COMPOSITIONS OF ART ❖ For most of the history of art, the subject is recognizable or

at least reflects some sort of visual experience.

WHAT IS COMPOSITION IN ARTS?
❖ The subject matter is a talking point, it’s a conversation
❖ Composition in art is the arrangement of the various
between the artist and the viewer.
elements within an artwork.
❖ Subject of art: Representational art and Non-
❖ The artist uses composition to arrange the subject and
representational art
object of the image in a way to engage the viewer or provide a
visually compelling scene. REPRESENTATIONAL ART - Representational artwork aims to
represent actual objects or subjects from reality.
ELEMENTS OF ART
1. Line • STILL LIFE - This includes any kind of inanimate objects,
2. Shape such as furniture, flowers, food, etc.
3. Color • LANDSCAPE - This can be anything from a traditional
4. Form landscape painting to a more abstract interpretation of
5. Texture the natural world.
6. Value • PORTRAIT - A portrait can be a literal likeness of a
7. Space person, or it can be a more symbolic representation.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN • FIGURATIVE - This type of subject matter includes any
1. Unity kind of human figure, either real or imaginary.
2. Variety • NUDES - Nude paintings or sculptures are usually of
3. Emphasis the human form, without any clothing.
4. Focal point • ANIMALS - Animal subject matter can be anything from
5. Balance cute and cuddly pets to wild beasts.

SUBJECT MATTER NON - REPRESENTATIONAL ART - Non-representational art is

the opposite of representational art. As its name suggests, it’s
❖ The “what” of a work of art – the people, emotions, places, an art that does not represent places, beings, or events. Artists
things, themes, processes, and ideas in a work. use various shapes, colors, and lines to create such art.
FORM OF ART expose an underlying color or create a texture that
When shapes receive the third dimension of depth, they appears to be a line.
become forms and as such a circle becomes a sphere, squares • PAINTING - Painting is the practice of applying paint,
become cubes, and the triangle becomes a cone or a pyramid. pigment, color, or other medium to a solid surface. The
When we are thinking about the examples of the form in art, medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush,
we can say that it exists in both real and implied manners. but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and
airbrushes, can be used. In art, the term "painting"
• GEOMETRIC FORMS - are forms that can be
describes both the act and the result of the action.
constructed using geometry, such as squares,
• SCULPTING - To sculpt is to shape or carve a figure out
rectangles, circles, cones, cubes, and so on. Geometric
of a moldable or hard material. You could sculpt a
forms are commonly found in architecture, structural
figure of your mom’s cat, or you could sculpt your
and civil engineering.
biceps by lifting weights. Artists who sculpt are called
• ORGANIC FORMS - shapes, often curvilinear in
sculptors, and the work of art they make is called a
appearance, that are similar to those found in nature,
sculpture.
such as plants, animals, and rocks.
CONTENT
What is Art Technique?
the manner and ability with which an artist employs the Content refers to the sensory, subjective, psychological, or
technical skills of a particular art or field of endeavor. emotional properties we feel in a work of art. Content is not
just a description of the subject matter.
3 common Art techniques
MEDIUM
Drawing
Painting refers to the art materials or art supplies used to create a work
Sculpting of art. It is the instrument of the artist in translating his
feelings and thoughts into form.
• DRAWING - Drawing can also be created with sharp
instruments that remove pigment or material to
ELEMENTS OF ART be utilized in perspective to draw attention to a specific
focal point or create a sense of depth.
The elements of art in the most basic building block are
• CURVE LINE - It is described as bending in form and can
creating art. Understanding them will help you to create an
be spiral-shaped or wavy. Soft, shallow curves recall
artwork. The elements of art are parts that make up the
the curves of the human body and often have a
whole.
pleasing, sensual quality, and a softening effect on the
LINE composition.
A line is an identifiable path created by a point moving in
SHAPE
space. It is one-dimensional and can vary in width, direction,
It is only height and width. The shape of the artwork can have
and length. Lines often define the edges of a form. Lines can
many meanings. A shape is created when a line is enclosed.
be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, straight, or curved.
TYPES OF SHAPE
TYPES OF LINE
• GEOMETRIC SHAPE - Geometric shapes or regular
• HORIZONTAL LINE - It suggests a feeling of rest or
shapes are easy to recognize. It is characterized by a
repose because objects parallel to the earth are at rest.
reliance on mathematical shapes.
Horizontal lines move from left to right, or right to left,
• ORGANIC SHAPE - Organic or freeform shapes are
in other words across.
shapes that seem to follow no rules. Naturally, these
• VERTICAL LINES - Vertical lines are best described as
shapes will all be slightly different from one another.
moving in an up and down or down and up direction
and are known as being “perpendicular” to the earth’s FORM
surface/horizon, or any other horizontal line. It often One of the elements of art refers to a three-dimensional
communicates a sense of height because they are object with a volume of height, width, and depth.
perpendicular to the earth, extending upwards toward
2 TYPES OF FORM
the sky.
• DIAGONAL LINE - It conveys a feeling of movement. • GEOMETRIC - Geometric forms are forms that have
Objects in a diagonal position are unstable. It can also regular shapes and angles, such as cubes, spheres,
cylinders, pyramids, cones, etc.
 • ORGANIC - Organic forms are forms that have irregular how their relationship with the foreground or background is
shapes and curves, such as plants, animals, humans, perceived.
etc. Organic forms are often inspired by nature and
There are different types of space in art, such as:
biology.
• Positive space is the space occupied by the main
VALUE
subject or object of an artwork. It is usually the focal
Value is one of the elements of art that refers to the degree of
point or area of interest in a composition.
lightness or darkness of a color or tone.
• Negative space is the space around or between the
There are different types of value in art, such as: main subject or object of an artwork. It is usually the
background or empty area that contrasts with the
• Tints - are values that are lighter than the original
positive space.
color, created by adding white to the color.
• Shades - are values that are darker than the original What is color?
color, created by adding black to the color.
o Color is a wonderful phenomenon that people are
• Tones - are values that are less intense than the
lucky to enjoy.
original color, created by adding gray to the color. For
o The property possessed by an object of producing
example, burgundy is a tone of red.
different sensations on the eye as a result of the way
• Monochromatic - values are values that are based on
the object reflects.
one hue and use different tints, shades, and tones of
that hue. PROPERTIES OF COLOR:
• Achromatic - values are values that have no hue and
use only black, white, and gray. • HUE
is the pure state of colors.
SPACE • VALUE
is the lightness and darkness of colors.
Space is one of the elements of art that refers to the
• INTENSITY
perspective and proportion between shapes and objects and
is the brightness and dullness of colors.
COMMON COLORS: THREE TYPES OF BALANCE

