Chapter 15 - Oscillations

Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

“The pendulum of the mind oscillates between sense and

nonsense, not between right and wrong.”
-Carl Gustav Jung

David J. Starling
Penn State Hazleton
PHYS 211
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

Oscillatory motion is motion that is periodic in Energy in SHO

Pendulums
time (e.g., earthquake shakes, guitar strings).
Damped Oscillations
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

Oscillatory motion is motion that is periodic in Energy in SHO

Pendulums
time (e.g., earthquake shakes, guitar strings).
Damped Oscillations

The period T measures the time for one oscillation.

 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Simple Harmonic
Oscillatory motion that is sinusoidal is known as Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO
Simple Harmonic Motion.
Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

x(t) = xm cos(ωt)
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Simple Harmonic
Oscillatory motion that is sinusoidal is known as Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO
Simple Harmonic Motion.
Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

x(t) = xm cos(ωt)

xm is the maximum displacement

 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Simple Harmonic
Oscillatory motion that is sinusoidal is known as Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO
Simple Harmonic Motion.
Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

x(t) = xm cos(ωt)

xm is the maximum displacement

ω is the angular frequency: ω = 2πf = 2π/T.
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Two oscillators can have different frequencies, or Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
different phases: Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations
x(t) = xm cos(ωt + φ)
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Simple Harmonic
Sinusoidal oscillations are described by these Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO
definitions: Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

x(t) = xm cos(ωt + φ)
T = 1/f
ω = 2πf
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Simple Harmonic
Sinusoidal oscillations are described by these Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO
definitions: Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

x(t) = xm cos(ωt + φ)
T = 1/f
ω = 2πf

I x in meters
I T in seconds
I f in Hertz (1/s)
I ω in rad/s
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

Since we know the position of an oscillating Energy in SHO

Pendulums
object, we also know its velocity and acceleration:
Damped Oscillations

x(t) = xm cos(ωt + φ)
dx
v(t) = = −ωxm sin(ωt + φ)
dt
dv
a(t) = = −ω 2 xm cos(ωt + φ)
dt
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

The maximum velocity and acceleration depend Energy in SHO

Pendulums
on the frequency and the maximum displacement.
Damped Oscillations

Max position: xm

Max velocity: ωxm

Max acceleration: ω 2 xm
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Simple harmonic motion is generated by a linear Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
restoring force: Energy in SHO

Pendulums

d2 x Damped Oscillations
F = −kx = ma = m 2
dt
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Simple harmonic motion is generated by a linear Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
restoring force: Energy in SHO

Pendulums

d2 x Damped Oscillations
F = −kx = ma = m 2
dt
d2 x k
+ x=0
dt2 m
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
Simple harmonic motion is generated by a linear Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
restoring force: Energy in SHO

Pendulums

d2 x Damped Oscillations
F = −kx = ma = m 2
dt
d2 x k
+ x=0
dt2 m

The solution to this differential equation:

p
x(t) = xm cos( k/mt + φ)
p
(so ω = k/m)
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
The motion of a SHO is related to motion in a Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

circle. Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

x(t) = xm cos(ωt + φ)
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
The motion of a SHO is related to motion in a Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

circle. Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

x(t) = xm cos(ωt + φ)
v(t) = −ωxm sin(ωt + φ)
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
The motion of a SHO is related to motion in a Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

circle. Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

x(t) = xm cos(ωt + φ)
v(t) = −ωxm sin(ωt + φ)
a(t) = −ω 2 xm cos(ωt + φ)
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Chapter 15
Lecture Question 15.1 Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
The graph below represents the oscillatory motion of three
Energy in SHO
different springs with identical masses attached to each.
Pendulums
Which of these springs has the smallest spring constant? Damped Oscillations

(a) Graph 1
(b) Graph 2
(c) Graph 3
(d) Both 2 and 3 are smallest and equal
(e) All three have the same spring constant.
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Energy in SHO
Simple Harmonic
A spring stores potential energy. To find it, Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO
calculate the work the spring force does:
Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

Z x2
1 1
∆U = −W = − (−kx)dx = kx22 − kx12
x1 2 2
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Energy in SHO
Simple Harmonic
A spring stores potential energy. To find it, Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO
calculate the work the spring force does:
Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

Z x2
1 1
∆U = −W = − (−kx)dx = kx22 − kx12
x1 2 2

A spring compressed by x stores energy U = 21 kx2 .

 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Energy in SHO
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO
As a mass oscillates, the energy transfers from Pendulums

kinetic to potential energy. Damped Oscillations

 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Energy in SHO
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO
As a mass oscillates, the energy transfers from Pendulums

kinetic to potential energy. Damped Oscillations

At the ends of the motion, velocity is zero, K is zero and U

is maximum.
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Energy in SHO
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Energy in SHO
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

The energy oscillates between:

1 2 1 2
U = kx = kxm cos2 (ωt + φ)
2 2
1 2 1
K = mω 2 xm
mv = |{z} 2
sin2 (ωt + φ)
2 2
k
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Energy in SHO
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

The energy oscillates between:

1 2 1 2
U = kx = kxm cos2 (ωt + φ)
2 2
1 2 1
K = mω 2 xm
mv = |{z} 2
sin2 (ωt + φ)
2 2
k
1 2
E = U + K = U = kxm
2
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
A simple pendulum is a ball on a string. It acts Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)

like a SHO for small angles. Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

The restoring force:

F = −mg sin θ ≈ −mgθ

I = mL2
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
For small angles (θ < 20◦ ), a pendulum is like a Energy in SHO

simple harmonic oscillator. Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

d2 θ
τ = −(mgθ)L = Iα = I
dt2
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
For small angles (θ < 20◦ ), a pendulum is like a Energy in SHO

simple harmonic oscillator. Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

d2 θ
τ = −(mgθ)L = Iα = I
dt2
d2 θ mgL
+ θ = 0
dt2 | {z}
I
ω2
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
For small angles (θ < 20◦ ), a pendulum is like a Energy in SHO

simple harmonic oscillator. Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

d2 θ
τ = −(mgθ)L = Iα = I
dt2
d2 θ mgL
+ θ = 0
dt2 | {z}
I
ω2
θ(t) = θm cos(ωt + φ)
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
For small angles (θ < 20◦ ), a pendulum is like a Energy in SHO

simple harmonic oscillator. Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

d2 θ
τ = −(mgθ)L = Iα = I
dt2
d2 θ mgL
+ θ = 0
dt2 | {z}
I
ω2
θ(t) = θm cos(ωt + φ)
p p
ω = mgL/I = g/L
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
For small angles (θ < 20◦ ), a pendulum is like a Energy in SHO

simple harmonic oscillator. Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

d2 θ
τ = −(mgθ)L = Iα = I
dt2
d2 θ mgL
+ θ = 0
dt2 | {z}
I
ω2
θ(t) = θm cos(ωt + φ)
p p
ω = mgL/I = g/L
p
T = 1/f = 2π/ω = 2π L/g
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
For a physical pendulum with moment of inertia I Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
and small oscillations, Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
For a physical pendulum with moment of inertia I Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
and small oscillations, Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

d2 θ mgh
+ θ = 0
dt2 I
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
For a physical pendulum with moment of inertia I Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
and small oscillations, Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

d2 θ mgh
+ θ = 0
dt2 I p
ω = mgh/I
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
For a physical pendulum with moment of inertia I Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
and small oscillations, Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

d2 θ mgh
+ θ = 0
dt2 I p
ω = mgh/I
p
T = 1/f = 2π/ω = 2π I/mgh
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
A torsion pendulum is a symmetric object where Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
the restoring torque arises from a twisted wire. Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

τ = −κθ (similar to spring)

 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
A torsion pendulum is a symmetric object where Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
the restoring torque arises from a twisted wire. Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

τ = −κθ (similar to spring)

d2 θ κ
+ θ = 0
dt2 I
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
A torsion pendulum is a symmetric object where Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
the restoring torque arises from a twisted wire. Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

τ = −κθ (similar to spring)

d2 θ κ
+ θ = 0
dt2 I p
ω = κ/I
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Pendulums
A torsion pendulum is a symmetric object where Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
the restoring torque arises from a twisted wire. Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

τ = −κθ (similar to spring)

d2 θ κ
+ θ = 0
dt2 I p
ω = κ/I
p
T = 1/f = 2π/ω = 2π I/κ
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Chapter 15
Simple Harmonic
Lecture Question 15.3 Oscillator (SHO)
A grandfather clock, which uses a pendulum to keep Energy in SHO
accurate time, is adjusted at sea level. The clock is then Pendulums

taken to an altitude of several kilometers. How will the Damped Oscillations

clock behave in its new location?

(a) The clock will run slow.
(b) The clock will run fast.
(c) The clock will run the same as it did at sea level.
(d) The clock cannot run at such high altitudes.
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Damped Oscillations
Simple Harmonic
Damped simple harmonic motion is the result of Oscillator (SHO)

oscillatory behavior in the presence of a retarding Energy in SHO

Pendulums
force. Damped Oscillations

Fd = −bv
with b the damping constant.
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Damped Oscillations
Simple Harmonic
Applying Newton’s Second Law to this situation, Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations
Fnet = ma
−kx − bv = ma
d2 x b dx k
0 = 2
+ + x
dt m dt m
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Damped Oscillations
Simple Harmonic
Applying Newton’s Second Law to this situation, Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO

Pendulums

Damped Oscillations
Fnet = ma
−kx − bv = ma
d2 x b dx k
0 = 2
+ + x
dt m dt m

The solution:

x(t) = xm e−bt/2m cos(ω 0 t + φ)

r
k b2
ω0 = −
m 4m2
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Damped Oscillations
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
For damped harmonic motion, the oscillations
Energy in SHO
will die out over time. Pendulums

Damped Oscillations
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Damped Oscillations
Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
For damped harmonic motion, the oscillations
Energy in SHO
will die out over time. Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

q
b2
Side note: ω0 = k
m −4m2
is only valid if k/m > b2 /4m2 .
What happens if k/m ≤ b /4m2 ?
2
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Damped Oscillations
If an oscillator of angular frequency ω is driven Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
by an external force at a frequency ωd , then the
Energy in SHO
response will also be at ωd . Pendulums

Damped Oscillations
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Damped Oscillations
If an oscillator of angular frequency ω is driven Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
by an external force at a frequency ωd , then the
Energy in SHO
response will also be at ωd . Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

d2 x k
2
+ x = F0 cos(ωt) → x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ)
dt m
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Damped Oscillations
If an oscillator of angular frequency ω is driven Simple Harmonic
Oscillator (SHO)
by an external force at a frequency ωd , then the
Energy in SHO
response will also be at ωd . Pendulums

Damped Oscillations

d2 x k
2
+ x = F0 cos(ωt) → x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ)
dt m

The amplitude A depends on the relationship between ωd

and ω.
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Damped Oscillations
Simple Harmonic
If a damped oscillator is driven at its natural Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO
frequency, the system is on resonance and the
Pendulums
oscillations are maximum.
Damped Oscillations
 Chapter 15 - Oscillations
Damped Oscillations
Simple Harmonic
If a damped oscillator is driven at its natural Oscillator (SHO)

Energy in SHO
frequency, the system is on resonance and the
Pendulums
oscillations are maximum.
Damped Oscillations

The width of the resonance peak depends on the damping

constant.