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Learning Outcomes

Identify the different quadrants in a rectangular coordinate system.

Plot a graph of even, odd, linear and quadratic function.

Perform algebraic operations involving functions.

Determine the domain and range of a function.

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Rectangular or Rectangular
Cartesian or Cartesian
Coordinate
Coordinate System System

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Function

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A relation assigns the x’s with y’s

A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
The domain is the set of all x values in the relation
domain = {-1,0,2,4,9} 1
2
These are the x values written in a set from smallest to largest
2
4
This is a 3
{(2,3), (-1,5), (4,-2), (9,9), (0,-6)} relation 6
4 8
5 10
These are the y values written in a set from smallest to largest

range = {-6,-2,3,5,9}
Domain (set of all x’s) Range (set of all y’s)
The range is the set of all y values in the relation
This relation can be written {(1,6), (2,2), (3,4), (4,8), (5,10)}

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AAfunction
functionfffrom
fromset
setAAtotoset
setBBisis aarule
ruleof
ofcorrespondence
correspondence Let’s look at another relation and decide if it is a function.
that
thatassigns
assignsto toeach
eachelement
elementxxin inthe
theset
setAAexactly
exactly one
The second condition says each x can have only one y, but it CAN
element
elementyyinin the
theset
setB.
B.
be the same y as another x gets assigned to.

1 1
2 2
2 2
4 4
3 3
6 6
4 8 4 8
5 10 5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range Set A is the domain Set B is the range
This is a function
This is a function Must use all the x’s Must use all the x’s
---it meets our
---it meets our
conditions
conditions
The x value can only be assigned to one y The x value can only be assigned to one y

9 10

AAgood
goodexample
examplethat thatyou
youcan
can“relate”
“relate”totoisisstudents
studentsininour
our Check this relation out to determine if it is a function.
mathsclass
maths classthis
thissemester
semesterare
areset
setA.A. The
Thegrade
gradethey
theyearn
earnout
out It is not---3 didn’t get assigned to anything
ofofthe
theclass
classisisset
setB.B. Each
Eachstudent
studentmust
mustbe beassigned
assignedaagrade
grade
Comparing to our example, a student in maths must receive a grade
andcan
and canonly
only be
be assigned
assigned ONE
ONE grade,
grade,but butmore
morethan
thanone
one
studentcan
student cangetgetthe
thesame
samegrade
grade(we
(wehope
hopeso---we
so---wewant
wantlots
lotsof
1
of A’s).
A’s). TheThe example
example show
shown onon
thethe previous
previous screen
screen had
had each
each 2
2
studentgetting
student gettingthethesame
samegrade.
grade. That’s
That’sokay.
okay. 4
3
6
4 8
1
2 5 10
2
4
3
6 Set A is the domain Set B is the range
4 8
5 10 This is not a
function---it Must use all the x’s
2 was assigned both 4 and 10 doesn’t assign
each x with a y The x value can only be assigned to one y
Is the relation shown above a function? NO Why not???

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Check this relation out to determine if it is a function.

This is fine—each student gets only one grade. More than one can
Is a relation a function?
get an A and I don’t have to give any D’s (so all y’s don’t need to be •Focus on the x-coordinates, when given a relation
used).
1
2
2 If the set of ordered pairs has different x-coordinates,
4
3
6 it IS A function
4 8
5 10
same x-coordinates,
If the set of ordered pairs has

Set A is the domain Set B is the range it is NOT a function

This is a function Must use all the x’s

•Y-coordinates have no bearing in
determining functions
The x value can only be assigned to one y

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Check your Understanding

We commonly call functions by letters. Because function
starts with f, it is a commonly used letter to refer to
1. {(9,10), (-5, -2), (2, -1), (3, -9)} functions.

2. {(6, a), (8, f), (6, b), (-2, p)} f  x   2 x 2  3x  6

This means
the right The left side DOES NOT
3. {(z, 7), (y, -5), (r, 7), (z, 0), (k, 0)} hand side is This means MEAN f times x like
a function the right hand brackets usually do, it
4. {(2,5) , (3,8) , (4,6) , (7, 20)} called f side has the simply tells us what is on
variable x in it the right hand side.
5. {(1,4) , (1,5) , (2,3) , (9, 28)}
The left hand side of this equation is the function notation.
6. {(1,0) , (4,0) , (9,0) , (21, 0)} It tells us two things. We called the function f and the
variable in the function is x.