• Primary colors are base colors that are used to • SYMMETRICAL BALANCE
produce the largest numbers of colors. • ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE
• Secondary colors result from mixing two primary • RADIAL SYMMETRY
colors.
❖ Symmetrical balance - Also known as a FORMAL
• Tertiary colors are the result of mixing one primary
BALANCE. Created by having a mirror image on the
color and one secondary color. opposite side of a vertical axis. Symmetrical balance
can be established by drawing an imaginary line
Analogous colors are those that are similar in appearance.
through the center of the work, either horizontally or
(“Relativity of color perception.”)
vertically, and making each half identical or very
Complementary colors are opposite of each other and, when visually similar.
❖ Asymmetrical balance - Also known as INFORMAL
mixed, it provides a dull result.
BALANCE. Created by having a different object on
TEXTURE either side of a vertical axis.
❖ Radial symmetry - When objects radiate out from a
is the perceived surface quality of a work of art. It may be
central point and all the objects are balanced equally.
perceived physically or visually. The radial balance created a strong FOCAL POINT
• Tactile texture consists of physical surface variations EMPHASIS
that can be perceived by the sense of touch. Is the part of the design that catches the viewers’ attention.
Usually, the artist will make one area stand out by contrasting
PRINCIPLES OF ART
it with other areas, the area could be different in size, color,
texture, shape, etc.
BALANCE
Balance in art is one of the basic principles of design, along MOVEMENT
with contrast, movement, rhythm, emphasis, pattern, unity, in art refers to the way an artist creates the illusion of motion
and variety. Balance is referring to the ways in which the or action in a static image. This principle of art is used to direct
elements (Lines, shapes, form, space, color, texture) of a piece the viewer’s eye movement through an artwork, often toward
are arranged. the focal point.
 • MOVEMENT WITH RHYTHM UNITY
• MOVEMENT WITH LINES creates a sense of harmony and wholeness by using similar
• MOVEMENT WITH COLOR elements and placing them in a way that creates a feeling of
• MOVEMENT WITH ILLUSION “oneness.” Unity refers to the wholeness of composition,
while harmony refers to art elements utilized in relation to
PROPORTION one another.
Proportion in art can be used to create balance and harmony
in a composition. PHILIPPINE ARTS AND ARTIST

VARIETY Philippine Arts and Artists in Music, Dance, and Theatre

adds interest by using juxtaposition and contrasting elements
within the composition. Levi Celerio Cruz

