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Test Preparation Guide

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 ATRA Certification
Prep Guide
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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Contents
Program Introduction ................................................................................... 5
Mechanical Theory ........................................................................................ 7
Gear Ratios ................................................................................................. 7
Clutches and Bands .................................................................................. 8
Torque Converters .................................................................................... 8
Overview of Transmission Operation ...................................................... 10
Hydraulic Controls ................................................................................. 10
Checkballs and Orifices ......................................................................... 11
Accumulators .......................................................................................... 11
Shift Feel and Shift Timing .................................................................... 12
Formulas .................................................................................................. 12
Electrical Systems Operation ..................................................................... 13
Overview of Electrical Controls............................................................ 13
Electrical Formulas and Principles ....................................................... 15
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Basic Electrical Test Procedures ................................................................. 16

Voltage Check ......................................................................................... 16
Voltage Drop Test ................................................................................... 16
Resistance Test ........................................................................................ 16
Amperage Test ........................................................................................ 17
Frequency Measurement ....................................................................... 17
Duty Cycle Measurement ...................................................................... 17
Overview of Computer Controls............................................................... 18
Code Checks ............................................................................................ 19
Inside or Outside? ................................................................................... 20
Diagnostic Strategies ................................................................................... 21
Customer Contact ................................................................................... 21
Visual Inspection..................................................................................... 22
Fluid Level and Condition .................................................................... 22
Linkage and Vacuum Controls ............................................................. 23
Check Computer Codes ......................................................................... 23
Road Tests ................................................................................................ 24
Pinpoint Diagnostic Procedures ........................................................... 24
Pressure Tests .......................................................................................... 25
Stall Test ................................................................................................... 26
Converter Clutch Testing ...................................................................... 27
Electrical Tests ......................................................................................... 29
Noises and Vibrations ............................................................................ 30
Finding and Repairing Leaks ................................................................ 31

2 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 CONTENTS
Maintenance and In-Car Repair ................................................................ 33
Manual Linkage and Transmission Range Sensor or Switch ........... 33
Throttle Valve (TV), Kickdown and
Accelerator Pedal Cables or Linkage .............................................. 34
Modulator and Hoses............................................................................. 34
Governors ................................................................................................ 35
Switches, Sensors and Solenoids .......................................................... 35
Service Procedures .................................................................................. 36
Fluid Types .............................................................................................. 38
Transmission Adjustments .................................................................... 38
Band Adjustments .................................................................................. 39
Leak Checking and Repair .................................................................... 39
Cooling Systems ...................................................................................... 40
Speedometer Gears and Speed Sensors ............................................... 41
Valve Body ............................................................................................... 42
Mounts and Torque Struts..................................................................... 44
R&R Procedures ........................................................................................... 47
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Transmission Removal ........................................................................... 47

Exhaust Regulations ............................................................................... 48
Related Components; Axles .................................................................. 49
Related Components; Driveshafts and U-Joints................................. 50
Related Components; Freeze Plugs ...................................................... 51
Related Components; Rear Main Seals ................................................ 52
Related Components; Flex Plates and Flywheels............................... 52
Related Components; Dowel Pins ........................................................ 53
Related Components; Mounts and Struts ........................................... 53
Disassembly and Inspection ....................................................................... 55
Internal Components and Systems ........................................................... 57
Pumps ....................................................................................................... 57
Clutches and Bands ................................................................................ 59
Splines ...................................................................................................... 59
Springs ...................................................................................................... 59
Steel Plates ............................................................................................... 59
Clutch Plates ............................................................................................ 60
Drums and Apply Pistons ..................................................................... 60
Clutch Assembly ..................................................................................... 61
Clutch Pack Clearance............................................................................ 61
Bands ........................................................................................................ 61
Air Testing ............................................................................................... 62
Servo Assembly ....................................................................................... 62

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Accumulators .......................................................................................... 63
Gear Train ................................................................................................ 64
Planetaries ................................................................................................ 64
Drive Chains and Sprockets .................................................................. 65
Differentials ............................................................................................. 66
Case ........................................................................................................... 66
Parking Pawl ........................................................................................... 68
Bushings ................................................................................................... 68
Thrust Washers and Bearings ............................................................... 69
Shafts ........................................................................................................ 70
Oil Control Rings .................................................................................... 71
One-Way Clutches .................................................................................. 72
Assembly and Checks ................................................................................. 75
Torque Converter ................................................................................... 75
Endplay, Preload and Clearances......................................................... 76
Air Testing ............................................................................................... 77
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Bolt Torque .............................................................................................. 77

