Reviewer sa math Work carefully.

L1 Modify the plan or try a new plan.

Four fundamental operations: Sum(Addition), Keep trying and tell something works; Implement the strategy
Product(Multiplication), Quotient(Division), and strategies in step 2.; Try another strategy if the first one
Difference(Subtraction) isn't working.; Keep a complete and accurate record of your
work.; Be determine and don't get discouraged if the plan
L2 does not work immediately.

Composition of functions: step 4 review the solution

A function of a function Look for an easier solution.; Does the answer make sense.;
Check the result in the original problem.; Interpret the
Function: is called the composition of functions denoted as solution with the facts of the problem.; Recheck any
computations involved in the solution.; Can the solution be
(f o g) (x)= f (g(x)). extended to a more general case.; Ensure that all a conditions
related to the problem are met.; Determine whether there is
Composition: is the operation that forms a single function another method of finding the solution.; Ensure the
from two given functions with plugging the second function consistency of the solution in the context of the problem.
into the first for any argument.
L4
Determine first which function will be substituted and
combined to the main function follow the ESOF. Problem solving and reasoning

L3 Mathematics consists of skills and processes

Polya's problem solving strategy Skills include the basic arithmetical processes and the
algorithms that go with them
GEORGE POLYA (1887-1985)
Processes are the ways of applying these skills.
He is the father of problem solving mathematics educator
who is strongly believe that the skin of problem solving can be Problem solving is a mathematical process and problem-
taught. solving contributes to mathematics itself.

Polya's four-step problem solving strategy : George polya was a hungarian who immigrated to the united
states in 1940. His major contribution is for his work in
step 1 understand the problem (what) problem solving.

What is the goal; What is being asked; What is the condition; He became a lawyer, Biologist, Latin & Literature, Math &
What sort of a problem is it; What is known or unknownIs Physics.
there enough information; Can you draw a figure to illustrates
the problem; Is there a way to restate the problem in your Gregor the young son of Baron - tutored by Polya
own words
Dr. Weber _Daughter Stella
step 2 devise a plan (demanding)
Took diff. Path , Met couple 6 more times ( created "The
Act it out; Be systematic; Work backwards; Consider special random walk problem") if walk continued long enough, then
cases; Eliminate possibilities; Perform an experiment; Draw a that was sure to return to the starting point.
picture or diagram; Make a list or table or chart; Use a
variable such as x; Look for a formula or formulas; Write an 1945- published the book "How to solve It" (contains 4 basic
equation or model; Look for a pattern or patterns; Use direct principles/ 4 step strategy in Problem solving ) translated to
or indirect reasoning; Solve a simple version of the problem; 17 languages.
Guess and check your answer (trial and error)
2nd principle DEVISE A PLAN:☘️Polya mentions (1957) that
step 3 carry out the plan (great traits) there are many reasonable ways to solve problems. The skill
at choosing an appropriate strategy is best learned by solving
Be patient. many problems.
3rd principle CARRY OUT THE PLAN: In general (1957), all you endpoint of a situation to where it started. To do this, keep
need is care and patience, given that you have the necessary track of the information and organize it in a meaningful way.
skills. Persistent with the plan that you have chosen. If it
continues not to work discard it and choose another. Mathematical reasoning- enables a student to use all other
mathematical skills
George Polya went on to publish a two-volume set:
Mathematical reasoners- are able to reflect on solutions to
Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning (1954) problems and determine whether or not they make sense

Mathematical Discovery (1962). two fundamental types of reasoning for mathematicians.:

4th principle: LOOK BACK I‌NDUCTIVE REASONING - refers to the process of making
generalized decisions after observing, and/or witnessing,
Polya mentions (1957) that much can be gained by taking the repeated specific instances of something.
time to reflect and look back at what you have done, what
worked and what didn’t. Doing this will enable you to predict i‌s a process of reaching conclusions based on a series of
what strategy to use to solve observations .

future problems. ‌ sually leads to deductive reasoning. A conclusion reached

u
may or may not be valid.
GUESS AND CHECK: This strategy is also known as "trial and
error." It is a primitive method and the idea of guessing and ‌is used to form hypotheses and theories
checking it for correctness is always not a good means of
arriving at a solution. ‌draws general principles from specific instances

Make a systematic list: ‌always involves uncertainty, may still yield false conclusion

This strategy requires one to list all the possibilities in a ‌ EDUCTIVE REASONING- refers to the process of taking the
D
systematic way in the form of charts or tables. information gathered from general observations and making
specific decisions based on that information
ELIMINATE POSSIBILITIES.
i‌s a process of reaching conclusions based on previously
This strategy uses the given information of the problem to known facts.☘️
decide which outcomes are possible. Then the possibility that
was not ruled out must be the solution. ‌The conclusions reached are correct and valid.

SOLVE AN EQUATION OR USE OR USE A FORMULA ‌is used to prove ideas.

For this strategy, a problem requires that a number be ‌ raws specific conclusions from general principles or premises
d
determined. With the use of a variable represent the ☘️
unknown number then set up an equation as defined in the
problem. ‌are certain provided the premises are ☘️

LOOK FOR A PATTERN true.

is a good strategy in solving a problem. It enables the problem PREMISE - is a previous statement or proposition from which
solver to reduce a complex problem to a pattern and then use another is inferred or follows as a conclusion.
the pattern to eventually solve the problem.