RHYTHM • Filipino composer and lyricist who is credited with writing

it indicates movement, created by the careful placement of over 4,000 songs.
repeated elements in a work of art to cause a visual tempo or • National Artist of the Philippines for Music and Literature
beat. - creates the Sense of flow and connection in 1997.
• The "only man who could play music using a leaf" by the
FIVE KINDS OF RHYTHM Guinness Book of Records.
• He wrote Filipino folk, Christmas, and love songs, and
• ALTERNATING RHYTHM - It is the repetition of two or some of his songs were used in feature films.
more components that are used interchangeably. • Sa Ugoy ng Duyan, Ang Pipit, Ang Pasko Ay Sumapit
• FLOWING RHYTHM - It contains curved or circular
elements that give the art movement. Ryan Cayabyab
• PROGRESSIVE RHYTHM - It has repeating elements or
patterns that change either in size or color as they • Filipino musician, composer, and conductor
repeat. • National Artist of the Philippines for Music in 2018
• RANDOM RHYTHM - It is repeating elements without a • One of the pillars and icons of Original Pilipino Music
specified order or arrangement. (OPM).
• Kay Ganda ng Ating Musiko, Kailan, Kumukutikutitap
• REGULAR RHYTHM - It is a repeating element with a
specified order or arrangement that can be measured.
 National Artist of the Philippines in Dance • Anim na Dulang Pilipino Para Sa Mga Bata

Francisca Reyes-Aquino Honorata "Atang" Márquez de la Rama-Hernández

• Mother of Philippine Folk Dance • Known as Atang de la Rama

• National Artist of the Philippines for Dance in 1973 • singer and bodabil performer who became the first
Filipina film actress
Lucrecia Reyes Urtula • Queen of the Kundiman and the Sarsuela
• National Artist of the Philippines for Theater and Music
• Filipino choreographer, theater director, teacher, author, in 1987.
and researcher on ethnic dance. • Anak ni Eva Bulaklak ng Kabundukan
• National Artist of the Philippines for dance in 1988
• Adapted indigenous dance traditions to the demands of TRADITIONAL ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
the modern stage, and performances of her works
received international attention. • Traditional art is a part of a culture of a certain group
● Philippine National Dances (1946) of people, with skills and knowledge passed down
● Gymnastics for Girls (1947) through generations from masters to apprentices. It
● Fundamental Dance Steps and Music (1948) portrays the simple life before the massive growth of a
● Foreign Folk Dances (1949) country.
● Dances for all Occasions (1950)
● Playground Demonstration (1951) Types of Traditional Arts in the Philippines
● Philippine Folk Dances, Volumes I to VI
Baybayin (Ancient Philippine Script)
National Artist of the Philippines in Theatre
• “baybayin” comes from the Tagalog root word
Amelia Lapeña-Bonifacio “baybay”, which means to “to spell”.
• widely used by coastal groups since 16th Century,
• Filipino playwright, puppeteer, and educator known as where often inscribed on leaves using pigments or on
the "Grande Dame of Southeast Asian Children's bamboos using sharp objects for engraving.
Theatre“
• National Artist of the Philippines for Theater in 2018
Weaving • Napoleon Abueva (born 1930), one of Tolentino'’s
pupils, is one of the pioneering modernists in
• Datu Lumbay, who introduced the art of weaving sculpture.
textiles. • his stylization bordered on the abstract as in
• Weaving in the Philippines dates back to the 13th Allegorical Harpoon, in which the dominant horizantal
Century. It is an artform perfected passed on thrust of the figure evokes the vitality of primitive
generation to generation. forms.
• Abueva'’s more famous work is Fredesvinda.
T’nalak Weaving - T’nalak is a Sacred Cloth woven by the • Which was included in the First ASEAN Sculpture
T’boli people in communities around lake Sebu, Mindanao Symposium held in Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, from
Island. March 27 to April 26, 1981.
• Ifugao Sculpture
Pottery • Bulul are the most numerous and best known of Ifugao
figurative sculptures and usually take the form of
• Native Filipinos created pottery since 3500 years ago. either a standing or seated figure.
They used ceramic jars to hold the deceased.
• Manunggul Jar - One of the finest Philippine Painting
Precolonial artworks ever prod uced of the Philippine
ceramics. • The Spoliarium is a painting by Filipino painter Juan
• Local Pottery - used for: Cooking wares, containers for Luna. Largest Painting in the Philippines.
drinking water, and plant adorments. • Juan Luna a Filipino artist painted Parisian Life, 1892,
• Antipolo Fiesta ,1947 by Fernando Amorsolo
Sculpture - Filipino sculptors came to be known in the middle • The Palay Maiden ,1920 by Fernando Amorsolo
of the 19th century.
Music
• Classical Philippine sculpture reached its peak in the
works of Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976). • Kundiman, existed since 19th century but in 20th
• Best known masterpiece is the Bonifacio Monument. century Kundiman had developed into an art song.
The principal figure is Andres Bonifacio, leader of the • Francisco Santiago - “Father of Kundiman Art Song”.
revolution against Spain in 1896.
Dances Example of this Art form

