AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,

COIMBATORE

15MEC313 – Introduction to finite element method

Even Semester AY 2022-2023

Lab manual

Software Used:
ANSYS Mechanical APDL

Faculty
Dr. Padmanaban R
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Table of Contents:

S.NO TITLE PAGE NO

1. Analysis of a stepped bar 3

2. Static Structural Analysis of a Truss Structure 11

3. Static Structural Analysis of a Two Dimensional Beam 16

4. Static Structural Analysis of Thin Plate with a Central Hole 20

5. Static Structural Analysis of a Thick Cylinder 27

6. Three Dimensional Static Structural Analysis 32

7. Modal Analysis of a Two Spring-Mass System 42

8. Dynamic Analysis of a Four Bar Linkage 47

9. Steady State Heat Transfer Analysis of a Fin 55

10. Transient Heat Transfer Analysis of a Fin 60

Thermoplastic Heating of a Thick Walled Sphere

11. 68
(Mini Project)
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Figure 1.1 Axially Loaded Structure

Figure 1.2 Solid 180 (3D Spar)

Figure 1.3
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Ex. No 1 -2020

Analysis of a stepped bar

__________________________________________________________________________________

Aim

To apply finite element method and perform a static structural analysis of an axially loaded
stepped bar.

 Problem Description

A stepped bar is subjected to loading as shown in Figure 1.1. Determine the deflection of the
bar, reactions and the stress induced.

Problem Specifications

The dimensions and cross sectional areas of various members of the stepped bar are given in
Diagram of Figure 1.1. The young's modulus of the material of the truss members is 123 GPa.

Procedure
Set` the Analysis Title
1. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Change Title.
2. Type the text "Static Analysis of a stepped Bar" and click on OK.

Define the Element Types

1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete.
2. Click on Add. The Library of Element Types dialog box appears.
3. In the scroll box on the left, click once on "Structural Link."
4. In the scroll box on the right, click once on "3D finite Stn 180." ( Figure 1.2)
5. Click on OK to define it as element type 1. The Library of Element Types dialog box closes.
6. Click on Options. The Link180 element type options dialog box appears. ( Refer Figure 1.3)
7. Click OK. The element type options dialog box closes. Close the Element types dialog box.

Define Geometric properties ( Refer Figure 1.4)

1. Choose menu path  Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants>Add/Edit>Add>OK

2. The Real Constant Set Number , for Link 180 dialog Box appears.
3. Enter 1 for Real Constant Set No. and the value of 300e-6 m 2 for AREA.
4. Similarly create real constant set No. 2, with an area of 400e-6 m 2.
5. Close the Real Constants dialog box.
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Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6
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Define Material Properties ( Refer Figure 1.5)

1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The
Define Material Model Behavior dialog box appears.
2. In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Structural,
Linear, Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears.
3. Enter 123e9 in the EX field (for Young's modulus).
Click on OK. Ignore warning about Poisson's ratio.

Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material Models Defined window on the left.

4. Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog
box.

Create Nodes
1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes> In Active CS.
2. The Create Nodes in Active Coordinate System dialog box appears. ( Refer Figure 1.6)
Keypoin Coordinate
t X Y
1 0 0
2 0.2 0
3 0.4 0
4 0.65 0

2. Create Elements
1. Choose menu path Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > elements > Auto Nmbered
> Thru Nodes
2. The create elements dialog box will appear.
3. Select node 1 and then node 2 to create element between nodes 1 and 2.
4. Similarly create elements between nodes as given in the table 1.
Table 1
Element Node
Real Constant Set
Number 1 2
1 1 2 1
2 2 3 1
3 3 4 2

Assigning Loads and Solving ( Refer Figure 1.7)

1. Choose menu path  Main Menu >Solution>Define Loads> Apply>Structural >
displacements>On Nodes.
2. Select Nodes 1 and 4, and click OK.
3. In the Apply U,Rot on Nodes dialog box select All DOF. Then Ok
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4. Choose menu path  Main Menu >Solution>Define Loads> Apply>Structural >

force/moment > On Nodes.
5. Select Node 2 and then in the Apply F/M dialog box, for Lab to FX, enter 200e3 in
the box for VALUE. Then click OK to close the box.
6. Choose menu path  Main Menu >Solution> Solve > Current LS>
7. Review the Options displayed and click OK. Once the solution is done box is
displayed, review the results. ( Figure 1.8)

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8
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Figure 1.9

Post Processing.

Follow the following steps to visualize the results.

Choose menu path  Main Menu, select General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal

Solution. ( Figures 1.9 & 1.10)

Select DOF solution and Displacement vector USUM in the display window and click OK

Reaction Forces ( Figures 1.11)

1. Main Menu, select General Postproc > List Results > Reaction Solu.
2. Select All struc forc F and click OK

Axial Stress (Figure 1.12)

1. Choose menu path  Main Menu, select General Postproc > Element Table > Define
Table > Click Add.
2. Enter SAXL in the Lab box. In the Item, Components boxes select By Sequence number
and LS.
3. Enter 1 after LS in the selection box and click OK and Close the element table Data window.
4. Now list the stresses by selecting Element Table>List Elem Table.
5. A Window will appear, Ensure that SAXL is highlighted and click OK.

Results
The static structural analysis of a stepped bar, was performed and the results are
presented.
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Figure 1.10

Figure 1.11

Figure 1.12
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Figure 2.13Diagram of 2D truss structure

Figure 2.14 Solid 180(3D Spar)

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Ex. No 2 - - 2020

Static Structural Analysis of a Truss Structure

__________________________________________________________________________________

Aim

To understand and perform a static structural analysis of a two dimensional truss structure.

 Problem Description

A planar truss is subjected to loading as shown in Figure 1.1. Determine the deflections at
various joints and also the forces that each of the members are subjected to.

Problem Specifications

The dimensions of various members of the truss aregiven in Diagram of Figure 1.1. The young's
modulus of the material of the truss members is 200 GPa and the member cross sectional area
is 3250 mm2.

Procedure

Set` the Analysis Title

3. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Change Title.
4. Type the text "Static Analysis of aTruss" and click on OK.

Define the Element Types

8. Choose menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete.
9. Click on Add. The Library of Element Types dialog box appears.
10. In the scroll box on the left, click once on "Structural Link."
11. In the scroll box on the right, click once on "3D finitStn 180."
12. Click on OK to define it as element type 1. The Library of Element Types dialog box closes.
13. Click on Options. The Link180 element type options dialog box appears.
14. In the cross section scaling scroll box, scroll to "Rigid (classic)" and select it.
15. Click OK. The element type options dialog box closes.
16. Click close to close the Element types dialog box.

Define Geometric properties

6. Choose menu path MainMenu>Preprocessor> Real Constants>Add/Edit>Add>OK
7. The Real Constant Set Number , for Link 180 dialog Box appears.
8. Enter the value of 3250 for AREA.
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Define Material Properties

5. Choose menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The
Define Material Model Behavior dialog box appears.
6. In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Structural,
Linear, Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears.
7. Enter 200e3 in the EX field (for Young's modulus).
Click on OK. Ignore warning about Poisson's ratio.
Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material Models Defined window on the left.
8. Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog
box.

Create Key points Along a Path

1. Choose menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling> Create>Keypoints> In Active

CS. The Create Keypoints in Active Coordinate System dialog box appears.

Keypoin Coordinate
t X Y
1 0 0
2 1800 3118
3 3600 0
4 5400 3118
5 7200 0
6 9000 3118
7 10,800 0

2. Create Lines
Choose menu path Preprocessor>Modeling> Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord.
The create straight lines dialog box will appear
Select keypoint 1 and then keypoint 2 to create line between keypoint 1 and 2.
Similarly create lines between nodes given in the table below.

Line Keypoint
Number 1 2
1 1 2
2 1 3
3 2 3
4 2 4
5 3 4
1. 6 3 5
7 4 5
8 4 6
9 5 6
10 5 7
11 6 7
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Set Meshing Density

1. Choose menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines>All Lines.
2. The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box appears.
3. Enter 1 for number of element divisions and click on OK.

Generate Mesh

In this step, generate the area mesh you will later drag.
1. Choose menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh>Lines.
2. The Mesh Lines picking box appears.
3. Click on Pick All.
4. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Elements.

Assigning Loads and Solving

8. Choose menu path Main Menu>Solution>Analysis Type> New Analysis.

Figure 15Nodal displacements

Figure 16NodalReactions
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Figure 17Forces in members

9. Ensure that Static is selected; that is, we are going to do a static analysis on the truss
as opposed to a dynamic analysis, for example. Click OK

Apply Constraints
1. Main Menu >Solution>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>Displacements > On
Keypoints
Select the keypoint1 and click OK in the Apply U,ROT on KPs window.
Select All DOF by clicking on it and enter 0 in the value field and click OK.
2. Similarly constrain the right side keypoint (keypoint 7) by selecting the UY DOF.

Apply Loads
1. Main Menu >Solution>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>Force/Moment > on
Keypoints
Select the keypoint1 and click apply in the Apply F/M on KPs window. In the Apply
F/M on KPs dialog box , select FY in the LAB field and enter a value of -280000 in
the Value Field. Click APPLY
2. Main Menu >Similar to previous step apply loads of -210000,-280000,and -360000
on key- points 3,5, and 7 respectively in the Y direction.

Solve

 Main Menu> Solution> Solve>Current LS.

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Close the Solve current load step and /status window.

Post Processing.

Reaction Forces
Main Menu, select General Postproc> List Results > Reaction Solu.Select All strucforc F and click
OK

Deflection
Main Menu, select General Postproc>Plot Results >Contour Plot > Nodal Solution.
Select DOF solution and USUM in the display window and click OK

Axial Stress
Main Menu, select General Postproc>Element Table>Define Table > Click Add.
Enter SAXL in the Lab box. In the Item, Components boxes select Sequence number and LS.
Enter 1 after LS in the selection box and click OK and Close the element table Data window.

