + 1
\ ? = (26)2 = 676 » 675
= 1.000 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
2
34. (a) ? = 6.39 ×15. 266 + 115.8 of
5 51. (e) Other parts are equal to 300.
» 6.50 × 15 + 115 × 0.4 = 97.50 + 46 » 145 52. (e) The other parts are equal to 105.10.
35. (b) 8597 – ? = 7429 – 4358 53. (d) Check all options one by one.
\ ? = 5526 75 ´ 8
36. (d) ? = 857of 14% – 5.6 × 12.128 (a) = 100
6
» 857of 14% – 5.6 × 12 » 120 – 67 » 52
98
3 11 1 28 56 11 (b) + (15.2 × 4) = 100
37. (a) ? = 5 ¸ 3 ∗ 5 < ¸ ∗ 2.5
5 15 2 5 15 2
(c) (15 × 8) – (5 × 4) = 100
28 15 11 3 11 14 (d) (76 × 1.5) – (5.5 × 2.6) = 99.7
= ´ ∗ < ∗ < <7
5 56 2 2 2 2
127.2
38. (d) ? = 5978 + 6134 + 7014 = 19126 (e) (48 × 1.2) + = 100
3
A-18 Number System & Simplification
54. (c) All others are equal to 100. But option (c) gives a value 576 ´ 34 842 ´ 18 400 ´ ?
equal to 98. 76. (e) + = + 83.4
100 100 100
55. (d) Others equal 5650.
56. (b) Except it, others are equal to 550. Þ 195.84 + 151.56 = 4 × ? + 83.4
57. (b) The other parts are equal to 1000. Þ 347.4 = 4 × ? + 83.4
58. (c) Others equal 80 whereas (c) equals 80.8. Þ 4 × ? = 347.4 – 83 .4 = 264
59. (b) Others are equal to 144 whereas (b) equals 1440. 264
60. (c) (c) = 605.5 whereas the other parts are equal to 600.5 Þ ?= = 66
4
61. (d) Other parts are equal to 440.
62. (e) Note: If the difference between the numerator and the 29241 47 171 47
77. (a) ? = ´ = ´ = 47
denominator is constant, then the fraction which has 361 9 19 9
larger value in the numerator is the larger fraction.
Using the above, among the options (a), (c), (d) and 13 44 3
(e), (e) has the larger value. Now, compared to option 78. (b) + + ? = 13 +
4 7 28
(a), (e) has the larger value.
45 ´ 9 ´ 10 ´ 8 91 + 176 3
Þ + ? = 13 +
63. (e) Number = Þ 540 28 28
4´ 3´ 5
1 2 4 3 267 3
64. (d) = 0.33; = 0.4; = 0.57 ; = 0.6; Þ + ? = 13 +
3 5 7 5 28 28

5 6 264 66
= 0.83and = 0.85 Þ + ? = 13 Þ + ? = 13
6 7 28 7
65. (c) Given expression
66 91 - 66 25 4
2 3 4 99 2 1 Þ ? = 13 – = = =3
= ´ ´ ´ ..... ´ = = 7 7 7 7
3 4 5 100 100 50
79. (c) Let the numbers be a and b. Then, a + b = 55 and
15625 15625 ab = 5 × 120 = 600.
66. (c) Given expression = 15625 + +
100 10000 1 1 a + b 55 11
\ Required sum = + = = = .
a b ab 600 120
= æç 125 +
125 125 ö
+ ÷ = (125 + 12.5 + 1.25) = 138.75
è 10 100 ø 80. (a) Here, (48 – 38) = 10, (64 – 54) = 10, (90 – 80) = 10 and
47 (120 – 110) = 10.
67. (d) 0.47 = . \ Required number = (L.C.M of 48, 64, 90 and 120) – 10
99
68. (a) (xn – an) is always divisible by (x + a), when n is = 2870
even natural number.
81. (b) H.C.F of co-prime numbers is 1.
69. (a) ? » 395 + 187 = 582
So, L.C.M. = 117/1 = 117.
70. (b) ? = 3 3380 + 1300 » 3
3375 + 1296 82. (b) Since, 2, 3, 7, 11 are prime numbers and the given
» 15 + 36 » 51
expression is 210 × 310 × 317 × 1127
71. (c) ? » (5)2 + (21)3 + 1089 So the numbers of prime factors in the given expression
» 25 + 9261 + 33 » 9319 is (10 + 10 + 17 + 27) = 64
7020 13 2340 ´ 13 83. (d) Least number of 5 digits is 10,000. L.C.M. of 12, 15 and
72. (d) ? » ´ » = 1049
3 29 29 18 is 180.
5000 ´ 25 3000 ´ 65 On dividing 10000 by 180, the remainder is 100.
73. (e) ? » - \ Required number = 10000 + (180 – 100) = 10080.
100 100
» 1250 – 1950 » – 700 84. (d) There are 6 such pairs :

74. (c) ? = (81)- - (64)-

1/2 2/3 (22, 440), (44, 418), (88, 374), (110, 352)

1 2 (176, 286), (220, 242)

æ 1 ö2 æ 1 ö3 1 1 16 - 9 7
= ç ÷ -ç ÷ = - = = 85. (d) n = 5K + 2
è8ø è 64 ø 9 16 144 144
Squaring both side
75. 2 2
(d) (?) = 331.8 ÷ 23.7 + (–21) – 94
n2 = (5K + 2)2
= 14 + 441 – 94 = 361
= 25K2 + 20K + 4
Þ ?= 361 = 19
So, the required remainder is 4.
³³³