Negative Feedback Mechanisms: Lesson 15.2
Negative Feedback Mechanisms: Lesson 15.2
Learning Objectives 2
Warm Up 2
Bibliography 18
Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Lesson 15.2
Introduction
All products, when newly-released to the market, receive feedback from consumers. This
feedback is any information gained from consumer reviews regarding the product. Similar
to this, our body also has feedback mechanisms that function in somewhat the same way.
Changes and stimuli can be likened to consumer reviews which the body needs to respond
to. If there is a change in the systems of our body, the process of feedback triggers certain
results. This change can be an increase or decrease to the system to bring it back to its
normal state. How do these systems work? In this lesson, we are going to discuss the
natural feedback or response of our body when its normal state is disrupted.
15.2. Negative Feedback Mechanisms 1
Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Warm Up
Body Control Center 15 minutes
This activity will have you control different variables (blood delivery, oxygen, blood pressure,
body temperature, and glucose level) in a virtual person. Your goal is to maintain
homeostasis and you will need to control specific parameters to do so.
Material
● Internet-connected device
Procedure
1. Access the given link below to manipulate the activity:
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
2. The activity shows some of the body’s interrelated variables of homeostasis, which
can vary due to different conditions. Take note that in this activity, these variables
are independent of each other.
3. You need to monitor each variable through the monitor display.
4. You may control these variables whenever they decrease or increase.
5. The virtual person will do different activities such as standing, resting, and running,
but the variables will still change depending on the condition of the virtual person.
6. The goal of this activity is to manipulate each variable to achieve the homeostatic
state of the virtual person.
7. After doing the activity, form groups of three to discuss the following:
a. variables involved
b. actions and reactions
c. ways of maintaining homeostasis
8. Answer the guide questions afterward.
Guide Questions
1. In the activity, how do you know that the virtual person achieved homeostasis?
2. When the virtual person is running, why do you think do you need to increase the
breathing rate and perspiration of the virtual person?
3. In the activity, how will you normalize the blood pressure if it increases beyond the
normal range?
4. Why is it important to maintain homeostasis in the body regardless of the activity
being done?
Fig. 15.2.1. The negative feedback loop consists of the stimulus, sensor, control center, and
the effector.
Negative feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps the variable close to
a particular value or set point. A homeostatic mechanism has a sensor and a control
center. The sensor detects a change in the internal environment; the control center then
initiates an action to bring conditions back to normal again. When normal conditions are
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
reached, the sensor is no longer activated.
Hence, a negative feedback mechanism is
present when the output of the system
dampens the original stimulus. This is
shown in Fig. 15.2.1.
A home heating system is often used to
show how a negative feedback mechanism
works. Suppose that you set the thermostat
at 25°C. This is the set point. The thermostat
has a thermometer, which is a sensor that
detects when the room temperature
deviates from the normal set point. The
thermostat also contains a control center;
it turns the furnace off when the room is
warm and turns it on when the room is cool.
When the furnace is off, the room cools a
bit. When the furnace is on, the room
warms a bit. In other words, typical of
negative feedback mechanisms, there is a
fluctuation above or below normal. These
responses are illustrated in Fig. 15.2.2.
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Examples of Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback mechanisms are essential for maintaining the proper conditions in the
body. When there are changes in the variables that are being monitored or regulated by the
control center, negative feedback mechanisms bring the body back into a stable state.
These variables include temperature, osmotic balance, glucose level, blood pressure, and
menstrual cycle.
Temperature Regulation
The sensor and the control center for body temperature are located in a part of the brain
called the hypothalamus (shown in Fig. 15.2.3.). The hypothalamus is found at the brain’s
base and performs many processes that help control many bodily functions.
Fig. 15.2.3. The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that regulates the pituitary gland. It also
controls most of the variables that may disturb homeostasis.
When the body temperature is above normal, the control center directs the blood vessels of
the skin to dilate. This results in increased blood flow near the surface of the body, where
heat can be dissipated to the environment. In addition, the nervous system activates the
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
sweat glands, and the evaporation of sweat helps lower body temperature. Gradually, body
temperature decreases back to 37°C. Body temperature does go below that point because a
body temperature below normal brings about a change toward a warmer body
temperature. This is illustrated below in Fig. 15.2.4.
Fig. 15.2.4. When the body exceeds its normal temperature, this serves as a stimulus to
control the nerve cells in the skin to stabilize the temperature back to normal through a
negative feedback loop.