Now list the stresses by selecting Element Table>List Elem Table.

A Window will appear, ensure that SAXL is highlighted and click OK.

Results
The static structural analysis of a Truss, was performed and the results are presented
in Figure 3,Figure 4,and Figure 5.
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Figure 3.1Diagram of Loaded Beam 

 
 
 
 

Figure 3.2Beam Cross section 

 
 
 

 
 
Figure 3.3 Beam 188 (3D 2 Node Beam element) 
 
 
 
Page Break 
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Ex. No 3 16/02/2021 

 
Static Structural Analysis of a Two Dimensional Beam 
 
Aim 
To understand and perform a static structural analysis of a beam loaded as shown in Figure
3.1. 
 
Problem Description 
A steel continuous beam with a box cross-section is subjected to uniformly distributed loads
and a point load as shown in Figure 3.1. The objective is to determine the deflection of the
beam, support reactions and to draw the bending moment and shear force diagram for the
beam. 
Problem Specifications 
The beam is made of steel with Young’s modulus of 200GPa,Poisson ratio 0.30 and the allo
wable stress(Fy)350MPa.Thebeamcross section is box with size 356x250x16mm(Figure 3.2) 
 
Analysis Procedure 
 
1:Start up& Initial Set up 
 
Set preferences and unit. 
 
 
2: Specify Element types and Material Properties 
 
MainMenu > Preprocessor>Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add > 
The Library of element types dialog box will open. Select Beam and then 2node 188. Ok 
Click Options and then in the beam 188 Options dialog box, select Cubic form for the
element behavior. OK.  Then click Close. 
Main Menu> Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models 
 
The Define Material Model Behavior dialog box will appear. In the material model available 
select Structural>Linear>Elastic>Isotropic  and enter 200Gpa for Ex and 0.3 for PRXY. 
 
3:Specify Sections 
 

Main Menu> Preprocessor > section> beam> common sections.  

 
Choose sub-type of the beam to be a box cross-section and select Offset
to: Centroid. This defines the reference axis of the beam. 
Enter the following values to define the cross section 
 
w1  0.254 
w2  0.356 
t1  0.01429 
t2  0.01429 
t3  0.01429 
t4  0.01429 
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After entering the values, click preview in the beam tool and note the following values. 
 
Area  0.016617 
Iyy  0.296e-3 
Iyz  0.932e-19 
Izz  0.174e-3 
 
4: Specify Geometry 
 

Create keypoints (at point A, B, C andD) and connect themto create lines. Note that Keypoint 2

and3 are neededto define the boundaryconditions. 
Another point E at 3 mfromKeypoint1 is also needed to define a concentrated load. 
 

MainMenu> Modelling >Create >Keypoints> In active CS 

 
Create Keypoints as given in the following table 
 
Keypoint No  X  Y  Z 
1  0  0  0 
2  7  0  0 
3  14  0  0 
4  16.1  0  0 
 
 
Create lines between key points 
Line No Keypoint 1 Keypoint 2 
1  1  2 
2  2  3 
3  3  4 
 
To create point E, 
 
Main Menu> Preprocessor > Operate> Booleans> Divide > Lines w/ Options.  
Pick the line to be divided by clicking on L1. ClickOk. 
Enter NDIV= 2 and RATIO = 3/7. Click OK. 
 
 
5: Meshing 
 

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Default Attribs. Click OK. 

 
 
Main Menu> Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool   There will be a Mesh Tool window pop
up. 
 
In the third section Size Controls >Lines, clickSet.Select Pick All. Anotherwindow pops up. 
Here,you can either define the element edge length or number of element divisions.
Enter the element edge length to be0.1. Click OK. 
 
In the MeshTool pop up(fourth section), Mesh:Lines. ClickMesh. SelectPick All 
 
 
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6: Specify Boundary Conditions & Loading 

 
Main Menu> Preprocessor > Loads >Define Loads > Apply>Structural > Displacement >
On Keypoint 
 
Nowselect Keypoint 1,selectUX,UY. Set
UX, UYas 0. Click Apply. 
Similarly, constrain UY of Keypoint 2 and3. 
 
 
 
Apply Loading: 
Main Menu> Preprocessor > Loads >Define Loads > Apply>Structural >Force/Moment >
On Keypoint 
 

Nowselect Keypoint 5. 
 
Select FY and enter -50000 as the Force value. 
Apply distributed load 
 
Main Menu>Pre-processor> Loads> Define Loads>Apply> Structural> Pressure> On
Beams Nowselect all elements between point A and B by click onBoxand drag a box to
cover all the elements. 
Click OK. 
 
For uniform distributed load, enter VALI = 200e3 kN/m 
 
Note that, the positive value indicates the direction of pressure acting inward the beam
surface. 
Similarly apply the loads of  50kn and 150 kn on elements between B and C and C and
D, respectively. 
 
 
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d=0.20
0.4

1.00

Figure 4.18 Plate with central hole

Figure 4.2 Plane 2 (6 Node Triangle)

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Figure 4.3 Model and Boundary Conditions

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Ex. No 4 - -2020

Static Structural Analysis of a Thin Plate with a Central Hole

Aim

To perform a static structural analysis of a plate with a central hole subjected to tensile
loading.

 Problem Description

The 1.0 m x 0.4 m plate has a thickness of 0.01 m, and a central hole 0.2 m in diameter. We
apply a horizontal tensile loading in the form of a pressure p = 1.0 N/ m2 along the vertical
edges of the plate.

Problem Specifications

The plate is made of steel with material properties; elastic modulus, E = 2.07e11 N/m2 and
Poisson's ratio, υ= 0.29.

Analysis Procedure
The uniform, homogeneous plate is symmetric about horizontal axes in both geometry and
loading. Considering this advantage of the symmetry and, by applying the correct boundary
conditions, we consider only a quarter of the plate for the finite element model.

1. Select the element Types

Main Menu > Preprocessor > Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete > Add >Solid > Triangle 6
node 2 > OK .
Select the option where you define the plate thickness.
Options (Element behavior K3) > Plane strs w/thk > OK> Close

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants> Add/Edit/Delete > Add> OK

(Enter the plate thickness of 0.01 m.) > Enter 0.01> OK> Close.

2. Enter the material properties.

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models
Material Model Number 1, Double click Structural> Linear> Elastic> Isotropic
Enter EX = 2.07E11 and PRXY = 0.29 > OK. (Close the Define Material Model Behavior
window.)
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3. Geometry Creation
Create the geometry for the upper right quadrant of the plate by subtracting a 0.2 m diameter circle
from a 0.5 x 0.2 m rectangle. Generate the rectangle first.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Rectangle> By 2 Corners
Enter (lower left corner) WP X = 0.0, WP Y = 0.0 and Width = 0.5, Height = 0.2 > OK.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Solid Circle
Enter WP X = 0.0, WP Y = 0.0 and Radius= 0.1 > OK.
Now subtract the circle from the rectangle. (Read the messages in the window at the bottom of the
screen as necessary.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans > Subtract> Areas > Pick the rectangle>
OK, then pick the circle> OK.

4. Meshing
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Areas> Free Pick the quadrant> OK

Apply the displacement boundary conditions and loads.

5. Loading
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural > Displacement> On Lines

Pick the left edge of the quadrant> OK> UX = 0. > OK

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On

Lines. Pick the bottom edge of the quadrant> OK> UY = 0. > OK

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure> On Lines.
Pick the right edge of the quadrant> OK> Pressure = -1.0 > OK (A positive pressure would be a
compressive load, so we use a negative pressure. The pressure is shown as a single arrow.)

Save the model. Utility Menu> File> -Save as Jobname.db

6. Solution
Main4 Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS > OK
The /STATUS Command window displays the problem parameters and the Solve Current Load Step
window is shown. Check the solution options in the /STATUS window and if all is OK, select File>
Close.

In the Solve Current Load Step window, Select OK, and when the solution is complete, Close the
Information window.

7. Plot Results

Main Menu> General Postproc > Plot Results> Deformed Shape> Def. + Undef. > OK
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Now plot the stress in the X direction.

Main Menu> General Postproc > Plot Results> Contour Plot> Element Solu > Stress> X-direction Sx
> OK.
Use the PlotCtrls > Pan, Zoom> Box Zoom to focus on the area with highest stress.
To obtain more elements in the model, return to the Preprocessor.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At > All. (Select Level of
refinement .1. All elements are subdivided and the mesh below is created.)

To further refine the mesh selectively near the hole,

Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Modify Mesh> Refine At > Nodes. (Select the three nodes at
the top of the hole as shown.) > OK (Select the Level of refinement = 1) > OK.
Now repeat the solution, and replot the stress SX.
Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS > OK

Main Menu> General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plots > Element Solu > Stress> X-
direction> Sx > OK.

The stress contours are now smooth across element boundaries, and the stress legend shows a
maximum value of 4.38 Pa.

8. MORE POSTPROCESSING

Plot the deformed shape.

Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape Choose Def + undeformed.
OK.

Plot the von Mises equivalent stress.

Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot> Nodal Solu
Choose Stress item to be contoured. Scroll down and choose von Mises (SEQV). OK.

PlotCtrls > Pan Zoom Rotate Click Box Zoom

Draw a box enclosing the maximum stress. You will see the zoomed in region with the stress contour.
You can repeat the zoom action until you get a fine view of the tip region.
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List reaction solution.

Main Menu > General Postproc > List Results > Reaction Solu
OK to list all items and close the dialog box.
Scroll down and find the total vertical force, FY.
File > Close (Windows), or Close (X11/Motif), to close the window.

