SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY – Detailed Syllabus M.Sc.

(Physics)

SYLLABUS & SCHEME

Scheme Total
Subject Code Subject Name Sem. IA ESE
L T P Marks
MScPh-101 Classical Mechanics and Mathematical Method in Physics Year 1 4 30 70 100
MScPh-102 Classical Electrodynamics Year 1 3 1 30 70 100
MScPh-103 Quantum Mechanics, Atomica and Molecular Physics Year 1 4 30 70 100
Electronics, Numerical Methods and Computer
Year 1 4 30 70 100
MScPh-104 Programming
MScPh-105 Physics Practical Year 1 4 30 70 100
Total …. 500
Advanced Quantum Mechanics and Introductory Quantum
Year 2 4 30 70 100
MScPh-201 Field Theory
MScPh-202 Nuclear Physics Year 2 4 30 70 100
MScPh-203 Statiscal and Solid State Physics Year 2 4 30 70 100
MScPh-204 Microwave Electronics Year 2 4 30 70 100
MScPh-205 Physics Practical Year 2 4 30 70 100
Total …. 500
GRAND TOTAL …. 1000

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(Prev. pg. 2-7; Final 8-15)

M. Sc. PHYSICS PREVIOUS
Paper-I : Clasical Mechanics and Mathematical Method in Physics
Paper-II : Classical Electrodynamics
Paper-III: QuantumMechanics,Atomic and Molecular Physics
Paper-IV : Electronics, Numerical Methods and Computer Programming
List of Experiments for M.Sc. Previous

PAPER - I: CLASSICAL MECHANICS AND MATHEMATICAL

METHODS IN PHYSICS
Unit - I
Holonomic and nonholonomic constraints: D-Alembert's Principle, Generalized. coordinates,
Lagrangian, lagrange's equation and its applications, Velocity dependant: potential in Lagaragian
formulation.Generalized momentum, Legendre transfomation, Hamiltonian, Hamilton's Canonical
equation. Calculus of variations and its ilpplication to simple problems, Hamilton's variational
principle, Derivation of Lagrange's and Hamilton. Canonical equation from Hamiltons variational
principle. Extension of Hamilton's Principle for nonconservative and nonholonomic systems.
Method of Lagrange's multipliers,
Unit - II
Conservation principle and Noether's theorem. Conservation of energy, linear momentum and
angular momentum as a consequence of homogencity of time and scope and isotropy of space
respectively. Canonical transformation, integral in variants of poincare: Lagrange's and Poisson
brackets as canonical invariants. Equation of motion in Poisson bracket formulation, Infinitesimal
contact transformation and generators of symmetry, Liouville's theorem, Hamilton Jacobi equation
and its applications.
Unit - III
Action angle, variable adiabatic invariance of action variable : The Kepler problem in action angle
variables,theory of small oscillation in Lagrangian formulation, normal coordinates and its
applications,Orthgonal transfonnation, Eulerian angles, Euler theorem, Eigen values of the inertia
tensor, Euler equations. Force free motion of a rigid body. Laplace transforms, and their
properties, Laplac transform of derivatives and integrals of laplac transform, Laplace, Convolution
theorem,Impulsive function Application of laplace transform in solving liner differential equations
with constant coefficient with variable coefficient and liner partial differential equation.
Unit – IV
Fourier Transforms: Development of the Fourier integral from the Fourier seriese, Fourier and
inverse Fourier transform: Simple applications: Finite wave train, wave train with Gaussian
amplitude, Fourier transform of Derivatives,Solution of wave equation as an application,
Convoluation theorem, intensity in term of spectral density for quasi-monochromatic EM waves,
momentum representation. Application of Hydrogen Atom and Harmonic Oscillator problems.
Application of Fourier Transform to Differaction Theory; Diffaction patternof one two slits.

Unit - V
Coordinate transformation in N-dimesional space: Contravriant and covariant tensor, Jacobian.
Relative tcnsor, pseudo tensors (Example: change density, angu1ar momentum) Algebra of
tensors, Metric theorem, Associated tensors,Reimannian space (Example: Euclidian space and 4-
D Mmkowski space), Christoffelas symbols, transformation of Christoffelas symbols, Covariant
differentiation. Ricci's theorem, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian in tensor form. Stress-and Strain
tensors. Hook's law in tensor form. Lorentz Covariance of Maxwell equation.

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Group of transformations. (Example: symmetry transformation of square), Generators of a finite

group, Normal subgroup, Direct product of groups.. Isomorphism and Homomorphism.
Representation theory of finite groups, Invariant subspace and reducible representations,
irreducible representation, Crystallo-graphic point groups. Irreducible representation of C4v
Translation group and the reciprocal lattice.

Reference Books:
1 Goldstein - Classical Mechanics.
2 Landau.and Lifshitz -Classical Mechanics.
3 A. Raychoudhary - Classical Mechanics.
4 Mathematical Methods for Physicists: George Arkfen (AcademicPress). .
5 Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists: L. A. Pipe (McGraw Hill)
6 MathematicalMethods-Potter and Goldberg (Prentice Hall of fudia).
7 Elements of Group Theory for Physicists: A. W. Joshi (Wiley Eastern Ltd.)
8 VectorAnalysis (Schaum Series) (Mc Graw Hill).