• Philippine Folk Dances - The Philippines is home to • Paintings

hundreds of folk dances. Each of these has its own • Sculpture
history, depending on what tribe it belonged to, what • Photography
region did it originate from, from what era was it • Installation
made, and many more. • Performance
• Tinikling, Cariñosa • Video art

Folktales Importance of Characteristic of Contemporary Art - One of the

advantages of contemporary art is that it empowers people to
• The Tagalog for ‘folk tale’ or ‘folk story’ is kuwentong- express themselves. Anybody can communicate themselves in
bayan. a manner that is convenient for others to observe via painting,
• Folktales in general include legends, fables, jokes, tall drawing, and visual arts.
stories and fairy tales. Many of the folktales in the
Philippines involve mythical creatures and magical After the Pop Art era in the 1960s, the contemporary art era is
transformations. thought to have begun. Some claim the term "contemporary
• Ang Pagong at Ang Matsing by Jose P. Rizal - This is a art" was coined in Berlin in the late 1980s, while others claim
Tagalog version of the Philippine folktale about a it was coined in the 1970s.
turtle, a monkey, and a banana tree.
• Batibat - is a vengeful demon found in Ilocano folklore. Art in the Philippines - Traditional arts in the Philippines
In Tagalog folklore, the creature is called Bangungot. include folk architecture, maritime transport, weaving,
carving, folk performing arts, folk (oral) literature, folk graphic
PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY ART and plastic arts, ornaments, textile or fiber art, pottery, and
other artistic expressions of traditional culture.
• Contemporary art can be difficult to define because it
encompasses a vast variety of ideas, themes, and subject Common characteristics of Philippine contemporary arts - It
areas. is usually western-influenced, business. driven, technology-
• Contemporary art is a form of art created and produced assisted art and design for widespread social realism.
primarily by artists working in todays society.
• Contemporary art characteristic is often abstract,
experimental, and process-based.
CHOREOGRAPHY TIME – The keyword for the element of time is when? Human
movement is naturally rhythmic in the broad sense that we
Are the foundational concept and vocabulary that help alternate activity and rest. Breath and waves are examples of
students develop movement skills and understand dance as rhythms in nature that repeat, but not as consistently as in a
artistic practice. metered rhythm.

What are the elements of dance acronym “BASTE” ENERGY – energy is about how the movement happens. The
choice of energy includes variations in movement flow and the
• Body use of force, tension, and weight, an arm gesture might be
• Action free-flowing or easily stopped, and it may be powerful or
• Space gentle, tight or loose, heavy or light
• Time
• Energy GENRE – a category of artistic, musical, or literary composition
characterized by a particular style, form, or content. ‘
BODY – It is the mobile figure or shape, felt by the dance, and
seen by others. The body is sometimes relatively still and CHOREOGRAPHY – Is the art of making dances, gathering, and
sometimes changes as the dancer moves in place or travels organization of movement into order and pattern.
through the dance area.
HIP-HOP – is a range of street dance styles primarily
ACTION – Any human movement included in the act of performed to hip-hop music or that have evolved as part of
dancing – it can include dance steps, facial movement, partner hip-hop culture.
lifts, gestures, and even everyday movement such as walking.
MODERN – modern dance is a broad genre of Western
SPACE – dancers interact with space in myriad ways. They may concert or theatrical dance which include dance styles such as
stay in one place, or they may travel from one place to ballet, folk, ethnic, religious, and social dancing; and primarily
another. They may alter the direction, level, size, and arose out of Europe and the United States in the late 19 th and
pathways of their movements. early centuries.

• PERSONAL SPACE CONTEMPORARY - Contemporary is an important genre of

• GENERAL SPACE dance performed in societies around the world, celebrated by
people both young and old.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS • BRASSES GROUP - French horn, trumpet, trombone, tuba

• Musical instruments are tools that generate sound and PERCUSSION - Percussion instruments encompass a wide
enable individuals to create music. variety of instruments that produce sound through striking,
• Serves as vehicles of artistic expression, allowing musicians shaking, or scraping. From the thunderous impact of the bass
to convey emotions, communicate ideas, and bring drum to the intricate rhythms of the snare drum and the
melodies and harmonies to life. shimmering tones of cymbals, percussion instruments provide
rhythmic drive, texture, and colorful accents in musical
Types of musical instruments compositions across genres.