Go down to the bottom of the popup window. The total value is opposite of the total applied load
force.

To get the displacement of the mid loading point

PlotCtrls > Pan Zoom Rotate Click Fit.

Plot > Elements so you can see all elements
Select > Entities … OK in the popup box. Another box pops up.
Click the mid loading point (the intersection of right edge and the x-axis), then OK

Main Menu > General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution
DOF Solution, All DOFs, OK
Ux and Uy of the mid loading point will be displaced.

 To plot the stress along a line (e.g. the vertical ligament passing the maximum stress)

Main Menu > General Postproc > Path Operation > Define Paths > By location
Path name: AA
Number of points : 2
Number of data set: change to 100
Number of divisions: change to 100
Enter the following in the Popup box
1 [ 0 0.1 ] OK
2 [0 0.2 ] OK, Cancel

Main Menu > General Postproc > Path Operation > Plot Paths to see the path
Main Menu > General Postproc > Path Operation > Map onto Path
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Select "Stress", "X-direction stress SX"

Main Menu > General Postproc > Path Operation > Plot Path Item > On Graph
Select "SX", OK.
The distribution of sigma_xx along the y ligament will show.

To get data for the curve,

Main Menu > General Postproc > Path Operation > Plot Path Item > List path items
Select "SX", OK.
A pop up window will show sigma_xx versus location along the ligament. You can copy the data and
import into Excel to do more plotting.

 To find maximum sigma_xx (SX)

From the utility menu, Select >> Everything

From ANSYS main menu

General Postproc >> List results >> Sorted listing >> Sort nodes
The Sort node window pops up. Select "Descending order", List sorted nodes for "Results",
Item, Comp sort nodes based on "Stress", "X-direction SX", OK.
It will list stress components of the all nodes, with the first listed node having the largest
sigma_xx (SX).

 To find maximum displacement UX

From the utility menu,

Select >> Everything

From ANSYS main menu

General Postproc >> List results >> Sorted listing >> Sort nodes
The Sort node window pops up. Select "Descending order", List sorted nodes for "Results",
Item, Comp sort nodes based on "DOF solution", "Translation UX", OK.
It will list displacement component UX of the all nodes, with the first listed node having the largest
UX.
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 To get a hardcopy or save into a file a picture on the graphics window

From the utility menu,

PlotCtrls >> Hardcopy >> to printer (for printing)
PlotCtrls >> Hardcopy >> to file (for saving into a file)
Select one of these format: BMP, Postscript, TIFF, or JPEG; type in the file name
Click [OK]. The file will be in the working directory.

Or
In Utility menu: PlotCtrls >> Capture Image. A BMP file will be created.

Result

Static structural plane stress analysis of a plate with a central hole and subjected to tensile
loading is carried out using triangular element and the results are presented.
 P a g e | 29

(a) (b)

Figure 5.1 (a) Thick Cylinder (b) Cross Section of the cylinder

Figure 5.2 Segment of the cylinder considered for analysis

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Figure 5.3 Plane 42 (2D Structural solid)

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Ex. No 5 - -2020

Static Structural Analysis of a Thick Cylinder

Aim

To perform a static structural analysis of a thick open ended cylinder subjected to internal
pressure .

 Problem Description

A thick open-ended cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure (such as a pipe discharging to

the atmosphere). The stresses induced in the cylinder are to be found

Problem Specifications

The steel cylinder below has an inner radius of 5 cm and an outer radius of 11 cm. The plate
is made of steel with elastic modulus, E = 3e7 N/m2 and Poisson's ratio, υ= 0.3.

Analysis Procedure
The length of the object is arbitrary and represents a segment of a long, open-ended cylinder.
The Y axis is the axis of symmetry. The cylinder can be generated by revolving a rectangle 6
inches wide and of arbitrary height 360 degrees about the Y axis.

Since the height of the segment considered is arbitrary, we will use a segment 1 inch in
height for the finite element model. The geometry is shown in Figure 5.2.The ANSYS
solution to this problem is given next for an internal pressure of 500 MPa.

Create geometry for rectangle 1 inch by 6 inches starting 5 inches from Y axis. Note: In
ANSYS the Y axis is always the axis of symmetry for axisymmetric problems..

1. Select the element Types

Use a quadrilateral element with axisymmetric behavior.
Preprocessor -> Element Type -> Add/Edit/Delete -> Add -> select Quad 4 Node 42 -> OK -
>
Select the option where you define the Element Behavior.
Options (Element Behavior)-> Axisymmetric -> OK -> Close

2. Enter the material properties.

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Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models

Material Model Number 1, Double click Structural> Linear> Elastic> Isotropic
Enter EX = 3e7 and PRXY = 0.3 > OK. (Close the Define Material Model Behavior
window.)

3. Geometry Creation
Preprocessor -> Create -> Areas -> Rectangle ->By 2 Corners

4. Meshing
Main Menu> Preprocessor -> Mesh -> Areas -> Free (Pick rectangular area)
5. Loading

Preprocessor -> Loads ->Apply ->Displacement -> On Lines (Pick the bottom line of the
rectangle) uy = 0 along this line. This simply prevents rigid body motion in the Y direction.
No other displacement boundary conditions are required. The radial movement is prevented
by the 'hoop' tension in the cylinder.

Preprocessor -> Loads ->Apply ->Pressure -> On Lines (Pick the left hand line of the
rectangle). Enter a pressure of 500.
Save the model. Utility Menu> File> -Save as Jobname.db

6. Solution

Solution -> Solve -> Current LS ->OK

The /STATUS Command window displays the problem parameters and the Solve Current
Load Step window is shown. Check the solution options in the /STATUS window and if all is
OK, select File> Close.
In the Solve Current Load Step window, Select OK, and when the solution is complete, Close the
Information window.

7. Post Processing

Check the deformed shape to see if it's reasonable. (The dotted line is the undeformed shape.)
General Post Processor -> Plot Results -> Deformed Shape . . . ->Def +undeformed -> OK

8. General Postprocessor -> Plot Results -> Element Solu . . . (Pick Sx then Sy then Sz and
examine each).

The SX stress is the radial stress that is equal to the pressure (-500 MPa) on the interior of the
cylinder and is zero on the exterior.

The SY stress is the axial stress in the cylinder and should be zero since the ends are open. SZ
is the 'hoop' stress perpendicular to the plane of this rectangle.
 P a g e | 33

9. PlotCntls -> Numbering . . .-> Turn on Node & Element Numbers

Zoom in on the inside and outside walls of the cylinder. List the stress results for Elements 1,
16, and 31.

10. List -> Results ->Element Solution . . . -> Stress -> Components -> OK.
List the stress results for Element 15.

11. List -> Results ->Element Solution . . . -> Stress -> Components -> OK.

Notice at nodes 2 and 18 the SX stress is virtually zero and the SZ stress matches the
theoretical value.Next compare the computed and theoretical solutions for the radial
displacement at the inside

12. General Postprocessor -> List -> Results -> Nodal Solution . . . DOF ->All DOFs -> OK
Nodes 1 and 20 are on the inside surface. Nodes 2 and 17 are on the outside surface.

Result

Static structural stress analysis of thick cylinder subjected to internal pressure is carried out
using triangular element and the results are presented.
 P a g e | 34

Figure 6.19 Diagram of Allen Wrench

Figure 6.20 Solid 185 (3D 8-Node structural solid)

 P a g e | 35

Figure 6.21 Plane 182 (2-D 4-Node Structural Solid)

Ex. No 6 - -2021

Three Dimensional Static Structural Analysis

________________________________________________________________________ _______

Aim
To understand and perform a three dimensional static structural analysis.
 Problem Description

An Allen wrench (10 mm across the flats) is torqued by means of a 100 N force at its end.
Later, a 20 N downward force is applied at the same end, at the same time retaining the
original 100 N torquing force. The objective is to determine the stress intensity in the wrench
under these two loading conditions.

Problem Specifications
The diagram of the Allen wrench is shown in Diagram of Figure 1.1. The following
dimensions are used for this problem:

Width across flats = 10 mm

Configuration = hexagonal
Length of shank = 7.5 cm
Length of handle = 20 cm
Bend radius = 1 cm
Modulus of elasticity = 2.07 x 1011 Pa
Applied torquing force = 100 N
Applied downward force = 20 N
 P a g e | 36

Analysis Procedure
Set the Analysis Title
5. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Change Title.
6. Type the text "Static Analysis of an Allen Wrench" and click on OK.

Set the System of Units

1. Click once in the Input Window to make it active for text entry.
2. Type the command /UNITS,SI and press ENTER. Notice that the command is stored in the
history buffer, which can be accessed by clicking on the down arrow at the right of the input
window.
3. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Angular Units. The Angular Units for
Parametric Functions dialog box appears.
4. In the drop down menu for Units for angular parametric functions, select "Degrees DEG."
5. Click on OK.

Parameter Value Description

EXX 2.07E11 Young's modulus is 2.07E11 Pa

W_HEX .01 Width of hex across flats = .01 m

W_FLAT W_HEX* TAN(30) Width of flat = .0058 m

L_SHANK .075 Length of shank (short end) .075 m

L_HANDLE .2 Length of handle (long end) .2 m

BENDRAD .01 Bend radius .01 m

L_ELEM .0075 Element length .0075 m

NO_D_HEX 2 Number of divisions along hex flat = 2

TOL 25E-6 Tolerance for selecting node = 25E-6 m

Note:  You can type the labels in upper- or lowercase; ANSYS always displays the labels

Define Parameters
1. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters
dialog box appears.
2. Type the following parameters and their values in the Selection field. Click on Accept after
you define each parameter. For example, first type “exx = 2.07e11” in the Selection field and
then click on Accept. Continue entering the remaining parameters and values in the same
way.
 P a g e | 37

3. Click on Close.
4. Click on SAVE_DB on the Toolbar.

Define the Element Types

17. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete.