When body temperature falls below normal, the control center directs (via nerve impulses)
instruct the blood vessels of the skin to constrict. These constrictions make the blood
vessels more distant from the surface of the skin, thus minimizing heat loss that would have
otherwise occurred through the dissipation of heat to the environment. This action then
conserves heat. If body temperature decreases even lower, the control center sends nerve
impulses to the skeletal muscles, and shivering occurs. Shivering generates heat, gradually
increasing body temperature back to 37°C. When the temperature rises to normal, the
control center is inactivated. This process is illustrated in Fig. 15.2.5.
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Fig. 15.2.5. The regulation of the temperature is also being monitored through the
hypothalamus of the brain. The body will respond to stabilize the body temperature
through the negative feedback mechanism.
Osmotic Balance
We all know that doctors typically recommend drinking eight glasses of water every day. It is
because this amount of water is for the appropriate balance of electrolytes in the body
while maintaining normal bodily functions for other processes. This intake of water is
balanced out with the loss of fluids by processes like urination, defecation, sweating, and
respiration. The solutes present in the body fluids are mostly mineral salts and sugars. The
body’s fluids include blood plasma, the cytosol within cells, and interstitial fluid, the fluid
that exists in the spaces between cells and tissues of the body. It is the role of osmotic
regulation or osmoregulation to keep these solutes at ideal concentration.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to osmotic pressure
caused by an imbalance of molecules on either side of the membrane. Water moves from
the area with lower concentration of solutes across the membrane to an area of higher
concentration. In relation to this process, osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt
and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes of the body’s fluids, which are
composed of water plus electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Electrolytes are solutes that
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes contribute to
osmotic balance. Maintaining this balance is essential in ensuring that many processes in
the body remain optimal.
Fig. 15.2.6. The water level in the body is monitored by the hypothalamus of the brain. It
can detect the body’s water balance and react accordingly.
The hypothalamus can detect the change in the water level in the blood of the human body
through osmoreceptors. There are two common ways in which the human body constantly
performs osmoregulation in the body; these are through dehydration and waterlogging. If
the water level of the body is critically low, the hypothalamus sends a signal to the pituitary
15.2. Negative Feedback Mechanisms 9
Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
glands to secrete an antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This hormone will be released to the
blood, and will eventually reach the kidneys. ADH will then signal the kidneys to increase the
rate of water reabsorption to return to the blood and decrease the water removed from the
body through urine. The kidneys will not stop absorbing water until the pituitary glands
send signals to reduce the production of hormones. This process is shown in Fig. 15.2.6.
Waterlogging, sometimes known as overhydration, is the opposite of dehydration. In this
case, the hypothalamus is signaled that the level of water in the bodily fluids is too high. In
response, a signal is then sent by the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland, which stops the
production and secretion of antidiuretic hormones making the kidney cease the
reabsorption of water from the blood. This also increases the amount of urine formed since
fluids merely pass through the ducts of the kidney without being reabsorbed. If the
continued increase of water levels is not prevented, the cells of the body may become
waterlogged which may cause them to burst.
Glucose Level Regulation
Our body converts carbohydrates from the food that we eat into glucose, which is our
primary source of energy. The blood sugar level is a measure of how effectively the body
uses glucose, which may vary throughout the day. Insulin and glucagon, which are both
hormones secreted by the pancreas, keep the level of blood sugar within a healthy range.
The blood sugar levels remain high if the body does not convert enough glucose. The
pancreas releases insulin, which helps the cells to absorb glucose which reduces blood
sugar levels. A high amount of insulin in the blood signals the liver that blood glucose is
high. The liver will then absorb the glucose and convert it into a storage molecule called
glycogen. On the other hand, when blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas releases
glucagon. Glucagon instructs the liver to release the converted glycogen into glucose to
normalize the blood sugar level. These processes are seen in Fig. 15.2.7.
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Fig. 15.2.7. The blood glucose level can decrease or increase beyond the normal range. This
can be stabilized through the hormones insulin and glucagon during the negative feedback
mechanism.
Blood Pressure Regulation
The maintenance of blood pressure is another example of a negative-feedback mechanism.
Normal blood pressure is responsible for moving blood from the heart to tissues. The blood
supplies the tissues with oxygen and nutrients and removes waste products. Thus, normal
blood pressure is required to ensure that tissue homeostasis is maintained. Blood pressure
depends in part on contraction (beating) of the heart: as heart rate increases, blood
pressure increases, and as heart rate decreases, blood pressure decreases.
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Fig. 15.2.8. Whenever the change in the blood pressure is detected by the receptors, a
negative feedback mechanism is taking place to bring it back to its normal rate.