• woodwind • PERCUSSION GROUP – timpani, bass drum, xylophone,

• brasses glockenspiel
• percussion
• keyboard KEYBOARDS - Keyboard instruments encompass a diverse
• string family of instruments, such as the piano, pipe organ, and
harpsichord, known for their arrangement of keys that when
Groups and families of musical instruments pressed or struck, produce a wide range of musical tones and
melodies.
WOODWIND GROUP - Woodwind instruments are a family of
musical instruments that produce sound by the vibration of air • KEYBOARD GROUP - pipe organ, harpsichord, piano
within a tube or through the use of a reed. Woodwind
instruments are known for their versatile range of tones and STRING - Stringed musical instruments are a category of
expressive capabilities, making them essential components of instruments that produce sound by vibrating strings. By
classical, jazz, and various other musical genres. plucking, strumming, or bowing the strings, musicians can
create a wide range of tones and melodies, making stringed
• WOODWIND GROUP – piccolo, clarinet, bassoon, oboe instruments versatile and fundamental components of various
musical genres and traditions.
BRASSES GROUP - Brass instruments are a family of musical
instruments that are played by buzzing the lips into a cup- VIOLIN GROUP - Also known as the violin family, comprises
shaped mouthpiece, creating a vibrating column of air within a four main instruments: the violin, viola, cello, and double bass.
metal tube. First formed during the BAROQUE Era (1600-1750) these
instruments share similarities in their construction and playing
techniques, producing rich, expressive sounds that form the • What is literary composition? Literary compositions can be
backbone of orchestras and chamber ensembles, providing categorized as poems, novels, television show scripts,
melody, harmony, and depth to musical compositions. songs, theater, librettos, Operas, journalism, reviews,
diaries, memoirs and biographies.
• VIOLIN GROUP – VIOLIN, VIOLA, CELLO (Violoncello),
DOUBLE BASS Literary/Music Composition

4 String Techniques • Musical composition can refer to an original piece or work

of music, either vocal or instrumental, the structure of
• Pizzicato - Pizzicato is a playing technique in music where musical piece or to the process of creating or writing a
the strings of a stringed instrument, typically a violin, viola, new piece of music
cello, or double bass, are plucked with the fingers instead • People who create new compositions are called
of being bowed. composers. Composers of primarily songs are usually
• Vibrato - Vibrato is a technique used in music where a called song writers; with song, the person who writes lyrics
musician creates slight and rapid variations in pitch to add for a song is the lyricis
expression and richness to the sound produced by a • In many cultures, including Western classical music, the
stringed instrument or voice. act of composing typically includes the creation of "music
• Tremolo - Tremolo is a musical effect created by rapidly notation", is any system used to visually represent aurally
alternating the volume or intensity of a note or chord, perceived music played with instruments or sung by the
adding a sense of fluctuation or shimmer to the sound. human voice through the use of written, printed, or
• Mute - Mute in string technique refers to the act of using otherwise-produced Symbols, including notation for
the left hand or fingers to partially or completely dampen duration of absence of sound such as rests
the vibration of a string, altering the timbre and reducing • Such as a sheet music "score," Sheet music is a
the sustain of the note. handwritten or printed form of musical notation that uses
musical symbols to indicate the pitches, rhythms, or
LITERRARY/MUSIC COMPOSITION chords of a song or instrumental musical piece. Like its
analogs which is then performed by the composer or by
• What is literary? Literature is any collection of written other musicians.
work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings • In popular music and traditional music, songwriting may
specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose involve the creation of a basic outline of the song, called
fiction, drama, and poetry the lead sheet, A lead sheet is a simplified version of a
 music score, providing just the melody, lyrics and chord Era, between 1740 and 1820. After that, further into
names. It lets you fit a whole song on a sheet of paper or the 19th century, symphonies became longer, and the
two, and strips away all the detail of the arrangement, movements became more unified.
leaving just the essence of the music. which sets out the
melody, lyrics and chord progression. VISUAL DESIGN

Types of music composition 1. SHAPE - A shape is a two-dimensional design encased