18. Click on Add. The Library of Element Types dialog box appears.
19. In the scroll box on the left, click once on "Structural Solid."
20. In the scroll box on the right, click once on "Brick 8node 185."
21. Click on OK to define it as element type 1. The Library of Element Types dialog box closes.
22. Click on Options. The SOLID185 element type options dialog box appears.
23. In the element technology scroll box, scroll to "Simple Enhanced Str" and select it.
24. Click OK. The element type options dialog box closes. Click on Add in the element types
box.
25. Scroll up the list on the right to "Quad 4node 182." Click once to select it.
26. Click on OK to define Quad 4node182 as element type 2. The Library of Element Types
dialog box closes.
27. Click on Options. The PLANE182 element type options dialog box appears.
28. In the scroll box for element technology, scroll to "Simple Enhanced Str" and select it.
29. Click on Close in the Element Types dialog box.

Define Material Properties

9. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The
Define Material Model Behavior dialog box appears.
10. In the Material Models Available window, double-click on the following options: Structural,
Linear, Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears.
11. Type the text EXX in the EX field (for Young's modulus), and .3 for PRXY.
Click on OK. This sets Young's modulus to the parameter specified above. Material Model
Number 1 appears in the Material Models Defined window on the left.
12. Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior dialog
box.

Create Hexagonal Area as Cross-Section

1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Polygon>
By Side Length. The Polygon by Side Length dialog box appears.
2. Enter 6 for number of sides.
3. Enter W_FLAT for length of each side.
4. Click on OK. A hexagon appears in the ANSYS Graphics window.

Create Keypoints Along a Path

2. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Keypoints> In Active
CS. The Create Keypoints in Active Coordinate System dialog box appears.
3. Enter 7 for keypoint number. Type a 0 in each of the X, Y, Z location fields.
4. Click on Apply.
5. Enter 8 for keypoint number.
6. Enter 0,0,-L_SHANK for the X, Y, Z location, and click on Apply.
7. Enter 9 for keypoint number.
8. Enter 0,L_HANDLE,-L_SHANK for the X, Y, Z location, and click on OK.

Create Lines Along a Path

 P a g e | 38

1. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Window Controls> Window Options. The
Window Options dialog box appears.
2. In the Location of triad drop down menu, select "At top left."
3. Click on OK.
4. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan/Zoom/Rotate. The Pan-Zoom-Rotate
dialog box appears.
5. Click on "Iso" to generate an isometric view and click on Close.
6. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> View Settings> Angle of Rotation. The Angle
of Rotation dialog box appears.
7. Enter 90 for angle in degrees.
8. In the Axis of rotation drop down menu, select "Global Cartes X."
9. Click on OK.
10. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering. The Plot Numbering Controls
dialog box appears.
11. Click the Keypoint numbers radio button to turn keypoint numbering on.
12. Click the Line numbers radio button to turn line numbering on.
13. Click on OK.
14. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines>
Straight Line. The Create Straight Line picking menu appears.
15. Click once on keypoints 4 and 1 to create a line between keypoints 1 and 4. (If you have
trouble reading the keypoint numbers in the ANSYS Graphics window, use the controls on
the Pan-Zoom-Rotate dialog box (Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan/Zoom/Rotate) to zoom in.)
16. Click once on keypoints 7 and 8 to create a line between keypoints 7 and 8.
17. Click once on keypoints 8 and 9 to create a line between keypoints 8 and 9.
18. Click on OK.

Create Line from Shank to Handle

1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Line Fillet.
The Line Fillet picking menu appears.
2. Click once on lines 8 and 9.
3. Click on OK in the picking menu. The Line Fillet dialog box appears.
4. Enter BENDRAD for Fillet radius and click on OK.
5. Click on SAVE_DB on the Toolbar.

Cut Hex Section

In this step, you cut the hex section into two quadrilaterals. This step is required to satisfy mapped
meshing.

1. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering. The Plot Numbering Controls
dialog box appears.
2. Click the Keypoint numbers radio button to Off.
3. Click on OK.
4. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Areas.
5. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Divide>
With Options> Area by Line. The Divide Area by Line picking menu appears.
6. Click once on the shaded area, and click on OK.
7. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Lines.
8. Click once on line 7. (If you have trouble reading the line numbers in the ANSYS Graphics
window, use the controls on the Pan-Zoom-Rotate dialog box (Utility Menu> PlotCtrls>
Pan/Zoom/Rotate) to zoom in.)
 P a g e | 39

9. Click on OK. The Divide Area by Line with Options dialog box appears. In the Subtracted
lines will be drop down menu, select Kept. Click OK.
10. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly> Create Component. The
Create Component dialog box appears.
11. Enter BOTAREA for component name.
12. In the Component is made of drop down menu, select "Areas."
13. Click on OK.

Set Meshing Density

4. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Lines> Picked
Lines. The Element Size on Picked Lines picking menu appears.
5. Enter 1,2,6 in the picker, then press ENTER.
6. Click on OK in the picking menu. The Element Sizes on Picked Lines dialog box appears.
7. Enter NO_D_HEX for number of element divisions and click on OK.

Set Element Type for Area Mesh

In this step, set the element type to PLANE182 (Refer Figure 6.21) all quadrilaterals for the area
mesh.

1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem

Attributes. The Element Attributes dialog box appears.
2. In the Element type number drop down menu, select “2 PLANE182” and click on OK.
3. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesher Opts. The Mesher
Options dialog box appears.
4. In the Mesher Type field, click on the Mapped radio button and then click on OK. The Set
Element Shape dialog box appears.
5. Click on OK to accept the default of Quad for 2-D shape key.
6. Click on SAVE_DB on the Toolbar.

Generate Area Mesh

In this step, generate the area mesh you will later drag.

5. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Areas> Mapped> 3 or 4

sided. The Mesh Areas picking box appears.
6. Click on Pick All.
7. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Elements.

Drag the 2-D Mesh to Produce 3-D Elements

1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem

Attributes. The Element Attributes dialog box appears.
2. In the Element type number drop down menu, select “1 SOLID185” (Refer Figure 1.2 ) and
click on OK.
3. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> Global> Size. The
Global Element Sizes dialog box appears.
4. Enter L_ELEM for element edge length and click on OK.
5. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering.
6. Click the Line numbers radio button to on if it is not already selected.
7. Click on OK.
 P a g e | 40

8. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Lines.

9. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Extrude> Areas>
Along Lines. The Sweep Areas along Lines picking box appears.
10. Click on Pick All. A second picking box appears.
11. Click once on lines 8, 10, and 9 (in that order).
12. Click on OK. The 3-D model appears in the ANSYS Graphics window.
13. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Elements.
14. Click on SAVE_DB on the Toolbar.

 Select BOTAREA Component and Delete 2-D Elements

1. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly> Select Comp/Assembly. The

Select Component or Assembly dialog appears.
2. Click on OK to accept the default of select BOTAREA component.
3. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Clear> Areas. The Clear Areas
picking menu appears.
4. Click on Pick All.
5. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Everything.
6. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Elements.

Apply Displacement Boundary Condition at End of Wrench

1. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly> Select Comp/Assembly. The

Select Component or Assembly dialog appears.
2. Click on OK to accept the default of select BOTAREA component.
3. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears.
4. In the top drop down menu, select "Lines."
5. In the second drop down menu, select "Exterior."
6. Click on Apply.
7. In the top drop down menu, select "Nodes."
8. In the second drop down menu, select "Attached to."
9. Click on the "Lines, all" radio button to select it.
10. Click on OK.
11. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural>
Displacement> On Nodes. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes picking menu appears.
12. Click on Pick All. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes dialog box appears.
13. In the scroll list for DOFs to be constrained, click on "ALL DOF."
14. Click on OK.
15. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities.
16. In the top drop down menu, select "Lines."
17. Click on the "Sele All" button, then click on Cancel.

Display Boundary Conditions

1. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Symbols. The Symbols dialog box appears.
2. Click on the "All Applied BCs" radio button for Boundary condition symbol.
3. In the Surface Load Symbols drop down menu, select "Pressures."
4. In the “Show pres and convect as” drop down menu, select "Arrows."
5. Click on OK.

Apply Pressure on Handle

 P a g e | 41

In this step, apply pressure on the handle to represent 100 N finger force.

1. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog appears.
2. In the top drop down menu, select "Areas."
3. In the second drop down menu, select "By Location."
4. Click on the "Y coordinates" radio button to select it.
5. Enter BENDRAD,L_HANDLE for Min, Max, and click on Apply.
6. Click on "X coordinates" to select it.
7. Click on Reselect.
8. Enter W_FLAT/2,W_FLAT for Min, Max, and click on Apply.
9. In the top drop down menu, select "Nodes."
10. In the second drop down menu, select "Attached to."
11. Click on the "Areas, all" radio button to select it.
12. Click on the "From Full" radio button to select it.
13. Click on Apply.
14. In the second drop down menu, select "By Location."
15. Click on the "Y coordinates" radio button to select it.
16. Click on the "Reselect" radio button.
17. Enter L_HANDLE+TOL,L_HANDLE-(3.0*L_ELEM)-TOL for Min, Max.
18. Click on OK.
19. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Get Scalar Data. The Get Scalar Data
dialog box appears.
20. In the scroll box on the left, scroll to "Model Data" and select it.
21. In the scroll box on the right, scroll to "For selected set" and select it.
22. Click on OK. The Get Data for Selected Entity Set dialog box appears.
23. Enter "minyval" for the name of the parameter to be defined.
24. In the scroll box on the left, click once on "Current node set" to select it.
25. In the scroll box on the right, click once on "Min Y coordinate" to select it.
26. Click on Apply.
27. Click on OK again to select the default settings. The Get Data for Selected Entity Set dialog
box appears.
28. Enter "maxyval" for the name of the parameter to be defined.
29. In the scroll box on the left, click once on "Current node set" to select it.
30. In the scroll box on the right, click once on "Max Y coordinate" to select it.
31. Click on OK.
32. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters
dialog box appears.
33. Type the text PTORQ=100/(W_HEX*(MAXYVAL-MINYVAL)) in the Selection text box
and click on Accept.
34. Click on Close.
35. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure>
On Nodes. The Apply PRES on Nodes picking menu appears.
36. Click on Pick All. The Apply PRES on Nodes dialog box appears.
37. Enter PTORQ for Load PRES value and click on OK.
38. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Everything.
39. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Nodes.
40. Click on SAVE_DB on the Toolbar.