PAPER -II : CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS

Unit - I
1. Electrostatics: Electric field; Gauss law, Differential form of Gauss law. Another equation of
electrostatics and the scalar potential, surface distribution of charges and dipoles and
discontinuties in the electric field and potential, Poisson and-Laplace equations, Green's
Theorem, Uniqueness of the solution with Dirichlet or Neumann Boundary conditions, Fomal
so1ution of Electrostatic Boundary value problem with Green's Function, Electrostatic potential
energy and energy density, capacitance. Boundary- Value'Problems in Electrostatics: Methods
of Images, Point charge in the presence of a grounded conducting sphere point charge in the
preseqce of a charge insulated conducting sphere, Point charge near a conducting sphere at
fixed potential, conducting sphere in a unifonn electric field by method of images, Green function
for the sphere, General solution for the potential, Conducting sphere with Hemispheres at
different potential, orthogonal functions and expansion.
Unit - II
2. Magnetostatics: Introduction and defmition, Biot, and Savart law, the differential equation of
magnetostatics and Ampere's law, Vector potential and Magnetic induction for a circular current
loop, Magnetic fields of a localized current distribution, Magnetic moment, Force and torque on
and energy of a localized current distribution in an external magnetic induction, Macroscopic
equations. Boundary conditions_on B and H. Methods of solving Boundary-value problems in
magnetostatics, Unifonnly magnetized sphere, Magnetized sphere in an external field, Permanent
magnets, Magnetic shielding, spherical shell of permeable material in an unifonn field.
Unit - III
1 Multipoles, Electrostatics of Macroscopic Media Dielectrics: Multiple expansion, multipole
expansion of the energy of a charge distribution in an external field, Elementary treatment of
electrostatics with permeable media, Boundary value problems with dielectrics. Molar
polarizability, and electric susceptibility. Models for molecular polarizability, Electro-static energy in
dielectric media. .
2 Time varying fields, Maxwell's eqllations Conservation Laws:Energy in a magnetic field,
Vector and Scalar potentials. Gauge transformations, Lorentz gauge, Coulomb gauge, Green
functions for the wave equation, Derivation of the equations of Macroscopic Electromagnetism,
Poyntings theorem and conservations of energy and momentum for asystem ofcharged particles.
and EM fields. Conservation laws for macroscopic media. Electromagnetic field tensor.
Transformation of .four ,potentials.and four currents. Tensor description of Maxwell's equation.
Unit - IV
5. Plane Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Equation : Plane wave in a nonconducting medium.
Frequency dispersion characteristics of dielecttics, conductors and plasmas, waves in a
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conducting or dissipative medium, superposition of waves in one dimension,group

velocity,casualty connection between D and E. Kramers-Kroning relation. .
7. Covariant Form of Electrodynamic Equations : Mathematical properties of the space-time
special relativity, Invariance of electric charge covariance of electrodynamics, Transformation of
electromagnetic fields.
Radiation by moving.charges : Lienard-wiechert Potentials for a point charge, Total power
radiated by an accelerated charge ,Larmour's formula and its relativistic generalization, Angular
distribution of radiation emitted by an accelerated charge, Radiation emitted by a charge in
arbitrary extremely relativistic motion. Distribution in frequency and angle of energy radiated by
accelerated charges, Thomson scattering and radiation, Scattering by quasi free charges,
coherent and incoherent scattering, Cherenkov radiation.
1 Magnetohydrodynamics and Plasma Physics : Introduction and definitions, MHD equations
Magnetic diffusion viscosity and pressure; Pinch effect. instabilities in a pinched plasma column.
Magnetohydrodynamic waves; Plasma oscillations, short wave length limit of plasma oscillations
and Debye shielding distance.
2 Radiation damping, self fields. of a particle, scattering and absorption of radiation by a
bound system: Introductory considerations, Radiative reaction force from conservation of energy,
Abtaham Lorentz evaluation of the self force, difficulties with abraham Lorentz model;Integro-
differential equation of motion including radiation damping,. Line Breadth and level shift of an
oscillator, Scattering and absorption of radiation. by an oscillator, Energy transfer to a harmonically
bound charge.

Reference Books :
1 J.D. Jackson-.-Classical Electrodynamics
2 Panofsky andPhilips Classical Electricity and Magnetism'
3 Introduction to Electrodynamics-Gritfiths
4 Landau and Lifshitz--Classical Theory of Field
5 Landau and Lifshitz.:.Electrodynamics of Continuous Media