by lines to signify its height and width. Shapes are used
• Sonata - sonata, type of musical composition, usually to provide a symbolic and faux feeling. There are
for a solo instrument or a small instrumental different types of shapes like circles, triangles, and
ensemble, that Typically consists of two to four squares.
movements, or sections, each in a related key but with 2. FORM - A form is a three-dimensional object that can
a unique musical character. Example: The first hint of be seen at one angle. Factor: Reflection
sonatas’ development in the Classical period is most 3. LINE - Lines are marks moving in a space between two
obvious in Mozart’s No. 38 symphony—particularly in points. Each line has a different meaning, curve,
the first movement. length, thickness, and flexibility.
• Aria - The aria is the lead singer’s best chance to show 4. SPACE - also referred to as whitespace or negative
off his vocal skills. It’s a self-contained music piece, space, is crucial to adding breathing room to your UI
performed by only one voice. It may be accompanied designs.
by orchestral or instrumental music, but the lead 5. TEXTURE - Texture is usually used to describe surface
characters usually prefer to go without. quality. Textures can be ‘real’ or ‘implied’. Real surface
• Cadenza - A cadenza is an aria for a musician. Instead quality is mainly seen through three-dimensional
of showing off vocal skills, the musicians show off their works, like sculptures.
orchestral and instrumental skills in a solo play amid Visual Texture: Illusion
the concert 6. TYPOGRAPHY - The art of arranging letters and text in
• Opera - Operas are dramatic plots featured in a a way that makes the copy legible, clear, and visually
theatre, accompanied by extravagant costumes, lavish appealing to the reader.
theatre sets, and full classical orchestras 7. COLOUR - Color is the spectrum of light broken down
• Symphony - The full orchestra consists of a large when hitting a surface and reflected into the eye.
ensemble of percussion, brass, wind, and string
players. That’s how symphonies started in the Classical THEATRICAL PERFORMANCE
 • It refers to the staging and execution of a production overriding traits or 'humor' that dominates their
like drama, opera, festival, and the like personality, desires, and conduct
• It pertains to a public presentation of a dramatic or • Sentimental - a dramatic genre of the 18th century,
musical entertainment. It is interdisciplinary because it denoting plays in which middleclass protagonists
goes beyond theatre, and other art forms, like triumphantly overcome a series of moral trials
puppetry and cinema.
• It is a dramatic play portraying the struggle of a Drama
strong-willed protagonist against fate, as predestined
by mysterious, divine, social, or psychological forces, • It is a play that is “for real”. The characters represent
culminating in disaster and usually caused by a flaw in realistic and everyday people. Long Day's Journey Into
the protagonist’s character. Night by Eugene O'Neill. The conflict a character faces is
• Les Miserables by Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel realistic. The conflict arises through a logical and
Schonberg reasonable series of events.

Comedy Elements of drama

• It is a dramatic play of light and humorous characters, • Plot

typically with a cheerful and happy ending.
• Home, I'm Darling by Laura Wade • Theme

Types of comedy • Characters

• Comedy of manners - a comedy that satirizes behavior • Dialogue

in a particular social group, especially the upper classes
• Setting
• Romantic comedy- primary comedic tension derives
from a central romantic relationship.
• Spectacle
• Black comedy or dark comedy - having elements of
comedy and tragedy, often involving gloomy or morbid
Melodrama
satire.
• Comedy of humor- focuses on a character or range of
characters, each of whom exhibits two or more
• is a dramatic composition characterized by extravagant • Motion
theatricality and the dominance of plot and physical action
over characterization 8 types of film genres
• Under the Gaslight by Augustin Daly
• the conflict a character faces is realistic. The conflict arises 1. Action: action films traditionally contain dangerous
through a logical and reasonable series of events. situation, and many require the use of physical stunts,
fight choreography or disaster sequences.
Visual arts: CINEMA 2. Adventure: adventure film involve a journey, and
some may include a pursuit. This emphasis on a
• Cinema is from the French cinématographe which comes character’s adventure can help the audience imagine
in part from the greek kinema, meaning movement. So, themselves in those experience.
cinema is just another word meaning moving picture. It 3. Comedy: intended to make the audience laugh
also has come to mean more generally the process of film- through their use of exaggeration of language, action
making and the building where films are shown. or characters who add humor to a situation.
• 1891: The edison Company successfully demonstrated a 4. Drama: often include realistic settings and defining
prototype of the kinetoscope, which enabled one person conflict between one or more characters and
at a time to view moving picture themselves.
• 1893: first public of kinetoscope demonstration 5. Horror: the purpose is to cause an audience to feel
• 1894: The kinetoscope was a commercial success, with frightened or have a sense of dread.
public parlours established around the world 6. Romance: typically involve intimate relationships and
• Lumiere brother - The first to present projected moving a journey of the love between the main characters.
pictures to a paying audience in December 1895 in Paris, 7. Crime: can portray criminal justice system. Many crime
France. They used a device of their own making, the movies often entertain the idea of moral uncertainty,
Cinématographe, which was a camera, a projector and a which makes identifying the hero and the villain more
film printer all in one. complex.
8. Fantasy: directors set in imaginary world that have
5 elements of medium little or no representation of reality. These movies
include magical, mythological and extra ordinary
• Sound elements, and they can transcend physical laws and
• Light and color have endless possibilities.
• Time
Visual arts: DRAWING The five P’S