Write the First Load Step

1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Write LS File. The Write
Load Step File dialog appears.
2. Enter 1 for load step file number n.
3. Click on OK.
 P a g e | 42

Define Downward Pressure

In this step, you define the downward pressure on top of the handle, representing 20N (4.5 lb) of
force.

1. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar Parameters
dialog box appears.
2. Type the text PDOWN=20/(W_FLAT*(MAXYVAL-MINYVAL)) in the Selection text box
and click on Accept.
3. Click on Close.
4. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog appears.
5. In the top drop down menu, select "Areas."
6. In the second drop down menu, select "By Location."
7. Click on the "Z coordinates" radio button to select it.
8. Click on the "From Full" radio button to select it.
9. Enter -(L_SHANK+(W_HEX/2)) for Min, Max.
10. Click on Apply.
11. In the top drop down menu, select "Nodes."
12. In the second drop down menu, select "Attached to."
13. Click on the Areas, all radio button to select it, and click on Apply.
14. In the second drop down menu, select "By Location."
15. Click on the "Y coordinates" radio button to select it.
16. Click on the "Reselect" radio button.
17. Enter L_HANDLE+TOL,L_HANDLE-(3.0*L_ELEM)-TOL for Min, Max.
18. Click on OK.
19. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure>
On Nodes. The Apply PRES on Nodes picking menu appears.
20. Click on Pick All. The Apply PRES on Nodes dialog box appears.
21. Enter PDOWN for Load PRES value and click on OK.
22. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Everything.
23. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Nodes.

Write Second Load Step

1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Write LS File. The Write
Load Step File dialog box appears.
2. Enter 2 for Load step file number n, and click on OK.
3. Click on SAVE_DB on the Toolbar.

Solve from Load Step Files

10. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Solve> From LS Files. The Solve Load Step
Files dialog box appears.
11. Enter 1 for Starting LS file number.
12. Enter 2 for Ending LS file number, and click on OK.
13. Click on the Close button after the Solution is done! window appears.

Read First Load Step and Review Results

1. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set.
2. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Reaction Solu. The List
Reaction Solution dialog box appears.
3. Click on OK to accept the default of All Items.
 P a g e | 43

4. Review the information in the status window, and click on Close.

5. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Symbols. The Symbols dialog box appears.
6. Click on the "None" radio button for Boundary condition symbol, and click on OK.
7. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Edge Options. The Edge Options
dialog box appears.
8. In the Element outlines for non-contour/contour plots drop down menu, select "Edge
Only/All."
9. Click on OK.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape. The
Plot Deformed Shape dialog box appears.
11. Click on the "Def + undeformed" radio button and click on OK.
12. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Save Plot Ctrls. The Save Plot Controls dialog
box appears.
13. Type "pldisp.gsa" in the Selection box, and click on OK.
14. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> View Settings> Angle of Rotation. The Angle
of Rotation dialog box appears.
15. Enter 120 for Angle in degrees.
16. In the Relative/absolute drop down menu, select "Relative angle."
17. In the Axis of rotation drop down menu, select "Global Cartes Y."
18. Click on OK.
19. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal
Solu. The Contour Nodal Solution Data dialog box appears.
20. In the scroll box on the left, click on "Stress." In the scroll box on the right, click on "Intensity
SINT."
21. Click on OK.
22. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Save Plot Ctrls. The Save Plot Controls dialog
box appears.
23. Type "plnsol.gsa" in the Selection box, and click on OK.

Read the Next Load Step and Review Results

1. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> Next Set.
2. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Reaction Solu. The List
Reaction Solution dialog box appears.
3. Click on OK to accept the default of All Items.
4. Review the information in the status window, and click on Close.
5. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Restore Plot Ctrls.
6. Type "pldisp.gsa" in the Selection box, and click on OK.
7. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape. The
Plot Deformed Shape dialog box appears.
8. Click on the "Def + undeformed" radio button if it is not already selected and click on OK.
9. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Restore Plot Ctrls.
10. Type "plnsol.gsa" in the Selection box, and click on OK.
11. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal
Solu. The Contour Nodal Solution Data dialog box appears.
12. In the scroll box on the left, click on "Stress." In the scroll box on the right, scroll to
"Intensity SINT" and select it.

Zoom in on Cross-Section

1. Choose menu path Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP by Increments. The Offset WP

tool box appears.
2. Enter 0,0,-0.067 for X, Y, Z Offsets and click on OK.
 P a g e | 44

3. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Hidden Line Options. The Hidden-
Line Options dialog box appears.
4. In the drop down menu for Type of Plot, select "Capped hidden."
5. In the drop down menu for Cutting plane is, select "Working plane."
6. Click on OK.
7. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan-Zoom-Rotate. The Pan-Zoom-Rotate tool
box appears.
8. Click on "WP."
9. Drag the Rate slider bar to 10.
10. On the Pan-Zoom-Rotate dialog box, click on the large round dot several times to zoom in on
the cross section.

Results
The static structural analysis of a 3D object, namely Allen wrench was performed.

Figure 7.22Spring Mass system

 P a g e | 45

(b)
(a)

Figure 7.23(a) COMBIN 14 (b) MASS 21

Ex. No 7 - - 2020

Modal Analysis of a Two Spring-Mass System

__________________________________________________________________________________

Aim

To use finite element method and perform a modal analysis to determine the natural
frequencies of a two-mass-spring System.

 Problem Description

A two spring-mass system shown in Figure 1.1. Determine the normal modes and natural
frequencies of the system shown for the values of the masses and spring stiffness given.

Problem Specifications

The mass of the springs are m1=m2=1 kg and spring stiffness are k1=k2=200 N/m, while
kc=800 N/m.
Assumptions: The spring length is arbitrary selected and are used only to define the spring
direction, modal analysis is performed using block Lanczos Eigen solver.

Procedure
Set` the Analysis Title
7. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Change Title.
 P a g e | 46

8. Type the text "Modal Analysis of a Spring Mass system" and click on OK.

Define the Element Types, Options and real constants

1. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete.
2. Click on Add. The Library of Element Types dialog box appears.
3. In the scroll box on the left, click once on "Combination."
4. In the scroll box on the right, click once on "Spring damper 14." (Figure 7.2 (a))
5. Click on OK to define it as element type 1.
6. Similarly add mass element MASS 21. (Figure 7.2 (b))
7. Set the element Options.
8. Pre-processor > element type > add/edit/delete> select Mass 21 > options > set (K1 = masses
inertias, K2 = parallel to global, K3 = 2-D w/o rot iner) > ok.
9. Pre-processor > element type > add/edit/delete> select Combi 14 > options > set (K1 = linear
solution, K2 = use 2/3D DOF opt, K3 = 2-D longitudinal) > ok > close.
10. Click OK. The element type options dialog box closes. Close the Element types dialog box.

Define Geometric properties

1. Choose menu path  MainMenu> Preprocessor> Real
Constants>Add/Edit>Add>OKDefine Real Constants
2. Pre - processor > Pre - processor > real constants> add/edit/delete > add > select (mass21) >
ok > enter (real constant set no = 1, 2D mass = 0.5) > ok.
3. Pre - processor > real constants> add/edit/delete > add > select (mass21) > ok > enter (real
constant set no = 2, 2D mass = 1) > ok.

Table 2
Coordinate
Keypoint
X Y
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 1 0
4 1.5 0

Table 3
Keypoints
Line
1 2
1 1 2
2 2 3
3 3 4

Pre - processor > real constants> add/edit/delete > add > select (combi 14) > ok > enter (real constant
set no = 3, K = 200) > ok.
1. Pre - processor > real constants> add/edit/delete > add > select (combi 14) > ok > enter (real
constant set no = 4, K = 200) > ok.
 P a g e | 47

2. Pre - processor > real constants> add/edit/delete > add > select (combi 14) > ok > enter (real
constant set no = 5, K = 800) > ok > close.

Create Keypoints
3. Choose menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling> Create>Keypoints> In Active CS.
4. The Create keypoints in Active Coordinate System dialog box appears. Enter the x and y
coordinates as given in the table 1.

Create lines
1. Choose menu path Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling> Create>Line> Straight line.
2. The Create lines dialog box appears. Enter the keypoint1 and keypoint 2 given in the table 2
and create 3 lines.