Road Testing and Delivery ......................................................................... 78
Road Testing Procedures ....................................................................... 78
Computer Retraining ............................................................................. 78
Final Checks .................................................................................................. 79

4 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 Program Introduction
Welcome to the ATRA Certification Prep Guide! This guide was devel-
oped to help you recognize any weaknesses in your technical under-
standing of automatic transmissions, so that you could focus your
studies to help you pass the ATRA Certification program.
But even more than that, its ultimate goal is to help you improve your
overall understanding of automatic transmissions, to help you do a
better job where it counts: in the shop.
A look at the contents page might lead you to believe that this is a
complete transmission training program. It isn’t. The information here
is generally brief, and was created strictly to offer an overview on the
subject matter. The idea was to help you recognize the issues consid-
ered important for diagnosing and repairing today’s transmissions. If
you’re comfortable with your understanding of those issues, you
should have no problem with the ATRA Certification Test, or with the
day-to-day requirements of your work in the shop.
On the other hand, if you find yourself unfamiliar with some of the
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information here, you owe it to yourself to dig deeper, to learn more

about that subject, until it’s a part of your basic understanding of
transmission technology.
To aid you in that quest, there are a number of specialized manuals
available through the ATRA BookStore, including:
• Hydraulic FunDamentals by Dennis Madden
• Road Testing for Results by Dennis Madden
• Building Blocks of Electrical Diagnosis by Steve Bodofsky
And don’t forget to look through the back issues of GEARS Magazine,
available on line at www.atra.com. Virtually all of the concepts dis-
cussed in this guide have been covered in depth in GEARS.
Once you have a strong understanding of these concepts, you should
have no problem passing the ATRA Certification… or with your regu-
lar work in the shop.Transmission Theory
“I don’t care how the transmission works; I just want to know how to
fix it!” Too many transmission technicians share this point of view. It’s
a mistake… and a costly one at that.
Failure to understand the principles behind transmission operation
puts them at the mercy of the manufacturer or another information
source. Since they don’t understand how the transmission is supposed
to work, they can never analyze a problem on their own. They only
chance they have to solve a transmission problem is if someone else
has seen it, and can tell them what to replace. That’s not a technician:
That’s a parts changer.
Because of their lack of understanding, they’ll sell more unnecessary

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
work, and waste more time on problems than a technician who can
understand and reason out those problems. They’ll depend largely on
technical hotlines to bail them out when they get in over their heads.
Any diagnostic procedures they perform will be hit-or-miss, rather
than targeted to the condition, based on a logical approach to the
problem. And it’ll show up in their bottom line.
This is why it’s so important to understand not just how to fix a trans-
mission, but how it’s supposed to work. With that knowledge, you’ll
run into fewer problems, and you’ll be better able to isolate and diag-
nose them when they do show up.
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6 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 Mechanical Theory
Every transmission has one, simple purpose: To send torque from the
engine to the wheels.
Of course, the torque required varies with driving conditions: From a
stop, you need more torque and less speed to get the car moving
forward. At highway speeds you need less torque and more speed.
To accommodate the constant changes in torque demand, the transmis-
sion offers different gear ratios. Lower gear ratios provide more torque
and less speed, while higher ratios offer less torque and more speed.
Most manual transmissions create these different gear ratios by using
different gear sets for each gear ratio.
In low range, the drive gear will be very small, while the driven gear
will be large. This allows the drive gear to turn more times than the
driven gear, providing more torque and less speed.
In higher gear ranges, the drive gear will be larger than the driven
gear. The drive gear turns fewer times than the driven gear, so you get
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less torque and more speed.

At one point, usually third gear, the drive and driven gear are the
same size. Both turn the same number of times, creating a one-to-one
(1:1) ratio. This is called direct drive. Many manual transmissions don’t
even use gears for direct drive: They just lock the input shaft to the
output shaft.
Automatic transmissions don’t have separate gears for each range.
Instead, they use gearsets, consisting of a sun gear, a planetary assem-
bly, and a ring gear. By holding one component and turning another,
you create a gear range.
For example, if you hold the planetary assembly and turn the sun gear,
the ring gear provides an output ratio; the specific ratio depends on the
number of teeth on each component of the planetary gearset.
By turning any two components together, the planetary gearset is
locked into direct drive.