• Is a form of visual arts that makes use of any number • Proportion – the three dimensions
of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional • Placement – a position in space
medium. • Perspective – relationship of viewpoint to subject
• An artist who practices or works in drawing may be • Planes – surface appearance as defined by light and
called a draftsman or draughtsman shadow
• A means of public expression and a most efficient • Pattern – the deliberate arrangement of the tones of the
means of communicating visual ideas. subject
• Graphite pencils, pen and ink, brushes, wax color
pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, markers, Three main types of drawing
styluses and various metals are instruments used for
drawing • Symbolic drawing – artist used a variety of symbols – a
• The most common surfaces for drawing are paper shorthand, notation of lines, marks, or shapes.
• Realistic drawing – is what most people in western
100 BC – Earliest known drawings ever, located in caves cultures think of when they think of drawing.
• Expressive drawing – often communicates ideas or
200 BC – Egyptians drew on wall to show history and daily life, emotions that are not visible or tangible.
along with myths
Visual arts: PAINTING
300 BC – Greeks showed their battles and myths on pottery
History of painting - one of the oldest known paintings is the
400 BC- Drawings were mostly used for the bible cave painting in the Chauvet Cave in France, which is
estimated to be around 32,000 years old.
1100 – paper was invented for use
Composed of three materials
1200 – beginning of renaissance with early origins an era
mostly known in 1400’s to late 1500’s where drawing and • Pigment - Pigments are finely ground colored powders
other arts became more dynamic and magnificent that provide the color in a painting.
• Binder - The binder is a substance that holds the pigment
1800 – beginning of indie art, where drawings started to get particles together and binds them to the surface.
less serious and more abstract or cartoony
• Solvent - The solvent is a liquid used to thin the paint, • The first signs. Abstraction can be traced to
adjust its consistency, and clean the brushes. Impressionism, Post-Impressionism and Cubism. All three
helped realize the idea that art could be non-
Types of paint representative.
• The movement. Modern abstract art was born early in the
• Watercolor - Watercolor painting is a technique of 20th century. It was completely radical for its day. Artists
creating art using pigments suspended in a water-based began to create simplified objections with little or no
solution. It is a versatile and transparent medium that reference to the “real” world.
produces delicate, luminous, and translucent effects. • The Father of Abstract Art: Wassily Kandinsky
Watercolor paintings are characterized by their fluidity, • The present. Abstract art now lives in the art world in
vibrant colors, and the transparency of the pigments. many forms. It is two- and three-dimensional. It can be
• Oil painting - Oil painting is a technique of creating art vast or small. Abstract art can also be made with many
using pigments that are suspended in oil as a medium. It materials and on many surfaces. It can be used in concert
involves mixing pigments with a drying oil, commonly with representational art or completely abstract. Artists
linseed oil, to create a paint that can be applied to a creating it often focus on other visual qualities like color,
variety of surfaces such as canvas, wood, or even metal. form, texture, scale and more in their nonobjective work.
• Acrylic - Acrylic painting is a type of painting that uses
acrylic paint that has been diluted with water. It is known Types of Abstract Art:
for its quick-drying properties and fast application, but it
also has the disadvantage of not being waterproof. • Abstract Expressionism
• Geometric Abstraction
Visual arts: ABSTRACT • Minimal Abstraction

• it can be a painting or sculpture that does not depict a SCULPTURE

person, place, or thing in the natural world - - even in an
extremely distorted or exaggerated way. • Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts.
• Often holds a secret meaning for the artist that is • the art of making three-dimensional representative or
unknown to everyone else. abstract forms, especially by carving stone or wood or by
• Many different sub-categories. casting metal or plaster.
• An abstract art is also called a "non-objective art" • four basic processes: carving, modelling, casting,
constructing.
• History of sculpture - Sculpture has been used as a form of Famous Sculpture Artist in the Philippines
human expression since prehistoric times.
• The earliest known works of sculpture date from around • Napoleon "Billy" Veloso Abueva was known as the
32,000 B.C. "Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture" Through
Proclamation No. 1539.
Elements of Sculpture • He was proclaimed National Artist for Sculpture in 1976
when he was 46, making him the youngest recipient of the
• Line award to date
• Shape • Kiss of Judas 1955 and Transfiguration 1979
• Value • Eduardo Castrillo - Eduardo de los Santos Castrillo was a
• Color renowned Filipino sculptor. Eduardo Castrillo pioneered
• Texture his own constructivism style of sculpture.
• Space and form • Raja Sulayman 1976 and People Power Monument
• Kublai Millan - Ray Mudjahid Ponce Millan, better known
Characteristics of Sculpture as Kublai Millan or Kublai, is a prolific artist from
Mindanao. He is known for his giant sculptures. Aside from
• Geometric figures being a sculptor he is also an art photographer, painter,
• Movement digital artist and performance artist.
• Space • The Durian and Giant Eagle and Bagobo Children
• Subjectivity
• Communicative ARCHITECTURE