Meshing

1. Choose Main Menu>Preprocessor> Pre - processor > meshing > mesh tool > size control >
line set >
 select line 1-2 > ok > no. of. element divisions = 1 > ok >
 select line 2-3 > ok > no. of. element divisions = 1 > ok
 > select line 3-4 > ok > no. of. element divisions = 1 > ok.
2. Pre - processor > meshing > mesh tool > element attribute > global set > element type number
= (combi14), real constant set number (3) > ok > select mesh > select line 1-2 > ok.
3. Pre - processor > meshing > mesh tool > element attribute > global set > element type number
= (combi14), real constant set number (5) > ok > select mesh > select line 2-3 > ok.
4. Pre - processor > meshing > mesh tool > element attribute > global set > element type number
= (combi14), real constant set number (4) > ok > select mesh > select line 3-4 > ok.
5. Pre - processor > meshing > mesh tool > element attribute > global set > element type number
= (mass21), real constant set number (1) > ok > change mesh method to "key point" > select
mesh > select key point 2 > ok.
6. Pre - processor > meshing > mesh tool > element attribute > global set > element type number
= (mass21), real constant set number (2) > ok > change mesh method to "key point" > select
mesh > select key point 3 > ok.

Solution

1. Choose Solution > analysis type> new analysis > select (modal) > ok.
2. Solution > analysis type> analysis options > select (block lanczos) in extract method > enter 2
in both, number of modes to extract & in number of modes to expand > ok > start freq = 0,
end freq = 0 > ok.
3. Pre - processor > loads > define loads > apply > structural > displacement > on nodes > select
nodes (1&4) > ok > fix UX, UY > apply > again select nodes (2&3) > ok > fix UY > ok.
4. Solve > current LS > ok > close.
 P a g e | 48

General Postprocessor

1. Choose General post processor > result summary (natural frequency).

2. General post processor > read results > by pick > select any one (i.e. set 1) > read > close.
3. Utility menu bar > plot ctrls> animate > mode shape > enter (no of frames = 100, time delay
= 0.5, nodal solution data = def+un-deform) > ok.

NOTE: To find the displacement of spring ( General post processor > list results > nodal solution >
DOF solution > component of displacement > ok.

Results
The modal analysis of a 2 spring mass system was performed.
 P a g e | 49

Figure 8.24 Diagram of Four Bar Linkage

Figure 8.2 Beam 188 (2 Node Beam)

 P a g e | 50

Figure 8.3

Ex. No 8 16/08/2023

Dynamic Analysis of a Four Bar Linkage

__________________________________________________________________________________

Aim

To understand and perform a dynamic analysis of a four bar linkage shown in Figure 1.1.

 Problem Description

The far-left node of the 4-bar linkage shown in Figure 1.1 is rotated about the z-axis in a clockwise
direction. The modeling part of the analysis utilizes direct nodal and elemental definition. Since this
model is a flexible kinematics analysis, numerous beam elements are defined for each bar. To reduce
the initial vibrations caused by loading, loads are applied in two time steps. A four-revolution
displacement is imposed over a time period of 0.6 sec. This is equivalent to a 400 rev/min (rpm)
displacement.

Problem Specifications

Analysis Procedure
1. Select Elements
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete. Add the following elements:

Type 1: Beam 188 (3D Elastic beam)

 P a g e | 51

Type 2: MPC 184 (Revolute Joint)

2. Define Real constant

Set 1 (for Beam 188)- Table 1 and Set 2 (for MPC 184) – Table 2

Menu Path: Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit > Edit> Beam 188> OK

3. Define Material Properties – Table 3

Menu Path: Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models

Create nodes

Create nodes as per the table 4 given below

4. Create Local coordinate system

Utility Menu > Work Plane > Local Coordinate Systems > Create Local CS > At Specified Loc

In the Create CS at Location dialog box enter 2.5,0,0 and pick OK.

The create local coordinate system at specified location dialog box will open

Enter 66.024 for THXY and ensure that KCS is set as 11 and KCN is Cartesian.

Table 4
K. Opt
Option Value
No
1 Area 0.063
2 IZZ 5.25e-3
3 IYY 2.08373e-5
4 TKZ 0.063
5 TKY 1

Table 5
K. Opt
Option Value
No
1 K1 0.063
2 K2 5.25e-3
3 K3 2.08373e-5
7 Mass 1.5528e-4

Table 6
 P a g e | 52

Material
Set 1 Set 2
Property
Ex 10e6 10e6
PRxy 0.3 0.3
Dens 2.587799e-4 2.587799e-4
Damp 0.000139 0.000278

Table 7
Node
X Y Z
No
1 0 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
3 2.5 0 0

6. Activate the local coordinate system

Utility Menu>WorkPlane>Change Active CS to>Specified Coord Sys

Enter 11for KCN in the Change Active CS to Specified CS dialog box

7. Create nodes

Create nodes as per the table 5

8. Activate the local coordinate system

Utility Menu>WorkPlane>Change Active CS to>Specified Coord Sys

Enter 0 for KCN in the Change Active CS to Specified CS dialog box

9. Change Angular units to degrees.

Utility Menu > Parameters > Angular Units

Angular Units for parametric Functions dialog box will open. Set the unit for angular units (*AFUN)
as degrees DEG

10. Create Local coordinate system

Utility Menu > Work Plane > Local Coordinate Systems > Create Local CS > At Specified Loc

In the Create CS at Location dialog box enter (2.5+11*cos (66.024)), 11*sin(66.024)),0 and pick
OK.
 P a g e | 53

The create local coordinate system at specified location dialog box will open.

Enter -73.21 for THXY and ensure that KCS is set as 12 and KCN is Cylindrical.

11. Activate the local coordinate system

Utility Menu>WorkPlane>Change Active CS to>Specified Coord Sys

Enter 12 for KCN in the Change Active CS to Specified CS dialog box

12. Create nodes

Create nodes as per the table 6.

13. Create Elements

Create beam elements as per the table 7.

Change Material to Set 2
Main Menu > Preprocessor> Meshing > Mesh Attribute > Default Attributes>

In the meshing attributes dialog box, change material number (MAT) to 2.

After changing the material number to 2, Create beam elements as per the table 8

Change Real Constant and element type to Set 2

Main Menu > Preprocessor> Meshing > Mesh Attribute > Default Attributes>

In the meshing attributes dialog box, change Element type number (TYPE) and Real constant set
number (REAL) to 2.

After changing the Element type number and Real constant set number to 2, Create revolute joint
elements as per the table 9

Table 8
Node No X Y Z
4 2.5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
6 8.5 0 0
7 11 0 0
8 11 0 0
 P a g e | 54

Table 9
Node No X Y Z
9 2.5 0 0
10 5.25 0 0
11 8 0 0
12 10.5 0 0

Table 10
Element No Node Node J
1 1I 2
2 3 4
3 4 5
4 5 6
5 6 7

Table 11
Element No No Node I Node J
6 8 9
7 9 10
8 10 11
9 11 12

Table 12
Element No No Node I Node J
10 2 3
11 7 8

14. Change Angular units to radians.

Utility Menu > Parameters > Angular Units

Angular Units for parametric Functions dialog box will open. Set the unit for angular units (*AFUN)
as radians RAD

15. Start a new Transient Analysis

 P a g e | 55

Main Menu>Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis

New Analysis dialog box will open.

Select the type of analysis (ANTYPE) as Transient and solution method (TRNOPT) as full.

16. Include large displacement effects and set analysis options

Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > Sol'n Controls>

In the Basic tab, set the Analysis options as large displacement transient. In addition set

Time at end of load step as 0.001 and number of sub steps as 1.

In the Transient tab, Unselect (untick) the transient effects.

In the Nonlinear tab, under Equilibrium iterations change the maximum number of iterations to 1(one)

In the Nonlinear tab, click set convergence criteria > Add >

Select Structural > force for Lab in the Nonlinear convergence criteria

Enter 1 for Reference value (VALUE) and 0.001 for Tolerance about VALUE (TOLER)

Pick OK.

Similarly set a tolerance of 0.001 for structural moment.

In the Basic tab, select All solution items for Write items to Result file and under Frequency select
write every sub step.

17. Apply Loading and Boundary Condition

Main Menu > Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural >Displacement > on Nodes > select
Node 1

The Apply Displacements (U, ROT) on Nodes dialog box will open, select UX and UY as the DOF's
to be constrained.

Similarly constrain UX and UY for Node 12.

18. Solve

Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS > close the status window and click OK in the Solve
current step window.

19. Apply Rotation and solve

Apply Rotation about z Axis on Node 1.

 P a g e | 56

Main Menu > Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > displacements > on Nodes >

Apply Displacements (U, ROT) on Nodes dialog box will open , select ROTZ and enter -25.13274
as a constant vale for VALUE.

20. Set analysis options and Solve

As done in step 16, set Time at end of load step as 0.6 and number of sub steps as 99.

Number of equilibrium iterations as 30.

In addition, include time integration and ramped loading.

Main Menu>Solution>Analysis Type>Sol'n Controls> under Transient tab select ramped loading and
New Mark algorithm under time integration.
 P a g e | 57

Solve

21. Plot Reaction forces and Animate.

Time history postprocessor > variable viewer > click + sign (in green)

In the Add time-hist variable dialog box select Reaction forces > Structural Moments > Z-comp

Set the variable name as MZ_2 and then select OK.

Plot the Moment added Versus time by clicking the plotting tool (third in the menu).

Main Menu > General Post Processor > Plot Results > Deformed shape

Select Def + undeformed; click on OK.

Utility Menu > PlotCtrls >Animate > Over Time

Animate Over Time dialog box appears. Enter 100 for Number of animation frames. Enter 0.05
for Animation time delay(Sec); click on OK.

Results
The dynamic analysis of a four bar linkage was performed.
 P a g e | 58

Figure 9.25 Fin

Figure 9.26 Plane 55

 P a g e | 59

Ex. No 9 / /2020

Steady State Heat Transfer Analysis of a Fin

__________________________________________________________________________________

Aim

To perform a steady state heat transfer analysis to determine the temperature distribution in a
fin.

 Problem Description
A fin as shown in Figure 9.1 is at an initial temperature of 25°C. Solve the problem as an
unsteady state problem and determine the temperature distribution in the fin at 100 s. Plot the
temperature history at point A. The total duration is 200 s and the time step is 2 s.