Gear Ratios
Gear ratios are calculated by dividing the output gear by the input
gear. In a common differential arrangement you’ll divide the ring gear
by the pinion. So a differential with a 60-tooth ring gear and a 20-tooth
pinion will have a 3:1 gear ratio. This means the pinion will turn three
times for every time the ring gear rotates once.
Planetary gear ratios follow the same rules but the math is a bit more
complicated. There are a few rules that all planetary geartrains follow.
There are three components to a common planetary gear set: The
planet itself, a sun gear, and a ring gear.

© 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved. 082508 7

 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
To achieve an overdrive ratio, the planet becomes the input and either
the sun gear or ring gear is held stationary. The most common applica-
tion uses a stationary sun gear; the output is the ring gear.
To achieve gear reduction, the planet provides the output. As is the
case with the overdrive arrangement, one of the other components
(sun gear or ring gear) is held stationary. The remaining component is
the input.
Reverse is accomplished by holding the planet. Either the ring gear or
sun gear can provide the input. The remaining gear will provide the
output.

Clutches and Bands

So how do we hold and turn different components in the gearset? This
is where the clutches and bands come in. These are friction compo-
nents that are splined to connect to various components in the gearset.
By applying and releasing the clutches or bands, the transmission can
hold or turn different parts of the gearset.
Clutches can either be driving components or holding components. As a
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driving component, the clutch is connected to the input shaft, rotating

with the torque converter. When applied, the driving clutch rotates a
geartrain component.
A holding clutch is connected to the transmission case. When it ap-
plies, it holds the component from rotating.
Bands are always holding components; bands and holding clutches are
sometimes called brakes, because they brake the component rather than
drive it.
Clutches and bands are controlled with a pressurized fluid; the trans-
mission hydraulic controls direct the fluid to the clutch piston or band
servo. The pressurized fluid forces the piston or servo to apply, caus-
ing the clutch or band to squeeze against the mating components. This
is called applying the clutch or band.
A third type of holding component is the one-way clutch, which will
usually be either a sprag or roller clutch. These devices allow a compo-
nent to rotate one way but not the other, similar to a ratchet. One-way
clutches don’t have to be applied; they’re always on. One-way clutches
are only useable where the component is only supposed to rotate in
one direction; never in the other.

Torque Converters
The torque converter is an advanced type of fluid coupling that con-
nects the engine and transmission. This fluid connection allows you to
come to a full stop without mechanically disengaging a clutch; the slip
in the torque converter lets the engine keep running, even though the
wheels are fully stopped.

8 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 MECHANICAL THEORY
The three main components in a torque converter are the impeller, the
turbine and the stator.
The impeller is connected directly to the engine crankshaft; the turbine
connects to the transmission input shaft. When the engine is running,
the impeller picks up the transmission fluid and slings it into the tur-
bine. This fluid movement gets the turbine spinning, which provides
the torque to drive the transmission input shaft.
As the oil passes through the turbine, it enters the stator. The stator is a
locked set of fins that redirects the oil, so that it flows in the same
direction as impeller rotation. This keeps fluid exiting the turbine from
dragging against the converter, and is what makes the torque con-
verter efficient.
The stator is splined to the stator support through a one-way clutch. If
the one-way clutch breaks free, the vehicle will lose power on accelera-
tion. If the clutch seizes, the vehicle will seem to drag or hold back at
highway speeds.
Most torque converters today include a lockup clutch. This clutch
applies when the vehicle load is low and the road speed is high, lock-
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ing the engine and transmission together. This eliminates any slip
between the engine and transmission. While this does improve gas
mileage slightly, the primary reason for the torque converter clutch is
to prevent heat from being generated in the torque converter. A failed
or disconnected converter clutch will often cause the transmission to
overheat and fail.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Overview of Transmission
Operation
The hydraulic system of an automatic transmission begins with the
pump and main regulator. The pump and main regulator provide
pressure for converter charge and geartrain lube, as well as all other
hydraulic circuits that eventually control the friction elements for each
gear range.
The main regulator output is determined by the working area of the
valve and the tension of the spring. Most systems also incorporate
some type of boost system to vary line pressure based on engine load,
usually through a boost valve or by varying balance pressure on the
regulator.
Shift and engagement feel are largely determined by line pressure, but
are also determined by accumulators, feed orifices, friction material,
steel plate surface area, fluid type, cushions in the drums or servos,
and clutch apply timing. Higher line pressure provides firmer clutch
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engagement.