PAPER -III : QUANTUM MECHANICS, ATOMIC

AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
. UNIT - I
States, Amplitudes and Operators: States of a quantum mechanical system, representation of
quantum,- mechanical states, properties. of quantum mechanical amplitude;operators and change
of state, a complete set of basis states,.products of linear operators, language of
quantummechanics, postulates, essential definitions and commulation relations.
Observable and deseription of system: Process of measurement,expectation values,time
dependence of quantum mechanical amplitude, observables with no classical analogue, spin.
dependence of quantum-mechanical amplitude on position. the wave fimction, super-position of
amplitudes, identical particles. The Co-ordinate Representation: Compatible observables,
quantum conditions and uncertainty relation, Co-ordinate representation,of operator&;
position,momentum and angularmomentum, time dependencef of expectation values, the
Ehrenfest's theorem; the time evolution of wave function, the Schrodinger equation, energy
quantization, ,periodic potential as an example.
UNIT - II
Symmetries and Angular momentum: (a) Compatible observables and constants of motion,
symmetry' transformation and conservation laws, invariance,under space and time translations
and space rotation and conservations of momentum, energy and angular momentum.
Angular momentum operators and, their eigen values, matrix representations of the
angular momentum operators and their eigenstates, co-ordinate representations of the orbital
angular momentum operators and their eigen state (spherical harmonics), composition of
angular momentum, Clebsch- Gordon coefficients tensor operators anq Winger Expart theorem,
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commutation relations, of Jx, Jy, Jz with reduced spherical tensor operator, matrix elements of
vector operators, time reversal invariance and vanishing of static electric dipole moment of a
stationary state.
UNIT - III
Hamiltonian matrix and the time evolution of Quantum mechanical States: Hemriticity of the
Hamiltonian matrix, Time independent perturbation of an arbitrary system, simple matrix
examples of time-, independent perturbation, energy given states of a two state system,
diagonalizing of energy matrix, time independent perturbation of two state system the
perturbative solution: Weak field and strong field cases, general description of two state system.
Pauli matrices. Ammonia molecule as an example of two state system. Interaction with External
Fields: Non degenerate first order stationary perturbation method, atom in a weak uniform
external electric field and first and second order Stark effect, calculation of the polarizability of
the ground state of H-atom and of an isotropic harmonic oscillator, Degenerate stationary
perturbation theory. Linear Stark effect for H-atom levels, inclusion of spin-orbit and weak
magnetic, field, Zeeman effect, strong magnetic field and calculation of interaction energy.
UNIT – IV
Transition Between Stationary States: Transitions in a two state system, Time independent
perturbations-The Golden rule, phase space, emission and absorption of radiation,induced dipole
transition and Spontaneous emission. of radiation. energy width of a quasi stationary state.
Systems with Identical Particles: Indistinguish ability and , exchange symmetry, many particle
wave functions and Pauli's exclusion principle, spectroscopic terms for atoms. The Helimn atom,
Variational method and its use in the calculation of ground state and excited state energy, Helimn
atom. The Hydrogen molecule, Heitler-London method for molecule, WKB method for one
dimensional problem, application to bound states (Bohr-Sommerfield quantization) and the barrier
penetration (alpha decay, problems.
UNIT – V
HydrogenAtom : Gross structure energy spectnuil, probability distribution of radial and angular
(l=1,2) wave ,functions (no derivation), effect of spin, relativistic correction to energy levels and
fine structure,magnetic dipole interaction and hyperfine structure, the Lamb shift (only an
qualitative description) Spectroscopy(qualitative) : General features of the spectra of one and two
electron system-sin.glet,doublet and triplet characters of emission spectra,general features of
Alkali spectra,rotation and vibration band spectrum of a molecule, PQ and R branches, Raman
spectra for rotational and vibrational transitions,comparison with infra red spectra. general features
of electronic spectra. Frank and Condon's principle.
ReferenceBooks:
1 Ashok Das and A.C. Melissionos. Quantum Mechanics-A modern Approach (Gordon and Breach Science
Publishers).
2 P.A.M.Dirac, Quantum Mechanics.
3 E. Merzbaker, Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition (John Willey and Sons).
4 L.P.Landau aridH.M. Lifshitz, Quantum Mechanics-Non relativistic theory (pergamon Press)
5 A..Ghatak and S. Lobnathan.- Quantum Mechanics: Theory and , Applications,Third Edition(Mac Millan India
Ltd.) ,
6 G. K. Woodgate,ElementaryAtomic Structure, Second Edition Clarendon Press, Oxford.
7 T.A. Littlefield- Atomic and Molecular Physics.
8 Eistanberg and Rasmik-QuantumPhysicsof Atoms. Molecules, Solids and Nuclear Particles.
9 White - Atomic Spectra. 10.Herzberg- Molecular Spectra.

PAPER. IV: ELECTRONICS, NUMERICAL METHOD AND COMPUTER

PROGRAMMING
UNIT- I
1. Operational Amplifiers: .Differential amplifier - circuit configurations-dual input, balanced output
differential amplifier. DC analysis - AC analysis, inverting and nonninverting inputs, CMRR -
constant current bias level translator. Block diagram of a typical Op-Amp-analysis.Open loop

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configuration,inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.Op-amp with negative feedback - voltage

series feed back -effect of feed back on closed loop gain, input rersistence, output resistance,
bandwidth and output offset voltage - voltage follower. Practical op-amp-input offset voltage -input
bias current -input offset current, total output offset voltage, CMRR frequetency response. DC and
AC amplifier, summing, scaling and averaging amplifiers, instrumentation amplifier, integrator and
differentiator.
UNIT – II
Oscillators and Wave Shaping Circuits: Oscillator Principle- Oscillator types, Frequency stability,
response, The Phase shift oscillator, Wein bridge OScillator,LC tunable oscillators, Multivibrators-
Monostable and Astable, Comparators, Square wave and Triangle wave generation, Clamping
and Clipping.
Voltage regulators- fixed regulators, Adjustable voltage regulators, Switching regulators.
UNIT – III
Digital Electronics: Combinational Logic :The transistor as a switch;circuit Realisation of
OR,AND,NOT, NOR and NAND gates, Exclusive OR gate, Boolean algebra - Demorgan's
theorems Adder, Subtractor, Comperator, Decoder / Demultiplexer ,Data selector/ multiplexer -
Encoder. Sequential Logic: Flip -Flops: one-bit memory; The RS Flipflop, JK Flip- Flop, JK master
slave Flip Flops, T Flip -Flop, D Flip- Flop, Shift resisters - syncronous and asynchronous
counters- cascade counters,Binary counter, Decade counter. Basic concepts about fabrication and
characteristics of integrated circuits.Fortran 77: Variable, Expression, jumping. Bracching an
looping statement ,Input / Output statement Statement for handling Input / Output Files,
Subroutine, External, Function ,Special statements ,COMMON,ENTRY
FORMAT,PAUSE,Equvalence . Programming of simple problems involving use of interpolation
differentiation, Integration, matrix inversion and least square analysis.
UNIT - IV
Errors in numerical analysis: Source of error, Round off error, Computer Arithmetic, Error Analysis,
Condition and stability,Approximation, Functional and Error analysis, the method of,Undetermined
Coefficients. Use of interpolation formula, Iterated interpolation. Inverse interpolation,Hannite
interpolation and Spline interpolation, Solution of Linear equations , Direct and Iterative methods,
Calculation of eigen value and eigen vectors for sysmmetric matrices.
Solution of Nonliner equation: Bisection method, Newton's method,.modified Newton's method,
method of Iteration, Newton's method and method of iteration for a system of cosuation Newton's
method for the case of complex roots.
UNIT – V
Integration of a function: Trapezoidal and Simpson's rules. Gaussian quadrature formula, Singular
integrals, Double integration.
Integration of Ordinary differential equation: Predictor -corrector methods, Runga-Kutta method,
Simultaneous and Higher order equations Numerical Integration and Differentiation of Data, Least-
Squares Approximations, Fast FourierTransform. Some elementary information about Computer:
CPU, Memory, Input/ Output devices, Super, Mini and Micro systems, MS-DOS operating system,
High Level Languages, Interpreter and Compiler. Programming: Algorithm and Flowchart.