Problem Specifications
The fin is made of nickel–steel with the following properties: ρ = 7945 kg/m2, k = 26 W/m-
°C, and Cp = 4600 J/kg-°C. The bottom surface of the fin is maintained at 100°C, and the
surface is subjected to free convection with h = 5 W/m-°C and ambient temperature is 25°C.

Procedure
Set` the Analysis Title
9. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Change Title.
10. Type the text "Transient heat transfer in a fin" and click on OK.

Define the Element Types

30. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete.
31. Click on Add. The Library of Element Types dialog box appears.
32. In the scroll box on the left, click once on Thermal Solid.
33. In the scroll box on the right, click once on "Plane 55." (Figure 9.2)
34. Click on OK to define it as element type 1. The Library of Element Types dialog box closes.
35. Close the Element types dialog box.

Define Material Properties

Thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density are required to solve the unsteady problem.

Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define
Material Model Behaviour dialog box appears.
In the Material Models Available window,
13. Double-click on Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic . Type 26 in KXX > OK
14. Double click on Thermal > Specific Heat. Type 4600 in C > OK
 P a g e | 60

15. Double click on Thermal > Density Type 7945 in DENS > OK
16. Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material Models Defined window on the left.
17. Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behaviour dialog
box.

Create Keypoints

Choose ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Key points > In Working Plane
Create keypoints with X and Y coordinates as given in Table 1

Figure 9.27
 P a g e | 61

Table 13
Keypoint X-Coordinate Y-Coordinate
No
1 0 0
2 0.028 0
3 0.028 0.004
4 0.024 0.004
5 0.024 0.016
6 0.020 0.016
7 0.020 0.004
8 0.016 0.004
9 0.016 0.016
10 0.012 0.016
11 0.012 0.004
12 0.008 0.004
13 0.008 0.016
14 0.004 0.016
15 0.004 0.004
16 0 0.004

ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > By Keypoints
Create an Area by selecting all the keypoints 1 to 16. OK

Create Mesh
Choose menu path  Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool
select Smart Size > set the level to 1 > Mesh > Click on Pick All > Close

Solution
The type of the analysis will be transient, and a full solution method is selected. Initial conditions are
given. Results are requested to be stored after each time step during the solution with every subset
option.

Choose Menu path Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > select Steady-State >
Ok

Apply Boundary Conditions

The following Boundary conditions are applied in the solution task.
 Temperature and convection boundary conditions are applied at the external surface.
 The upper surfaces are subjected to convection.
 The bottom surface is maintained at a constant temperature.

Choose Main Menu > Solution > Define Load > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines
 P a g e | 62

Click on fin outer surfaces where a convective boundary condition is applied. OK .

Type 5 in Film Coefficient and type 25 in Bulk temperature OK

Main Menu > Solution > Define Load > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Lines

Click on fi n bottom surface where a temperature boundary condition is applied. OK

Select TEMP > type 100 in Load TEMP value > select Yes ( KEXPND) > OK

Selecting yes in KEXPND, applies the temperature at the selected line, as well as the key points of
that line.

The initial condition is specified as follows:

Choose Main Menu > Solution > Define Load > Apply > Initial Condition > Define

Click on Pick All to select all nodes in the domain

Select TEMP in the DOF to be specified > type 25 in Initial value of DOF >OK

Solution

Choose Menu Path Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS > OK > Click Close

Post Processing

The temperature contours are plotted.

Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu > DOF Solution > Nodal
Temperature > OK

ANSYS graphics shows temperature contours at time = 100 s ( Figure 9.3 )

Results
Steady state heat transfer Analysis of a fin is performed
 P a g e | 63

Figure 10.28 Fin

Figure 10.29 Plane 55

 P a g e | 64

Ex. No 10 - -2020

Transient Heat Transfer Analysis of a Fin

_________________________________________________________________________________

Aim

To perform a transient heat transfer analysis to determine the temperature distribution in a

fin.

 Problem Description

A fin as shown in Figure10.1 is at an initial temperature of 25°C. Solve the problem as an

unsteady state problem and determine the temperature distribution in the fin at 100 s. Plot the
temperature history at point A. The total duration is 200 s and the time step is 2 s.

Problem Specifications

The fin is made of nickel–steel with the following properties: ρ = 7945 kg/m2, k = 26 W/m-
°C, and Cp = 4600 J/kg-°C. The bottom surface of the fin is maintained at 100°C, and the
surface is subjected to free convection with h = 5 W/m-°C and ambient temperature is 25°C.

Procedure
Set` the Analysis Title
11. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Change Title.
12. Type the text "Transient heat transfer in a fin" and click on OK.

Define the Element Types

36. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete.
37. Click on Add. The Library of Element Types dialog box appears.
38. In the scroll box on the left, click once on Thermal Solid.
39. In the scroll box on the right, click once on "Plane 55." (Figure 10.2)
40. Click on OK to define it as element type 1. The Library of Element Types dialog box closes.
41. Close the Element types dialog box.

Define Material Properties

 P a g e | 65

Thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density are required to solve the unsteady problem.

Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define
Material Model Behaviour dialog box appears.
In the Material Models Available window,
18. Double-click on Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic . Type 26 in KXX > OK
19. Double click on Thermal > Specific Heat. Type 4600 in C > OK
20. Double click on Thermal > Density Type 7945 in DENS > OK
21. Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material Models Defined window on the left.
22. Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behaviour dialog
box.

Create Keypoints

Choose ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Key points > In Working Plane
Create keypoints with X and Y coordinates as given in Table 1

Figure 10.30
 P a g e | 66

Figure 10.31
 P a g e | 67

Table 14
Keypoint X-Coordinate Y-Coordinate
No
1 0 0
2 0.028 0
3 0.028 0.004
4 0.024 0.004
5 0.024 0.016
6 0.020 0.016
7 0.020 0.004
8 0.016 0.004
9 0.016 0.016
10 0.012 0.016
11 0.012 0.004
12 0.008 0.004
13 0.008 0.016
14 0.004 0.016
15 0.004 0.004
16 0 0.004

ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > By Keypoints
Create an Area by selecting all the keypoints 1 to 16. OK

Create Mesh
Choose menu path  Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool
select Smart Size > set the level to 1 > Mesh > Click on Pick All > Close

Solution
The type of the analysis will be transient, and a full solution method is selected. Initial conditions are
given. Results are requested to be stored after each time step during the solution with every subset
option.

Choose Menu path Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > select Transient > Ok

Main Menu > Solution > Load Step Opts > Output Ctrls > DB/Results File > select Every subset

Main Menu > Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequenc > Time –Time Step

Under "Basic" tab Type 200 in the Time at end of load step

Type 1 in Time step size

Under "Transient" Tab select Stepped. OK

Apply Boundary Conditions

 P a g e | 68

The following Boundary conditions are applied in the solution task.

 Temperature and convection boundary conditions are applied at the external surface.
 The upper surfaces are subjected to convection.
 The bottom surface is maintained at a constant temperature.

Choose Main Menu > Solution > Define Load > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines

Click on fin outer surfaces where a convective boundary condition is applied. OK .

Type 5 in Film Coefficient and type 25 in Bulk temperature OK

Main Menu > Solution > Define Load > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Lines

Click on fi n bottom surface where a temperature boundary condition is applied. OK

Select TEMP > type 100 in Load TEMP value > select Yes ( KEXPND) > OK

Selecting yes in KEXPND, applies the temperature at the selected line, as well as the key points of
that line.

Figure 10.32
 P a g e | 69

Figure 10.33

The initial condition is specified as follows:

Choose Main Menu > Solution > Define Load > Apply > Initial Condition > Define

Click on Pick All to select all nodes in the domain

Select TEMP in the DOF to be specified > type 25 in Initial value of DOF >OK

Solution

Choose Menu Path Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS > OK > Click Close

Post Processing

The temperature contours will be presented at time steps of 1 s. First, the time step is loaded, then the
temperature contours are plotted.

Main Menu > General Postproc > Read Results > By Pick > select Time 100.00 > Read and Close
(Figure 10.3)

Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu
 P a g e | 70

Click on Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Nodal Temperature > OK

ANSYS graphics shows temperature contours at time = 100 s ( Figure 10.4 )

Time History Post Processing

Determining the temperature history at a specific location in the domain is important.

Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro > Click on the green X > click on Nodal solution > DOF Solution >
Nodal Temperature > OK (Figure 10.5)

Click at the point A.

The graphical presentation is shown in Figure 10.6 . The graph starts from the specified initial
condition to reach the steady-state condition.
ANSYS graphics shows temperature history of the selected location

Results
Transient heat transfer analysis of a fin is performed
 P a g e | 71

Ex. No 11 30-05-2021

Thermoplastic Heating of a Thick-walled sphere

_________________________________________________________________________________

Aim
To perform a transient structural-thermal analysis to calculate the thermally induced
expansion in a thick-walled sphere.
Problem Description
A sphere of inner radius 10 mm is subjected to a constant internal pressure of 187.5Mpa and
constant temperature of 626.33K at outer radius of 20 mm. The initial reference temperature
is homogeneous and taken as 293K.A structural-thermal transient analysis done for a total
time of 7 seconds.

Problem Specifications
The sphere under study has the following material properties.
1.Bulk Modulus =166670Mpa
2.Shear Modulus =76920Mpa
3.Yield Stress =300Mpa
4.Tangent Modulus (Hardening Modulus) =700Mpa
5.Density =7.8 x 10-9 Ns2/mm4
6.Thermal Expansion Coefficient =1 x 10-6 K-1
7.Thermal Conductivity =45N/(s*K)
8.Specific Heat =4.6 x 108 (mm2)/ (s2 K)
9.Dissipation Factor =0.9
10. Yield stress softening =0.003 K-1

Procedure:
Set` the Analysis, Title:
13. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Change Title.
14. Type the text "2D thermal induced blow-up of a thick-walled Sphere" and click on OK.