Famous Sculpture Artist around the world • The art and science, or the action and process, of
designing and constructing buildings.
• Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, known as • A general term to describe buildings and other physical
Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, structures.
and poet of the High Renaissance.
• Louise Bourgeois - was a French-American artist. Materials used in Architecture - are among the factors
• Although she is best known for her large- contributing to architectural style.
scale sculpture and installation art, Bourgeois was also a
prolific painter and printmaker. • Wood - Common building material
• Stone - Materials used when permanence is desired. • Snow-white columns
• Concrete - Made of sand and gravel mixed with cement. • Large balconies
High compressive strength • Antique pediments
• Steel- Tough alloy of iron in variable amounts. Made • Figured balustrades and parapets
possible the building of the high-rise structures which are • Exquisite platbands
very popular these days • Ornamental bas-reliefs (meanders, leaves, palmettes,
rosettes)
Types of construction in Architecture - are among the factors • Basement finished with decorative stone.
contributing to architectural style.
2. Romanesque Style - is famous for its history and geometric
• Post-And-Lintel shapes. Were created as the construction of simple geometric
• Arch forms: cylinders, parallelepipeds, and cubes. A product of the
• Beam great expansion of monasticism in the 10th–11th century.
• Dome
• Cantilever Characteristics:
• Column or pillar
• Buttress • Predominance of unworked stone
• Doorway • Laconicism of the exterior finishes
• Massive walls
Architectural style - is a set of basic forms and features that • Deep-stepped portals
are characteristic of buildings of a certain time and a certain • Narrow window openings
nation, which give us an idea of the building’s purpose, age, • Complex ceramic tile/stone roofs
regional context, historical significance, and even the • Circular or semi-circular arches, stone vaults;
architect. • Compact shapes and clear silhouettes echoing the
natural topography.
1. Classical Style – is one of the most recognizable and “loud”.
Originated in ancient Greece between the VII and IV centuries 3. Gothic Style - refers to ancient architectural styles. Are
BC. It is known for its large stone temples, made based on the based on frame construction with lancet vaults, high windows,
principles of order and symmetry. pointed arches, carvings with religious themes, and spires
pointing upward.
Characteristics:
Characteristics:
 • Different sharp elements and vertical lines elongated 5. Minimalism Style - Is the desire to leave only the most
stained glass windows with pointed tops; necessary, each element should perform the maximum
• stone half-arches (buttress) number of functions. Create an exterior and interior with a
• the narrow towers that look upwards; minimum of details and a maximum of free space. Is
• decorations in the form of sculptures, bas-reliefs, etc; characteristic of 1960s architecture and originated in the
• wrought iron roof spires; United States.
• the ‘rose’ in the center of the facade;
• a large number of decorative elements (archivolts, Characteristics:
vampires, timpani).
• Maximum possible laconism
4. Baroque Style - born in Italy in the 16th century. Developed • Use of natural materials
as a counterbalance to Сlassicism and almost simultaneously • Maximum functionality and attention to detail
with it. Developed the basic elements of Renaissance • Strong lines and geometry
architecture. Were particularly lavishly decorated, a trend • Single color scheme
called “churrigueresco.” • Use of light colors and design
• Simplicity of composition
Characteristics: • Presence of a large number of windows and lighting
elements
• Multiple repetitions of the same decorative
techniques 6. Neoclassical Style - revival of European cultural space led to
• Abundance of details the emergence of architecture focused on rational symmetry
• Gilded sculpture as a response to Baroque architecture. Was the final chord of
• Expensive materials: gold, natural stone, bronze, the period of classicism.
crystal, marble
• Bright colors Characteristics:
• Use of a play of light and shadow
• Brightly painted ceilings • Dominance of strict lines and the observance of
• Large-scale murals proportions;
• Illusionary effects such as Trompe-l’oeil • symmetry;
• mounted sculptures of caryatids and atlantes; • minimalism in decor;
• twisted columns as if creating the illusion of upward • Mix of classical and Renaissance influences;
movement. • Calm color scheme;
 • Rectangular facades; • the presence of geometric shapes in the facade of the
• Laconism in the design of facades; house;
• Rejection of the excessive rigor of Classicism. • ethnic patterns, and spires.

7. Modern (Art Nouveau) Style - one of the traditional

architectural styles. Main statement is that art and life are
inseparable. Main concept is the combination of the best
achievements of the past and the latest ideas of the present.

Characteristics:

• natural ornamentation;
• smooth, wavy, curved lines in the decoration of
facades and interiors;
• pastel muted shades;
• interior decoration – stained-glass windows, mosaics,
enamel;
• building decoration – wood, wrought iron elements of
unusual curved forms;
• rectangular doors and windows, quite often – arched.

8. Art Deco Style - one of the building design types gained

international recognition in the first half of the XX century,
actively developing in the United States and less active in
Europe. Prefers broken lines and geometric and animalistic
motifs. Actively used circles, and triangles. Prefers expensive
materials, such as rare woods, ivory, aluminum, and silver.

Characteristics:

• the competent combination of smooth and broken

lines;