SOLVE A SIMPLER PROBLEM

Inductive Reasoning
This strategy is a combination of sub-problems and patterns.
Reaching a general conclusion by examining specific examples

Predicting the next number in the list according to the pattern

WORK BACKWARD: your observed

the problem will be solved by working backwards from an DEDUCTIVE Reasoning

Reaching a conclusion by applying general assumptions the numerical data through symbols. In a pictograph, the
procedures are principles picture to be used must symbolize the data to be represented.

Logic puzzles-can be solved The legend is very important.

L5 L6

Different kinds of graphs Kenken puzzle

Bar graphs- a bar graph is used to show relative sizes of data is an arithmetic-based logic puzzle that was invented by
bars drawn related to the data maybe vertical or horizontal. Tetsuya Miyamoto in 2004.

Bar graphs are used to show the ________ knowledge/ awareness

comparison of nominal data, such as nationality, sex, religion, L7 statistical terms and summation
month, etc. and
f statistics.
numerical data – discrete or continuous, such as population
and other frequency 1. DATA – is any quantitative or qualitative information

information. a. QUANTITATIVE DATA - refers to numerical information

constructing bar graphs , the following pointers are obtained from counting or measuring that which may be
suggested:
manipulated by any fundamental operation.
‌title for the graph
b.QUALITATIVE DATA - refers to descriptive attributes that can
‌zero should be clearly stated.
not be subjected to mathematical operations.
‌must be uniform spaces between bars
2. POPULATION– refers to the totality of all the elements or
‌highlight sources/ footnotes. persons for

Line Graph- shows the relationship between two or more sets which one has interest at a particular time. The usual notation
of continuous data. population and time, or liquid capacity for
and distance line graphs, the following pointers are
suggested: population is N

1. State clearly the title of the graph 3. SAMPLE – is a part of population determined by sampling
procedures.
2. Label both axes. A legend should be used for
It is usually denoted by n
multiple lines , the zero point should be clearly indicated.
PARAMETER – is any statistical information taken from
3. Connect plotted points from left to right population.

4. Sources and footnotes should be provided 5. STATISTIC – is any estimate of statistical attributes taken
from a sample
5. Multiple lines should be distinguished by using
6. VARIABLE – is a specific factor, property or characteristic of
different colors. a population or a sample which differentiates a sample or
group of samples from another group.
The circle graph- is used to compare parts to a whole. The size
of the sector of the circle is proportion to the size of the a. DISCRETE VARIABLE– is a variable that can be obtained by
category that it represents. counting. a variable whose values can be counted using
integral value or are those whose values cannot take the form
The pictograph or pictogram- is a picture graph used to show of decimals.
b. CONTINUOUS VARIABLE – is a variable that can be obtained ____________________”.
by measuring objects or attributes. variables that can assume
a numerical value over an interval. COLLECTION OF DATA (IQORE)

Scales of measurements / level of measurement 1. INTERVIEW

1. NOMINAL MEASUREMENT – a type of statistical data that 2. QUESTIONNAIRE

depicts the presence or absence of a certain attribute. This 3. OBSERVATION

usually
4. REGISTRATION OR CENSUS
involves the random assignment of numbers.
5. EXPERIMENTATIONS
2. ORDINAL MEASUREMENT -- provides the degree of the
presence CLASSIFICATION OF DATA ACCORDING TO

of an attribute. Usually, data is classified according to order or SOURCES

ranks.
PRIMARY - information gathered directly from the source
q Academic ranking
SECONDARY - information gathered from secondary sources
q Degree of illness such as books, journals, magazines, and thesis of other
researchers.
3. INTERVAL -- The measurement where data are
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
arranged in some order . Data at this level may lack inherent
zero starting point. 1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING – is a sampling technique, every
element of a population is given an equal chance of being
q Grades selected as a member of the sample.

q IQ Ø Random Sampling

q Temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit Ø Systematic Sampling

4. RATIO – This measurement is an interval level, include the Ø Stratified Random Sampling

inherent zero starting point. Ø Cluster Sampling

SIGMA---- it's one of the most frequently used form of 2. NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING – This is a sampling
notation in mathematics It is a statistical symbol which
abbreviates the sum of the quantities in a given range. procedure in which not every element of the

is used to denote the sum of values. population is given an equal chance of being selected as
sample. The drawing of samples is based purely on the
q Physical quantities researchers’ objectives.

q allowance Ø Convenience Sampling

∑ - CAPITAL GREEK LETTER SIGMA Ø Quota Sampling

i- INDEX Ø Purposive Sampling

1- LOWER LIMIT METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

n- UPPER LIMIT 1) TEXTUAL PRESENTATION

read as “_________________________________ 2) GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

3) TABULAR PRESENTATION
How to express the summation into an expression ANALYSIS OF DATA - refers to the process of extracting from
the given data relevant information from which numerical
Evaluating and finding the sum description can be formulated.

∑- is used in the process, indicates that a certain expression INTERPRETATION OF DATA- refers to the task of drawing
must be added. conclusions from analyzed data.

If lower limits(1) and upper limits(n) are not indicated = the The two major area of a statistics
values are to be summed up
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS -is a statistical method concerned
Factors involved in statistics with describing the properties and characteristic of a set of
data
SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION OF DATA - refers to the process of
obtaining information. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS-is a statistical method concerned
With the analysis of a sample data leading to prediction
ORGANIZATION OF DATA- refers to the ascertaining manner inferences interpretation or conclusion about the entire
of presenting the data into tables graphs or charts so that population.
logically statistical conclusion can be drawn from collected
from collected measurements.