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Remember---this tells you what

is on the right hand side---it is
f x   2 x 2  3x  6 Find f (-2). f x   2 x 2  3x  6
f 2   22   32   6
not something you work. It says
f  2   2 2   3 2   6
2 2
that the right hand side is the
function f and it has x in it.

f 2   24   32   6  8  6  6  8 f  2  24  3 2  6  8  6  6  20

So we have a function called f that has the variable x in it.
This means to find the function f and instead of having an x
Using function notation we could then ask the following:
in it, put a -2 in it. So let’s take the function above and make
This means to find the function f and instead of brackets everywhere the x was and in its place, put in a -2.
Find f (2). having an x in it, put a 2 in it. So let’s take the
function above and make brackets everywhere
the x was and in its place, put in a 2. Don’t forget order of operations---powers, then
multiplication, finally addition & subtraction
Don’t forget order of operations---powers, then
multiplication, finally addition & subtraction

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Find f (k). f x   2 x 2  3x  6 Find f (2k). f x   2 x 2  3x  6

f k   2k   3k   6 f 2k   22k   32k   6
2 2

f k   2k 2   3k   6  2k 2  3k  6 f 2k   24k 2   32k   6  8k 2  6k  6

This means to find the function f and instead of having an x This means to find the function f and instead of having an x in
in it, put a k in it. So let’s take the function above and make it, put a 2k in it. So let’s take the function above and make
brackets everywhere the x was and in its place, put in a k. brackets everywhere the x was and in its place, put in a 2k.

Don’t forget order of operations---powers, then Don’t forget order of operations---powers, then
multiplication, finally addition & subtraction multiplication, finally addition & subtraction

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Let's try a new function Find g(1)+ g(-4).

g x   x 2  2 x

g 1  1  21  1

2
Graph of a
g  4    4  2 4  16  8  24
2
Function
So g 1  g  4   1  24  23

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•Graph Linear
Function
f(x) = 2x+1
A function f is a
linear function if and
only if f(x) can be
written in the form

f(x) = ax + b

where a, b are
constants.

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Linear Functions

The graph of a linear function

Even and Odd
with equation y=ax +b is a Functions
STRAIGHT LINE

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Even and Odd Functions

• A graph has symmetry with respect to the y-axis if
whenever (x, y) is on the graph, then so is the point (–x, y).
A graph has symmetry with respect to the origin if whenever (x, y) is on the
graph, then so is the point
(–x, –y).

• A graph has symmetry with respect to the x-axis if whenever (x, y) is on the
graph, then so is the point (x, –y). A function whose graph is symmetric with
respect to the
y -axis is an even function.

• A function whose graph is symmetric with respect to the origin is an odd

function.

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Even and Odd Functions Even and Odd Functions

• A graph that is symmetric with respect to the x-axis is not
the graph of a function (except for the graph of y = 0). 0.

Symmetric to y-axis Symmetric to origin Symmetric to x-axis

Even function Odd function Not a function

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A function is odd if f( -x) = - f(x) for every number x in the domain. If a function is not even or odd we just say neither (meaning neither
even nor odd)
A function is even if f( -x) = f(x) for every number x in the domain.

So if you plug a –x into the function and you get the negative of the function Determine if the following functions are even, odd or neither.
back again (all terms change signs) it is odd.
Not the original and all terms

f x   5 x  1 3 didn’t change signs, so

f x   5 x 4  2 x 2  1
NEITHER.

EVEN
f  x  5 x 1  5x3 1
3

f  x  5(x)  2( x) 1  5x  2x 1
4 2 4 2

f  x   3 x 4  x 2  2 Got f(x) back so

f x   2 x 3  x
EVEN.

ODD
f  x   2 (  x )  (  x )   2 x  x
3 3 f  x   3( x) 4  ( x) 2  2  3x 4  x 2  2
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Even, Odd or Neither? f ( x)  x

Example
Graphically Algebraically

Determine whether each function is even, odd, or neither.

f ( x)  x
a. g(x) = x3 – x
b. h(x) = x2 + 1 f (4)  4  4
c. f (x) = x3 – 1
f (4)  4  4

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Even, Odd or Neither? f ( x)  x 3  x Even, Odd or Neither?

f ( x)  x 2  1
Graphically Algebraically Graphically Algebraically

f ( x)  x3  x f ( x)  x 2  1
f (2)  (2)3  (2)  6 f (1)  (1) 2  1  2
f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  ( 2 )  6 f (1)  (1) 2  1  2

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Even, Odd or Neither? f ( x)  x3  1 Even, Odd or Neither?