Reference Book
1. Ryder-Electronic Fundamentals and applications.
2. Millman and Thub-Pulse, Digital and Switching waveforms.
3. Millman and Helkias-Integrated Electronics.
4. Ryder-network Lines and Fields.
5. Bapat-Electronics Devices and Circuitrs.
6. A Ralston and P. Rabinowitz, A First Course in Numberical analysis Mc Graw Hill (1985)
7. S.S. Sastry, Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis. Prentice hall of India (1979).
8. Ram Kumar, Programming with Fortran 77, McGraw-Hill (1986).
9. "Electronic'Devicesand circuit theory by Robert Boylested and Louis Nashdsky PHI, New Delhi.
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1100001, 1991 .
10. "OPAmps& Linear integratedcircuits, by Ramakanth A. Gayakwad PHI, Second Edition, 1991.
11. Digital principles and Applications by A.P. Malvino and Donald P.Leach, Tata Megraw - Hill
company, New Delhi, 1993.
12. Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and applications with 8085/8086 by Ramesh S.
Gaonkar,Wiley - Eastern Ltd., 1987.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS FOR M.Sc. PREVIOUS

Scheme:
Marks
Two experiments 120
Viva 40
Record 40
Total 200
Minimum Pass Marks 72

List of Experiments
List of Experiments (any eighteen):
1 To design a single stage amplifier of a given voltage gain and lower cut of frequencies.
2 To determine Lo. Co. and Rf of a given coil and to study the variations of Rf with frequency.
3 To Design a RC coupled two stage amplifies of a given gain and the cut off frequencies.
4 To Study Hartley oscillator.
5 To Study Transistor bias Stability.
6 To design a Multivibrator of given frequency and study its wave shape
7 To Study the Characteristics of FET and use it to design an relaxation oscillator and measure its
frequency
8 To Study the Characteristics of an operational amplifier
9 To Study the Characteristics of a UJT and use it to design a relaxation oscillator and measure its
frequency.
10 To study the addition ,Integration and differentation properties of an operational amplifier.
11 Determine Plack constant and work function by a photo-cell.
12 To determine Plack constant and work function by a pjoto-cell.
13 To study regulated power supply using (A)Zener diode only (b) Zener diode with a series transistor
(c) Zener diode with a shunt transistor
14 To Verify Fresnel's formula.
15 To study the percentage regulation and variation of Ripple factor, with load for full wave rectifier
16 To study analog to digital and digital to analog conversion.
17 To study a driven mechanical oscillator.
18 To verify Hartmann's formula using constant deviation spectrograph
19 To find e:-m of electron using Zeeman effect.
20 To find Dissociation energy to I.
21 Study of CH Bands
22 Salt Analysis/ Raman effect (Atomic)
23 Design and study of pass filters
24 Michelson Interferometer
25 Fabry patot Interferometer
26 Determination of velocity of Ultrasonic waves.
27 Study of Eliptically polarised light by babinet Compensator.
28 Verification of Cauchey's Dispersion relation.
29 Study of DC gate control Characteristics and Anode current characteristics of SCR

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M. Sc PHYSICS FINAL
Paper-V AdvancedQuantumMechanics and Introductory Quantum Field Theory
Paper VI. Nuclear Physics
Paper VII Statistical and Solid State Physics
Paper-VIII (A) Microwave Electronics.
OR
Paper-VIII (B) Condensed Matter Physics
List of Experiments for M.Sc. Final

PAPER -V : ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS AND INTRODUCTORY

QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
UNIT - I
Scattering (non-relativistic): Differentialand total scattering cross section,- transformation from CM
frame to Lab frame, solution of scattering problem by the method of partial wave analysis,
expansion of a plane wave into a spherical wave and scattering amplitude, the optical theorem,
Applications.- scattering from a delta potential, square well potential and the hard sphere
scattering of identical particles, energy depandence and resonance scattering. Breit-Wigner
formula, quasi stationary states. The Lippman-Schwinger equation and the Green's function
approach for scattering problem, Born approximation and its validity for scattering problem,
Coulombscatteringproblem under first Born approximation in elastic scattering. Relativistic
Formulation and Dirac Equation: Attempt for relativistic formulation of quantum theory, The Klein-
Gordon equation, Probability densityand probabilitycurrentdensity,solutionof free particle KG
equation in momentum representation, interpretation of negative probability density and negative
energy solutions.
UNIT - II
Dirac equation for a free particle, properties of Dirac matrices and algebra of gamma matrices,
non-relativistic correspondence of the Pauli equation (inclusive of electromagnetic interaction).
Solution of the free particle. Dirac equation, orthogonality and completeness relations for Dirac
spinors, interpretation of negative energy solution. Symmetries of Dirac Equation : Lorentz
covariance of Dirac equation,proof of covariance and derivation of Lorentz boost and rotation
matrices for Dirac spinors, Projection operators involving four momentum and spin, Parity (P),
Charge.conjugation(C), time reversal (T) and CPT operators for Dirac spinors,Billinear covariants,
and their transfonnations behaviour underLorentz transfonnation, P,C,T and CPT, expectation
values of coordinate and velocity, involving only, positive energy solutions and the associated
problems, inclusion of negative energy solution, Zitter bewegung, Klain paradox.
UNIT - III
The Quantum Theory of Radiation : Classical radiation field, transversality condition, Fourier
decomposition and radiation oscillators, Quantization of radiation oscillator,creation, annihilation
and number operators; photon states, photon as a quantum mechanical excitations of the radiation
field, fluctuations and the Uncertainty relation, validity of the classical description,matrix element
for emission and absorption, spontaneous emission in the-dipole approximation, Rayleigh
scattering. Thomson scattering and the -Raman effect, Radiation damping and Resonance
fluorescence.
UNIT - IV Scalar and vector fields: Classical Lagrangian
field theory, 'Euler-Lagrange's equation, Lagrangian density for electromagnetic field. Occupation
number representation for simple harmonic oscillator,linear array of coupled oscillators,