The receptors that monitor blood pressure are found within large blood vessels near the
heart. These baroreceptors sense blood pressure, in that if blood pressure rises slightly,
the receptors detect the increased blood pressure and transmit that information to the
control center in the brain. The control center causes the heart rate to decrease, resulting
in a decline in blood pressure. If blood pressure decreases slightly, the receptors inform the
control center, which increases heart rate, resulting in a rise in blood pressure. As a result,
blood pressure is maintained within a normal range. These processes are shown in Fig.
15.2.8.
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle and the changes that occur in puberty in females are controlled by
the hormones estrogen, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH). Estrogen controls the secretion of the two pituitary hormones through the
hypothalamus, which controls the pituitary gland. This happens when the estrogen level
rises in the blood. The hypothalamus will control the pituitary gland to stimulate the
secretion of LH and FSH. The follicle-stimulating hormone causes the maturation of an egg
in the ovary. Then, the luteinizing hormone stimulates the release of the egg. Lastly,
estrogen is involved in the repairing and thickening of the uterus following menstruation,
while another hormone called progesterone helps in maintaining the uterine lining. These
functions can be seen in Fig. 15.2.9.
Fig. 15.2.9. A high level of GnRH produces LH and FSH, which then produces high levels of
estrogen. If the level of estrogen in the body is high, the production of GnRH will be
inhibited.
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
The negative feedback loop can also be seen in the menstrual cycle. The hypothalamus
produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which signals the pituitary gland to
produce FSH and LH. The FSH tells the ovaries to produce estrogen so that high levels of
estrogen will inhibit the production of GnRH. This will eventually make the pituitary to make
less FSH that causes ovaries to make less estrogen.
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Key Points
___________________________________________________________________________________________
● Our body’s systems are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms, which
functions to maintain homeostasis. This feedback maintains the variation within a
normal range. It is dubbed as negative since the changes are met with a response
that decreases their magnitude.
● The sensor and the control center for body temperature are located in a part of the
brain called the hypothalamus.
● When the body temperature is above normal, the control center directs the blood
vessels of the skin to dilate. The result is that more blood flows near the surface of
the body, where heat can be lost to the environment.
● Water intake is balanced out by processes like urination, perspiration, defecation,
and more.
● The blood sugar level is a measure of how effectively the body uses glucose, which
may vary throughout the day. Insulin and glucagon, which are both hormones
secreted by the pancreas, keep the level of blood sugar within a healthy range.
● The maintenance of blood pressure is another example of a negative-feedback
mechanism.
● The menstrual cycle and puberty of females are controlled by the hormones
estrogen, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
15.2. Negative Feedback Mechanisms 15
Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Graphical representation of negative feedback mechanisms
___________________________________________________________________________________________
1. It is a mechanism that functions to maintain homeostasis, in that it responds to a
change by reducing the intensity of that change.
2. This refers to the component of a homeostatic mechanism that detects a change
from the environment.
3. Signals are sent to this component and it initiates an action to bring conditions
back to normal.
4. This structure is where information is sent to in the efferent pathway.
5. It is known as the normal range which forms the basis for homeostatic stability.
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
C. Provide the possible consequence, should the following events take place.
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Challenge Yourself
1. How does the negative feedback mechanism function when there is an imbalance in
the homeostatic state of the body?
2. How does the body balance the electrolytes?
3. How does the liver respond when there is a high amount of glucose in the blood?
4. How does blood pressure affect the tissues in the body?
5. How does the FSH respond when the hypothalamus produces GnRH?
Bibliography
Hoefnagels, Marielle. Biology: The Essentials. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Education. 2016.
Mader, Sylvia S., and Michael Windelspecht. Biology. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill Education. 2014.
“Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance.” Boundless Biology. Lumen Candela. Accessed May
24, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/osmoregulation-and
-osmotic-balance/.
Reece, Jane B, Martha R. Taylor, Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Kelly Hogan. Biology
Concepts and Connections. 8th ed. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd. 2016.
Simon, Eric J., and Jane B. Reece. Campbell Essential Biology. 5th ed. Pearson Education Inc.,
2013.
Starr, Cecie, Christine A. Evers, and Lisa Starr. Biology Applications and Concepts. 8th ed.
Cengage Learning Asia, Pte. Ltd. 2012.
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Unit 15: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Starr, Cecie, Christine A. Evers, and Lisa Starr. Biology: Today and Tomorrow. 4th ed. Cengage
Learning Asia Pte. Ltd., 2014.
“The Menstrual Cycle.” CK-12. Flexbook, 2020.
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-advanced-concepts/section/17.82/.
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