Graphically Algebraically
f ( x)  2 x 4  3 f ( x)  x3  x
f ( x)  x  13

f (2)  ( 2)3  1  9
f ( 2)  2 3  1  6

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Quadratic Function
Quadratic
Function • A function f is a quadratic function if and only
if its equation can be written in the form
f(x) = y = ax² + bx + c
• where a, b and c are constants and a  0.

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Example

Operations on
• f(x) = x²+x12

Functions

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The sum f + g

 f  g x   f x   g x 
Operations This just says that to find the sum of two functions, add
on them together. You should simplify by finding like terms.
Functions
f x   2 x 2  3 g x   4 x 3  1
f  g  2x 2  3  4x3  1 Combine like
terms & put in
descending
 4x3  2x 2  4 order

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The difference f - g The product f • g

 f  g x   f x   g x   f  g x   f x  g x 
To find the difference between two functions, subtract To find the product of two functions, put parenthesis
the first from the second. CAUTION: Make sure you around them and multiply each term from the first
distribute the – to each term of the second function. You function to each term of the second function.

f x   2 x 2  3 g x   4 x 3  1
should simplify by combining like terms.

f x   2 x  32
g x   4 x  13

f  g  2 x 2  34 x 3  1
f  g  2 x  3  4 x  1
FOIL
2 3 Distribute
negative Good idea to put in
 2 x  3  4 x  1  4 x  2 x  2
2 3 3 2  8 x 5  2 x 2  12 x 3  3 descending order
but not required.

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The quotient f /g
Example: Let f(x) = 5x² -2x +3 and g(x) = 4x² +7x -5
f f x 
  x   • Find f + g • Find f - g

g g x 
To find the quotient of two functions, put the first one
over the second.

f x   2 x 2  3 g x   4 x 3  1
f 2x2  3 Nothing more you could do
 here. (If you can reduce
g 4 x3  1 these you should).

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Example: Let f(x) = 5x² and

Example: and g(x) = 3x – 1.
• Find f · g • Find f/g

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Example:

Domain and
Range of a
Function

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The last thing we need to learn about functions for Find the domain for the following functions:
this section is something about their domain. Recall
domain meant "Set A" which is the set of values you Since no matter what value you
f x   2 x  1
plug in for x. choose for x, you won't be dividing
by zero or square rooting a negative
For the functions we will be dealing with, there number, you can use anything you
are two "illegals": want so we say the answer is:
1. You can't divide by zero (denominator (bottom) All real numbers x.
of a fraction can't be zero)
2. You can't take the square root (or even root) of
If you choose x = 2, the denominator
will be 2 – 2 = 0 which is illegal
a negative number x3
g x   because you can't divide by zero.
When you are asked to find the domain of a function, x2 The answer then is:
you can use any value for x as long as the value All real numbers x such that x ≠ 2.
won't create an "illegal" situation. means does not equal

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Let's find the domain of another one: Examples…

h x   x  4
• f(x) = 2x – 5
*there would be no restrictions on this, so the
Can't be negative so must be ≥ 0 domain is All Real Numbers
x4  0 solve
this x4 • g(x) = 1
We have to be careful what x's we use so that the second "illegal" of square x–2
rooting a negative doesn't happen. This means the "stuff" under the square *a denominator cannot equal 0, so x ≠ 2. The
root must be greater than or equal to zero (maths way of saying "not domain is {x | x ≠ 2}
negative").
• h(x) = √x + 6
*you cannot take the square root of a negative
number, so x must be ≥ -6. The domain is {x | x ≥ -6}

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Your Turn…Find the domain of each function Summary of How to Find the Domain of a
Function
• f(x) = x2 + 2 • Look for any fractions or square roots that could cause one of the two
• g(x) = √x – 1 "illegals" to happen. If there aren't any, then the domain is All real numbers x.
• h(x) = 1 • If there are fractions, figure out what values would make the bottom equal
x+5 zero and those are the values you can't use. The answer would be: All real
numbers x such that x ≠ those values.
• If there is a square root, the "stuff" under the square root cannot be negative
so set the stuff ≥ 0 and solve. Then answer would be: All real numbers x such
that x is defined by whatever you got when you solved.

NOTE: Of course your variable doesn't have to be x, can be whatever is in the

problem.

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Range is the set of valid output of a Example

function defined by domain of the
function.

Range of To find the range of a function, f(x)

a 1. Equate y=f(x)
Function 2. Express x in terms of y
3.Find the possible values of y (similar
with finding the domain of a function)

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Example

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