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secondquantization ,of identical bosons, second quantization of the real Klein Gordan field and
complex ,Klein-Gordan field, the meson propagator.
The occupation number representation for fermions, second quantization of the
Dirac filed, the femion propagator, the e.m. interaction and gauge invariance, covariant
quantization of the free electromagnetic field, the photon propagator.
UNIT - V
S-matrix, theS-matrix expansion,Wick's theorem, Diagrammatic representation in configuration
space, the momentum representation, Feynman diagrams of basic processes, Feynman rules of
QED. Applications of S .matrix formalism: the Coulomb scattering, Bhabha scattering, Moller
scattering, Compton scattering and pair production.
Reference Books :
1 Ashok Das and A.C. Millissiones : Quantum Mechanics -A Modern Approach.(Garden and
Breach Science Publishers)
2 E. Merzbaker : Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition (John Wiley and sons)
3 Bjorken and Drell : Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (MGraw Hill)
4 J.J. Sakuri : Advanced Quantum Mechanics (John Wiley)
5 F. Mandal & G. Shaw, Quantum Field Theory (John Wiley)
6 J,M. Ziman, Elements of Advance Quantum Theory, (Cambridge University Press).

PAPER - VI : NUCLEAR PHYSICS

UNIT - I
Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering and Potentials : Partial wave analysis of the neutron-proton scattering
at low energy assuming central potential with square well shape, concept of the-scattering length,
coherent scattering of neutrons by protons in (ortho and para) hydrogen molecule; conclusions of
these analyses regarding scattering lengths, range and depth of the potential; the effective range
theory (in neutron-proton scattering) and the shape independence of nuclear potential; A
qualitative discussion of proton proton scattering at low energy: General features of two-body
scattering at high energy Effect of exchange forces:Phenomemonological Hamada- Johnston hard
core potential and Reid hard core and soft core potentials; Main features of the One boson
Exchange Potentials (OBEP) no derivation.
UNIT – II
Two Nucleon system and Nuclear Forces: General nature of the force between nucleons,
saturation of nuclear forces, charge independence and spin dependence, General forms of two
nucleon interaction, central, noncentral and velocity dependent potentials, Analysis of the ground
state (3S1)of deuteronusing a square wellpotential,range-depth relationship, excited states of
deuteron, Discussion of the ground state of deutron under noncentral force, calculation of the
electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole moments and the D-state admixture.
Experimental Techniques: Gas filled counters; Scintillator counter, Cerenkov counters; Solid state
detectors; Surface barrier detectors; Electronic circuits used with typical nuclear detectors;
Multiwire proportion chambers; Nuclear emulsions, techniques of measurement and analysis of
tracks; Proton synchrotron; Linear accelerations; Acceleration of heavy ions.
UNIT – III
Nuclear shell model: Single particle and collective motions in nuclei: Assumptions and justification
of the shell model, average shell potential, spin orbit coupling; single particle wave functions and
level sequence; magic numbers; shell model predictions for ground state parity; angular
momentum, magnetic dipole and electric-quadrupole moments; and their comparison with
experimental data; configuration mixing; single particle transition probability according to the shell
model; selection rules; approximate estimates for the transition probability and Weisskopf units:
Nuclear isomerism. Collective nuclear models: Collective variable to describe the the cooperative
modes of nuclear motion; Parametrization of nuclear surface; A brief description of the collective

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model Hamiltonian (in the quadratic approximation); Vibrational modes of a spherical nucleus,
Collective modes of a deformed even-even nucleus and moments of,inertia; Collective spectra and
electromagnetic transition in even nuclei and comparison with experimental data; Nilsson model
for the single particle states in deformed nuclei.
UNIT – IV
Interaction of radiation and charged particle with matter (No derivation): Law of absorptionand
attenuation coefficient; Photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production; Klem-Nishima
cross sections for polarized and unpolarized radiation, angular distribution of scattered photon and
electrons, Energy loss of charged particles due to ionization, Bremstrahlung; energy target and
projectile dependence of all three processes, Range-energy curves; Straggling. . Nuclear
Reactions: Theories of Nuclear Reactions; Partial wave analysis of reaction Cross section;
Compound nucleus formation and breakup,Resonance scattering and reaction- Breit-Wigner
dispersion formula for S-waves (l= 0), continuum cross section; statistical theory of nuclear
reactions,evaporation probability and cross section for specific reactions; The optical
model,Stripping and pick-up reactions and their simple theoretical description (Butler theory) using
plane wave Born approximation (PWBA) Short comings of PWBA nuclear structure studies with
deutron stripping (d,p) reactions.
UNIT - V
Nuclear gamma and beta decay: Electric and magnetic multipole moments and gamma decay
probabilities in nuclear system (no derivations),Reduced transition probability, Selection mles;
fu.ternal conversion and zero. zero transition.
General characteristics of weak interaction; nuclear beta decay and lepton capture;
electron energy spectrum and Fermi- Kurie plot; Fermi theory of beta decay (parity conserved
selection rules Fermi and Gammaw-Teler) for allowed transitions; ft-values; General interaction
Hamiltonian for beta decay with parity conserving and non conserving terms; Forbidden transitions
,Experimental verification of parity violation; The V-A interaction and experimental evidence.
Reference Books :
1.J. M Blatt and V.E. Weisskipf: Theoretical Nuclear Physics
1 Statistical theory of nuclear reactions, Exaparation probability and cross section for specific
reaction.
2 L.R.B Elton: Introductory Nuclear Theory, ELBS Pub. London, 1959
3 B.K. Agrawl : Nuclear Physics, Lokbharti Pub, Allahabad. 1989
4 M.K. Pal: Nuclear Structlire, Affiliated East-West Press, 1982).
5 RR Roy and B.P.Nigam, Nuclear Pbysics, Willey-Easter, 1979
6 M.A. Preston & RK Bhaduri-Structure of the Nucleus, Addision Wesley, 1975
7 RM. Singru : Introductory Experimental Nuclear Physics
8 England - Techniques on Nuclear Structure (Vol.D
9 RD. Evans-TheAtomicNucleus(McGraw-Hills, 1955)
10 H. Enge -Introduction to Nuclear PeYsic~,Addition-Wesley, 1970
11 W.E.Burcham- Elementsof NuclearPhysics,ELBS, Longman, 1988
12 B.L. Cohen - Concpt of Nuclear Physics Tata Mc-Graw Hills, 1988
13 E. Segre - Nuclei, Particles Benjamin, 1977
14 I. Kaplan -Nuclear Physics, Addison Wesley, 1963
15 D. Hallidy -Introductory Nuclear Physics, Wiley, 1955.
16 Harvey -Introduction of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry

PAPER-VII: STATISTICAL AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS

UNIT - I
Basic Principles, Canonical and Grand Canonical ensembles: Concept of statistical
distribution, phase space, density of states, Liouville's theorem, systems and ensemble,

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entropy in statistical mechanics Connection between thermodyanic and statistical

quantities micro canonical ensemble, equation of state, specific heat and entropy of a
perfect gas, using micro canonical ensemble.
Canonical ensemble, thermodynamic functions for the canonical ensemble,
calculation of mean values, energy fluctuation in a gas, grand Canonical ensemble,
thermodynamic functions for the grand canonical ensemble, density fluctuations.
UNIT – II
Partition functions and Statistics: Partition functions and Properties, partition function for an ideal
gas and calculation of thermodynamic quantities, Gibbs Paradox, validity of classical
approximation, determination of translational, rotational and vibrational contributions to the
partition fimction of an ideal diatomic gas. Specific beat of a diatomic gas, ortho and para
hydrogen.
Identical particles and symmetry .requirement, difficulties with Maxwell-Boltzmann
statistics,quantum distribution functions, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics, Boson statistics
and Planck's formula, Bose Einstein condensation, liquid He as a Boson system, quantization
ofhannonic oscillator and creation and annihilation of Phonon operators, quantization of fermion
operators.
UNIT - III
Band Theory: Block theorem, Kronig Penny model, effective mass of electrons, Wigner-Seitz
approximation, NFE model, tight binding method and calculation of density for a band in simple
cubic lattice, pseudo potential method.
Semiconductors: law of mass action, calculation of impurity conductivity,ellipsoidal energy
surfaces in Si and Ge, Hall effect, recombination mechanism, optical transitions and Schockely-
Read theory excitons, photoconductivity, photo-Luminescence.Points line, planar and bulk defects,
colour centres, F-centre and aggregate centresin alkali halides.
UNIT - IV
Theory of Metals: Fermi- Dirac distribution function, density of states, temperature
dependence of Fermi energy, specific heat, use of Fermi.
Dirac statistics in the calculation of thennal conductivity and electrical conductivity,
Widemann -Franz ratio, susceptibility, width of conduction band, Drude theory of light, absorption
in metals. Lattice Vibratuibs and Thermal Properties: Interrelations between elastic constants C11,
C12 and C44 wave propagation and exparimental determination of elastic constant of cubic
crystal, vibrations of linearmono and diatomic lattices, Detennipation of phonon dispersion by
inelastic scattering of neutrons.
UNIT - V
Magnetism: Larmor diamagnetism.Paramagnetism,Curie Langevin and Quantum theories.
Susceptibility of rare earth and transition metals. Ferromagnetism: Domain theory, Veiss molecular
field and exchange,spin waves: dispersion relation and its experimental determination by inelastic
neutrons scattering, heat capacity. Nuclear Magnetic resonance: Conditions of resonance, Black
equations. NMR-experiment and characteristics of an absorption line. Superconductivity: (a)
Experimental results: Meissner effect, heat capacity, microwave and infrared properties, isotope
effect, flux quantization, ultrasonic attenuation, density of states, nuclear spin relaxation, Giver and
AC and DC, Josephson tunnelings.
(b) Cooper pairs and derivation of BCS Hamiltonian, results of BCS theory (no derivation).
Reference Books:
1 Huag : Statistical Mechanics
2 Reif : Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermodynamical Physics
3 Rice : Statistical mechanics and Thermal Physics
4 Kittle: Elementary statistical Mechanics
5 Kittle : Introduction to Solid State Physics

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 SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY – Detailed Syllabus M.Sc. (Physics)

6 Patterson:Solid State Physics

7 Levy : Solid State Physics
8 Mckelvy: Solid State and Semi-conductor Physics.

PAPER-VIII : (A) MICROWAVE ELECTRONICS

Max.Marks :100 Duration : 3hrs. Note: Five question are to be set taking one from each unit(each
question will have an internal choice).Student will attempt all the five questions. 40% weightage
will be given to problems and numericals.
UNIT - I
1. Introduction to microwaves and its frequency spectrum, Application of microwaves. Wave
guides: (a) Rectangular wave guides: Wave Equation & its solutions,TE&TM modes.Dominan
tmode and choice of wave guide Dimensions Methods of excitation of wave guide.