Initialisation of Scalar parameters:

1. Under scalar parameters, declare the necessary constants for this analysis.
2. To initialise the scalar parameters, Utility Menu >Parameters>Scalar parameters
3. Type <variable name> = < value> in the selection box and click accept
 P a g e | 72

List of Scalar parameters:

Variable name Value Remarks

A 10 Inner Radius (mm)
B 20 Outer Radius (mm)
K 166670 Bulk Modulus N/mm^2
G 76920 Shear Modulus N/mm^2
Young’s Modulus ,
E (9*K*G)/(3*K*G)
N/mm^2
(3*K-2*G)/
nu Poisson’s Ratio
(2*(3*K+G))
rho 7.8E-9 Density , N*s^2/mm^4
Expansion coefficient,
alpha 1.0E-6
K^-1
k 45 Conductivity, N/(s*K)
Specific heat,
c 4.6E8
mm^2/(s^ k)
Taylor – Quinney
q 0.9
coefficient
Internal Pressure,
PA 187.5
N/mm^2
Reference Temperature,
Tref 293
K
Boundary Temperature,
TB 626.33
K
Yield stress at Tref,
y0 300
N/mm^2
Hardening modulus,
h0 700
N/mm^2
Yield stress softening ,
w0 0.003
N/mm^2

Calculation of yield stress at different temperatures:

1. Initialise three different temperature values ( T 1 =100 K, T2=200 K, T3=300 K) using scalar
parameters (Procedure same as above)
2. Yield stress at these temperatures and at boundary are calculated using the below equation,
y i= y 0∗( 1−w0∗T i ) , i=1 ,2,3
y 4 = y 0∗(1−w0∗ ( T B−T ref ) )
 P a g e | 73

Here,
w0 = yield stress softening , N/mm^2
y0 = Yield stress at Tref , N/mm^2
yi = Yield stress at Ti + Tref , N/mm^2
y4= Yield stress at boundary temperature, TB , N/mm^2
3. Initialise the above yield stress values using scalar parameters (Procedure same as above).

Define the Element Types

42. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete.
43. Click on Add. The Library of Element Types dialog box appears.
44. In the scroll box on the left, click once on Coupled Field
45. In the scroll box on the right, click once on "Quad4 node 222." (Figure 11.1)
46. Click options and change the key options as shown below.

Analysis Type Structural - thermal

Element Behaviour Axisymmetric

Thermo- elastic damping Suppressed

Element formulation
Mixed U/P
(struct)

47. Click on OK to define it as element type 1. The Library of Element Types dialog box closes.
48. Close the Element types dialog box.

(Figure 11.1)

Define Material Properties

Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models. The Define
Material Model Behaviour dialog box appears.
In the Material Models Available window,
23. Double-click on Structural> Linear > Elastic > Isotropic > Type E in EX and type nu in
NUXY > OK
24. Double click on Thermal > Density >Type rho in DENS > OK
25. Double-click on Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic>Type k in KXX > OK
26. Double click on Thermal > Specific Heat >Type c in C > OK
27. Double click on Thermal > Heat generation rate >Type q in C > OK
 P a g e | 74

28. To add Thermal expansion secant coefficient ,type the following command in command
window:
mp,alphx,1,alpha
29. To activate the data table for material properties with bilinear isotropic hardening properties,
use the following command,
tb,biso,1,,2
30. Go to material models and click bilinear isotropic from left
31. Enter the different set of data by clicking add temperature.

Temperature 0 Tref T1+Tref T2+Tref T3+Tref TB

Yield stress 0 y0 y1 y2 y3 y4

Yong. mod 0 h0 h0 h0 h0 h0

32. Material Model Number 1 appears in the Material Models Defined window on the left.

Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behaviour dialog box

Geometry creation:

 From main menu, click modelling > create >Areas>Circle > Partial annulus
 Enter WP X, WP Y =0 , rad-1 = A, theta-1 =0 , rad-2 =B, theta-2 =90.
 Click OK, Area created is shown in (Figure 11.2)

(Figure 11.2)

Mesh creation:
 From main menu, Click meshing > Mesh attributes > default attributes> Change element type
number and material number to 1.
 Click meshing> mesh tool > change mesh to areas > mesh type Quad – mapped – 3 to 4
sided > Click close
 P a g e | 75

 Click meshing > size cntrls > manual size > areas > enter element size = 1
 Click meshing > mesh > areas > mapped > 3-4 sided > pick all > ok
 Mesh created is shown in figure 11.3

(Figure 11.3)

Symmetry Conditions:
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Reflect>Areas
Click pick all option to select the entire area. Choose the plane of symmetry as x-z plane. Choose
copied in the IMOVE to retain the existing areas along the generated one.
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Numbering Ctrls>Merge Items
Choose the item to merge as keypoints.
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Numbering Ctrls>Merge Items
Choose the item to merge as nodes.

Applying the Loads

Utility Menu>WorkPlane>Change Active CS to>Global Spherical
Changes the coordinate system to spherical coordinates.
Utility Menu>Select>Entities>Nodes>By Location>X coordinate>At A (X=10 mm)
Selecting all the nodes at the location where x =A (10 mm).
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>Pressure>On Nodes
Applying pressure at the nodes on the inner surface as 187.5Mpa.
Utility Menu>Select>Entities>Nodes>By Location>X coordinate>At A (X=20 mm)
Selecting all the nodes at the location where x =B (20 mm).
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Thermal>Temperature>On Nodes
 P a g e | 76

Applying temperature at the outer surface as 626.33K.

Utility Menu>WorkPlane>Change Active CS to>Global Cartesian

Changes the coordinate system to cartesian coordinates.

Utility Menu>Select>Entities>Nodes>By Location>X coordinate>At X=0

Selecting all the nodes at the location where x =0.

Main Menu>Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>Displacement>On Nodes

Select the dof as UX and enter the displacement value as 0.

Utility Menu>Select>Entities>Nodes>By Location>X coordinate>At Y=0

Selecting all the nodes at the location where y = 0.

Main Menu>Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>Displacement>On Nodes

Select the dof as UY and enter the displacement value as 0.

Applying initial conditions

Main Menu>Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Settings>Reference Temp
Enter the reference temperature as 293K.
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Loads>Define Loads>Apply>Initial Condit'n>Define>Pick
all>
Select the dof as temperature and enter the initial value as Tref=293K.
Main Menu>Finish
Exits the preprocessor.
 Figure 11.4 depicts the meshed model after applying boundary conditions
 P a g e | 77

(Figure 11.4)

Solution
Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Transient
Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Analysis Type > Sol'n Controls > Basic > Select ‘large
Displacement Transient’ in Analysis Options.
In the same dialog box, under Time Controls ;
Enter ‘7’ for Time at End of Load Step
Enter ‘50’ for each of ‘No.of substeps’, ‘Max no.of substeps’, ‘Min no.of substeps’.
Main Menu > Solution > Load Step Opts > Output Ctrls > DB/Results File > Select ‘All
items’ in Item to be controlled ans ‘All entities’ in Component name.
Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS > OK > Click Close

Post Processing
The temperature contours are plotted.
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu > DOF Solution
> Nodal Temperature > OK
ANSYS graphics shows temperature contours at time = 7s
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(Figure 11.5)

For Displacement/Temperature vs Time plot

Utility Menu > Select > Entities > Node > By Location (from full) > At X = A
Utility Menu > Select > Entities > Node > By Location (reselect) > At Y = 0

Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro > Define Variables > Add > Nodal DOF Result > Select node 44 >
Reference number - ‘2’ > User specified label - ‘TEMP’ > DOF Solution > Temperature TEMP .
TimeHist Postpro > Table Operations > Fill Data > enter ‘3’ for ‘Variable to be Filled’ and ‘-1’ for
‘Value At Location’.
TimeHist Postpro > Table Operations > Fill Data > enter ‘4’ for ‘Variable to be Filled’ and ‘293’ for
‘Value At Location’.
TimeHist Postpro > Math Operations > Multiply > enter ‘5’ for ‘Reference number for result’, ‘3’ for
‘1st variable’ and ‘4’ for ‘2nd variable’.
TimeHist Postpro > Math Operations > Add > enter ‘6’ for ‘Reference number for result’, ‘2’ for ‘1st
variable’ and ‘5’ for ‘2nd variable’.
Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro > Define Variables > Add > Nodal DOF Result > Select node 44 >
Reference number - ‘7’ > User specified label - ‘ux’ > DOF Solution > Translation UX .

For plotting
Utility Menu > Plot ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Grid > Change ‘Type of Grid’ to ‘X and Y
Lines’.
Utility Menu > Plot ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes > X label > ‘Time [s]’ > Specified X
Range > ‘0’ for XMIN & ‘7.0’ for XMAX.
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i) Temperature
Utility Menu > Plot ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes > Y label > ‘Temperature’ > Specified y
Range > ‘0’ for YMIN & ‘350.0’ for YMAX.
Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro > Graph Variables > Enter ‘6’ in ‘First Variable to Graph’.

(Figure 11.6)

ii) Displacement
Utility Menu > Plot ctrls > Style > Graphs > Modify Axes > Y label > ‘Displacement’ > Specified y
Range > ‘0’ for YMIN & ‘5.0’ for YMAX.
Main Menu > TimeHist Postpro > Graph Variables > Enter ‘7’ in ‘First Variable to Graph’.
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(Figure 11.7)

Result
The time-history evolution of temperature and radial displacement on the inner surface of the sphere
subjected to pressure in the interior and temperature from the exterior, is calculated and plotted.