Python Tools/Utilities

The standard library comes with a number of modules that can be used both as modules and as
command-line utilities.

The dis Module

The dis module is the Python disassembler. It converts byte codes to a format that is slightly more
appropriate for human consumption.
You can run the disassembler from the command line. It compiles the given script and prints the
disassembled byte codes to the STDOUT. You can also use dis as a module. The dis function takes a
class, method, function or code object as its single argument.

Example

#!/usr/bin/python
import dis

def sum():
vara = 10
varb = 20

sum = vara + varb

print "vara + varb = %d" % sum

# Call dis function for the function.

dis.dis(sum)

This would produce the following result −

6 0 LOAD_CONST 1 (10)
3 STORE_FAST 0 (vara)

7 6 LOAD_CONST 2 (20)
9 STORE_FAST 1 (varb)

9 12 LOAD_FAST 0 (vara)
15 LOAD_FAST 1 (varb)
18 BINARY_ADD
19 STORE_FAST 2 (sum)

10 22 LOAD_CONST 3 ('vara + varb = %d')

25 LOAD_FAST 2 (sum)
28 BINARY_MODULO
29 PRINT_ITEM
 30 PRINT_NEWLINE
31 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
34 RETURN_VALUE

The pdb Module

The pdb module is the standard Python debugger. It is based on the bdb debugger framework.
You can run the debugger from the command line (type n [or next] to go to the next line and help to get a
list of available commands) −

Example

Before you try to run pdb.py, set your path properly to Python lib directory. So let us try with above
example sum.py −

$pdb.py sum.py
> /test/sum.py(3)<module>()
-> import dis
(Pdb) n
> /test/sum.py(5)<module>()
-> def sum():
(Pdb) n
>/test/sum.py(14)<module>()
-> dis.dis(sum)
(Pdb) n
6 0 LOAD_CONST 1 (10)
3 STORE_FAST 0 (vara)

7 6 LOAD_CONST 2 (20)
9 STORE_FAST 1 (varb)

9 12 LOAD_FAST 0 (vara)
15 LOAD_FAST 1 (varb)
18 BINARY_ADD
19 STORE_FAST 2 (sum)

10 22 LOAD_CONST 3 ('vara + varb = %d')

25 LOAD_FAST 2 (sum)
28 BINARY_MODULO
29 PRINT_ITEM
30 PRINT_NEWLINE
31 LOAD_CONST 0 (None)
34 RETURN_VALUE
--Return--
> /test/sum.py(14)<module>()->None
-v dis.dis(sum)
(Pdb) n
--Return--
 > <string>(1)<module>()->None
(Pdb)

The profile Module

The profile module is the standard Python profiler. You can run the profiler from the command line −

Example

Let us try to profile the following program −

#!/usr/bin/python

vara = 10
varb = 20

sum = vara + varb

print "vara + varb = %d" % sum

Now, try running cProfile.py over this file sum.py as follows −

$cProfile.py sum.py
vara + varb = 30
4 function calls in 0.000 CPU seconds

Ordered by: standard name

ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno

1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 <string>:1(<module>)
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 sum.py:3(<module>)
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {execfile}
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 {method ......}

The tabnanny Module

The tabnanny module checks Python source files for ambiguous indentation. If a file mixes tabs and
spaces in a way that throws off indentation, no matter what tab size you're using, the nanny complains −

Example

Let us try to profile the following program −

#!/usr/bin/python

vara = 10
varb = 20

sum = vara + varb

print "vara + varb = %d" % sum
If you would try a correct file with tabnanny.py, then it won't complain as follows −

$tabnanny.py -v sum.py
'sum.py': Clean bill of health.