(b) Circular wave guide-wave equation & its solutions, TE, TM & TEM modes.

(c) Attenuation - Cause of attenuation in wave guides, wall current & derivation of
attenuation constant, Q of the wave guide.

2. Resonators: Resonant Modes of rectangular and cylindrical cavity resonators, Q of the cavity
resonators, Excitation techniques, Introduction to Microstrip and Dielectric resonators, Frequency
meter.
UNIT - II
1 Farrites: Microwave propagation in ferrites, Faraday rotation, Devices employing Faraday
rotation (isolator, Gyrator, Circulator). Introduction to single crystal ferromagnetic resonators, YIG
tuned solid state resonators.
2 Microwave Measurement:

(a) Microwave Detectors: Power, Frequency, Attenuation, Impedance Using smith chart,
VSWR, Reflectometer, Directivity, coupling using direction coupler.

(b) Complex permittivity of material & its measurement: definition of complex of Solids,
liquids and powders using shift of minima method.
UNIT - III
3. Microwave tubes: Spacecharge spreadingof an electronbeam, Beam focussings.
Klystrons: Velocity Modulation, Two Cavity Klystron, Reflex Klystron Efficiency of
Klystrons. Magnetrons: types & description, Theoretical relations between Electric &
Magnetic field of oscillations. Modes of oscillation & operating characteristics. Gyrotrons:
Constructions of different ,Gyrotrons, Field. -Particle Interaction in Gyrotron.
UNIT - IV
6. (a) Avalanche Transit Time Device:Read Diode, Negative resistance of an
avalanching p-n Junction diode IMPATT and TRAPATT Oscillator.

(b) Transferred Electron Device: Gunn effect, two velley, model, High field Dotrutins,
Different Modes for Microwave generation.

(c) Passive Devices: Termination (Short circuit and matched terminations) Attenuator,
phase changers, E&H plane Tees, Hybrid Junctions. Directional coupler. 7.Parametric Amplifier:
Varactor, Equation of Capacitance in Linearly graded & abrupt pnjun.ction, Manely Rowe relations,
parametric upconvertor and Negative resistance parametric amplifier,-use of circulator, Noise in
parametric amplifiers.
UNIT - V
1 Microwave Antennas: Introduction to antenna parameters, Magnetic Currents, Electric and
magne* current sheet, Field of Huygen's source, Radiation from a slot antenna, open end of a
wave guide and Electromagnetic Horns. Prabolic reflectors, Lens antennas. Radiation fields of
Microstrip wave guide, Microstrip wave guide, Microstrip antenna calculations, Microstrip design
formulas.

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 SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY – Detailed Syllabus M.Sc. (Physics)

2 Microwave Communication:

(a) LOS microwave systems, Derivation of LOS communication range, OTH microwave
systems, Derivation of field strength of tropospheric waves, . Transmission interference and signal
damping, Ductpropagation.

(b) Satellite Communication: Satellite frequencies allocation, Synchronous
satellites,Satellite orbits, Satellite location with respect to earth and look angle, earth coverage and
slant range, Eclipse effect, Link calculation, Noise consideration, Factors affecting satellite
communication. Reference Books: 1. Electromagnetic waves & Radiating Systems: Jorden &
Balmain.

1 Theory and application of microwaves by A.B. Brownwell & RE. Beam (McGraw Hill) .
2 Introduction to microwave theory by Atwater (McGraw Hill).
3 Principles of microwave circuit by G.C. Montgomery (Mc Graw Hill)
4 Microwave Circuits & Passive Devices by M.L. Sisodia and G.S. Raghuvanshi (New Age
International, New Delhi)
5 Foundations of microwave engineering by RE. Collin. (McGraw Hill).
6 Microwave Semiconductor Devices and their Circuit applications by H.A. Watson
7 Microwave by M.L. Sisodia and Vijay Laxmi Gupta. New Age, New Delhi.
8 Antenna Theory, Part-I by RE. Collin & EJ. Zucker (McGraw Hill, New York) 10.Microstrip
Antennas by Bahl & Bhartiya (Artech House, Messachausetts)

1 Antenna Theory Analysis by C.A. Balanis Harper & Row. Pub. & Inc. New York.
2 Antenna Theory Analysis by E.A. W01""(J. Willey & Sons)
3 Antenna Theory & Design by RS Elliott (LPHI Ltd. New Delhi)
4 Microwave electronics by RE Soohoo (Addisen Westey pubblic company,). 15.Microwave
Active Devices, Vacuoums by M.L. Sisodia new Age International New Delhi.

1 Semiconductors & Electronics device by A. BarIe vs (PHI, India).

2 Solid State physical electronics by A.Vanderziel, (PHI, India).
3 Hand book of microwave measurement Vol-II by M. Sucher & J.Fox (polytechnic Press,
New York).
4 Microwave devices & circuits by S.Y.Liao(PHI, India).
5 Microwave Principles by H.J. Reich (CBS).
6 Simple microwave technique for measuring the dielectric parameters of solids & their
powder by J.M. Gandhi, J.S. Yadav, J. of pure & applied physics Vol. 30, pp-427431, 1992.

