CIV2503 Structural Design I
Module 2A: Shear and Moment Diagrams
(Revision) – Part A
Lecture Objectives
Part 2 (Graphical method)
Discuss the relationship between
loading, shear force and bending
moment diagrams
To show how to plot shear force and
bending moment diagrams using the
graphical method
Relations between Distributed Load,
Shear and Moment
Distributed Load
Consider beam AD subjected to an arbitrary
load w = w(x) and a series of concentrated
forces and moments
Distributed load assumed positive when
loading acts downwards
1
Relations between Distributed Load,
Shear and Moment
Distributed Load
A FBD diagram for a small
segment of the beam having a
length ∆x is chosen at point x
along the beam which is not
subjected to a concentrated force
or couple moment
Any results obtained will not apply
at points of concentrated loadings
Relations between Distributed Load,
Shear and Moment
Distributed Load
The internal shear force and bending
moments shown on the FBD are
assumed to act in the positive sense
Both the shear force and moment
acting on the right-hand face must be
increased by a small, finite amount in
order to keep the segment in
equilibrium
Relations between Distributed
Load, Shear and Moment
Distributed Load
The distributed loading has been replaced by a
resultant force ∆F = w(x) ∆x that acts at a
fractional distance k (∆x) from the right end,
where 0 < k <1
Fy 0;V w( x)x (V V ) 0
V w( x) x
M 0;Vx M w( x)xk x ( M M ) 0
M Vx w( x) k (x) 2
2
Relations between Distributed
Load, Shear and Moment
Distributed Load
dV
w(x)
Slope of the dx = Negative of
shear diagram distributed load intensity
dM
V
Slope of dx Shear moment
Moment diagram = diagram
Relations between Distributed Load,
Shear and Moment
Distributed Load
At a specified point in a beam, the slope of the
shear diagram is equal to the intensity of the
distributed load
Slope of the moment diagram = shear
If the shear is equal to zero, dM/dx = 0, a point of
zero shear corresponds to a point of maximum
(or possibly minimum) moment
w (x) dx and V dx represent differential area
under the distributed loading and shear diagrams
Relations between Distributed Load,
Shear and Moment
Distributed Load
Change in shear between points B and C is
equal to the negative of the area under the
distributed-loading curve between these
points
Change in moment between B and C is equal
to the area under the shear diagram within
region BC
The equations so not apply at points where
concentrated force or couple moment acts
3
Relations between Distributed
Load, Shear and Moment
Force
FBD of a small segment of
the beam
Fy 0; V F
Change in shear is negative
thus the shear will jump
downwards when F acts
downwards on the beam
Relations between Distributed
Load, Shear and Moment
Force
FBD of a small segment of the
beam located at the couple
moment
M 0; M M O
Change in moment is positive
or the moment diagram will
jump upwards MO is clockwise
Construction of Shear Force Diagrams
Concentrated loads on the structure result in sudden jumps in the shear
force diagram. The magnitude of these changes is equal to the
magnitude of the forces. The direction of the changes is the same as the
direction of the forces causing them.
If there is no loading on the beam between any two concentrated loads,
the shear force diagram has a constant value.
The shear force diagram increases or decreases at a constant rate under
a uniformly distributed load. The slope of the shear force diagram is
equal to the magnitude of the uniformly distributed load.
The shear force diagram changes according to a parabolic function under
linearly ranging loads. The slope of the shear force diagram at any point
on the beam is equal to the magnitude of the distributed load at the point
in question.
The shear force must be zero at a free end of the beam.
4
Construction of Bending Moment
Diagrams
The bending moment diagram changes linearly between any two
concentrated loads on a beam.
The bending moment diagram is a parabolic curve for a uniformly
distributed load.
The bending moment diagram is a cubic function for a linearly
varying distributed load.
The bending moment is zero at roller pinned and roller supports
of simply supported beams, as well as the free end of cantilever
beams, unless a concentrated moment is applied at this location.
When the loading includes an externally applied moment, the
internal bending moment diagram will exhibit a sudden jump.
The magnitude of this sudden change will equal the magnitude of
the applied moment.
Procedure for Analysis (1)
Support Reactions. Draw the free body
diagram of the beam and determine the
support reactions. Resolve the forces
acting on the beam into components
that are perpendicular and parallel to
the beam’s axis.
Procedure for Analysis (2)
Shear Diagram. Establish the V and x
axes and plot the known values of the
shear at the two ends of the beam. The
slope of the shear diagram at any point
is equal to the (negative) intensity of the
distributed loading at the point. If w(x) is
a curve of degree n, V(x) will be a curve
of degree n+1.
5
Procedure for Analysis (3)
Moment Diagram. Establish the M and x
axes and plot the known values of the
moment at the ends of the beam. The slope
of the moment diagram at any point is equal
to the shear at the point. In particular, note
that at the point where the shear is zero,
dM/dx=0, and this may be a point of
maximum or minimum moment. If V(x) is a
curve of degree n, M(x) will be a curve of
degree n+1.
Example 7.7 (same as before)
Draw the shear and bending moments
diagrams for the shaft. The support at A is a
thrust bearing and the support at C is a
journal bearing.
Example 7.50 (same as before)
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for
the beam.
6
Example 7.10
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
cantilevered beam.
Solution
Support Reactions
FBD of the beam
Solution
Since the load between 1.2 ≤ x ≤ 2, w = 0,
slope dV/dx = 0, at x = 2, V = +600
Shear Diagram
7
Solution
Moment diagram is parabolic with a linearly
decreasing positive slope
Moment Diagram
- 1588
Slope = +1080
Slope = +600
Slope = +600
-100
x (m)
1.2 m 2m
M (kN · m)