PAPER -VIII : (B) CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

UNIT - I
Simple liquids : order-disorder theory, Lindemann theory of melting, cell and hole theories of
liquids, communal entropy and free volume concept; molecular distribution function, two praticle
distribution function and its relation with pair correlation function g(r); derivation of internal energy
of liquid and equation of state.
Structure factor static struvture factor and its relation with the pair correlation function.
Determination of structure factor by X-ray and neutron scattering, Inelastic neutron scattering and
dynamic structure factor, spacetime correlation function and its relation with dynamic structure
factor properties of space time correlation function. Langevin equation for Brownina motion and its
modification. velocity autocorrelation function mean square displacement. Relation between
velocity autocorrelation function and diffusion coefficient.
UNIT - II

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 SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY – Detailed Syllabus M.Sc. (Physics)

Liquid metals : Metallic interaction- kinetic energy, electrostatic exchange and correlation,
pseudopotential formalism, diffraction model,structure factor, form factor for local and non local
potential, energy eigen states, dielectric screening. Energy-wave number characteristics,
calculation of phonon dispersion in liquids metals. Band structure energy in momentum and direct
space , Ziman's resistivity formula. Quantum liquids : Distiniction between classical and quantum
liquids, criteria for freezing, phase diagram for He,He I and He II, Tisza's two fluid model, Entropy
filter, Fountain effect Super fluid film vehicle, Viscosity and specific heat of He, first sound, second
sound, third sound and fourth sound. Landau theory: Rotons and Phonons.
UNIT - III
Exotic solids : Structure and symmetries of liquids, liquid crystals and amorphous solids.
Aperiodic solids and quasicrystals; Fibonaccy sequence and Penrose lattice, their extension to
quasi-srystal, synthesis and properties. Speial Carbon solids: fullerence and tubules; formation
and characterization of fullerences and tubules. Carbon nanotube based electronic devices;
method of synthesis of nanostructured materials: sel-gel, co-precipitation, effect of temperature on
particle size; special experimental techniques for characterization of nanostructured materials: x-
ray diffraction and XANES.
UNIT - IV
Phase transformation and alloys: Equilibrium transformation of first and second order.
Equilibrium diagrams phase rule, interpretation of phase diagrams. Substitutional solid
soluation. Vegards's law intermediate phase, HumeRothery rules, interstitial phase (carbides,
nitrides, hydrides, bordides). Marternsitic transitions.
2. Disodered systems: Disorder in condensed matter, substitutional, positional and topographical
disorder, short and long-range order.Spinning, sputtering and ion-implantation techniques, glass
formation ability, glass transition, nucleation and growth process. Anderson model for random
system and electron localization, mobility edge, qualitative application of the idea of amorphous
semiconductors and hopping conduction Metglasses, model for structure of metglasses of glassy
systems.
UNIT - V
Structure determination / characterization : Basic theory of X-ray diffraction. Indexing of Debye-
Scherer patterns friom powder samples, examples from some cubic, non-cubic and non-cubic
symmetries. Netutron differaction-basic interactions cross-sections, scattering lengh and structure
factor Mossbaure effect, hyperfine parameters-Isomer shift, quadruple splitting and Zeeman
splitting. Application- Valance and coordination , site symmetry magnetic behaviour
57
Discussion in context of Fe. Electronic Structure Determation: Basic principles of X-ray,
photoemission and positron annihilation techniques Qualitative discussion and positron
annihilation techniques. Qualitative discussion of experimental arrangement and typical result for
both simple as well as transition metals.
References:
1 Egelstaff- An introduction to the liquid state (hapters 2-8).
2 Mc Donald and Hansen-Theory of Simple liquid (Chapters 3,5,8 and 9).
3 Faber - Theory of Liquid Metals.
4 N.H. March-Liquid Metals
5 D. Pines and P. Nozier- Theory of Quantum Liquids
6 W.A. Harrison - Pseudopotentional in the theory of metals.
7 March, Young and Saupenthe - Many body problem
8 March and Tosi - Atomic Motions in liquids
9 March, Tosi and Street-Amorphous solids and the liquid State.
10 Dug dale- Electrical Properties of Metals and Alloys.
11 M.Shimoji - Liquid Metals
12 P.I. Taylor - A Quantum approach to the solid State Prentice hall
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 SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY – Detailed Syllabus M.Sc. (Physics)

13 L. Azaroff -Introduction to Solid State.

14 Srinivasan - Physics of Engineering Materials
15 Lecture Notes in Physics No. 283,Electrnic Band structure and its applications (Editor
M. Yusouf (1987) Springer- Verlag).

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS FOR M.Sc. FINAL

Scheme:
Two experiments 120 + Viva 40 + Record 40 = Total 200
Minimum Pass Marks 72

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1 To determine half-life of a radio isotope using GM counter.
2 To study absorption of particles and determine range using at least two sources.
3 To study characteristics of a GMcounter and to study statistical nature of radioactive decay.
4 To study spectrum of -β particles using Gamma ray-spectrometer.
5 To calibrate a scintillation spectrometer and determine energy of γ-rays from an unknown
source.
6. (a) To study variation of energy resolution for a Nai (T) detector.
(b) To determine attenuation coefficient (u) for rays from a given source.
6 To study Compton scattering of γ-rays and verify the energy shift formula
7 To .stud y temperature variation of resistivity or a semi-conductor and to obtain band gap
using four probe method.
8 To study hall effect a:nd to det,erminehall coefficient.
9 To study the variation of rigidity of a given specimen as a function of the
temperature.

10 To study the dynamics of a lattice using electrical analog.

11 To study ESR and determine g -factor for a given spectrum.
12 Todetermine ultrasonic velocity and to obtain compressibility for agiven liquid.
13 Study, the characteristics of a gb len Klystron and calculate the mode number, E.T.S. and
transit time.,
14 Study the simulated L.C.R. tran:5mission line (audio frequency) and to find out the value for
and Zo experimentally from the graph.
15 Study the radiation pattern of a given Pyramidal horn by plotting it on a Polar graph paper.
Find the Half power beam width and calculate its gain.
16 Find the dielectric constaD.tof a gi yen solid (Teflon) for three different lengths by using
slotted section.
17 Find the dielectric const.ant of a given liquid (organic) using slotted section of K-band.
18 Verification of Braggs law using microwaves..
19 Determination of Dielectric Constant of a liquid by lecher wire.
20 Study of a Heat Capacity of Solids.
21 Study of lattice dispersion

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