Hydraulic Controls
Most transmissions control clutch apply and shifts through a series of
valves. These valves control fluid flow through the transmission.
It starts with the manual valve, which redirects mainline pressure
based on the gear range selected. That fluid applies the initial clutches
for first gear or reverse. From there, a series of shift valves determines
the specific gear range, based on road speed and load.
Early, fully-hydraulic transmissions used a governor to provide a road
speed signal, and a throttle valve (TV) to provide a load signal. Pres-
sure from the governor would increase with vehicle speed.
That governor pressure would apply to one side of the shift valve,
while throttle pressure would apply to the opposite side, backing up
the shift valve spring. When governor pressure overcame the combina-
tion of the shift valve spring and TV pressure, the shift valve would
stroke. This redirected oil pressure to the clutches or bands necessary
for the transmission to shift into the next gear range.
Virtually all of today’s transmissions are controlled electronically. The
vehicle computer measures road speed using a vehicle speed sensor
(VSS), and engine load by measuring engine vacuum or flow through
the intake manifold. The computer then determines the transmission
shift points, and controls the shifts by energizing or de-energizing a
series of solenoids. These solenoid usually supply pressure to the shift
valves, stroking the valves and shifting the transmission.
Some computer systems also control mainline pressure through a

10 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 OVERVIEW OF TRANSMISSION OPERATION
solenoid, by creating a pulsed, duty-cycled signal to adjust the position
of the solenoid pintle. This creates a metered leak in the pressure from
the pump, controlling mainline pressure.
For a more detailed view of transmission hydraulic operation, pick up
a copy of Hydraulic FunDamentals, available from the ATRA BookStore.

Checkballs and Orifices

Feed orifices control the rate that oil flows to a shifting element, such
as a clutch or band. In almost all cases, the feed orifice will be located
in the valve body separator plate. In simplest terms, increasing the size
of the orifice makes the clutch apply firmer, while decreasing the
orifice makes the apply softer. There are other considerations regard-
ing orifice size, but this is a generalization of its function.
Checkballs are commonly found in most automatic transmissions.
There are two common applications: bathtub and orifice. A checkball
in a bathtub allows two circuits to feed a common element or other
system by sealing off the circuit that isn’t in use.
An orificing checkball is part of a shift-feel system that forces oil
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through an orifice in a separator plate while the oil flow moves in one
direction. When the oil flows in the opposite direction, it pushes the
checkball off its seat, allowing full flow through the separator plate.

Accumulators
Accumulators work like a controlled leak, lowering pressure to the
shifting element while the accumulator is moving. Accumulator speed
is controlled by a spring, combined in many cases with pressure that’s
applied to a contained area of the accumulator piston. Regardless of
what’s used to control the accumulators speed during the shift, one
common rule applies: The faster an accumulator strokes during the
shift, the softer the shift will be. The slower the accumulator strokes
during the shift the firmer the shift will be.
Changing the spring tension on an accumulator will change shift feel
(softer or firmer). The effect of the change in spring tension depends on
which side of the accumulator the spring resides:
If the accumulator compresses the spring during the shift, a heavier
spring will make the shift firmer.
If the spring relaxes during the shift, a heavier spring will make the
shift softer.
One contradiction to this is if the accumulator strokes too fast; the shift
may not complete until the accumulator bottoms out, at which point all
accumulation stops and you get a bump at the end of the shift. This is
commonly referred to as a slide-bump shift and is often misdiagnosed as
a harsh shift.

© 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved. 082508 11

 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Shift Feel and Shift Timing
Friction material, drum or steel plate surface, and ATF type can have a
major effect on shift quality. Chatters, slide-bumps, and harsh engage-
ments and shifts can all be attributed to these components. The only
way you can affect friction material and ATF type is to use the right (or
wrong) frictions or ATF for the application.
For a number of years, many technicians sanded the steel and drum
surfaces to affect shift quality. This isn’t a good idea; not only will
sanding the contact surfaces reduce the life of the friction material, but
it can cause adverse shift quality conditions.
In most cases, you should replace the steel plates with the frictions; in
some cases you’ll be able to get away with reusing the old steel plates
without sanding them. Always check the drum surface where the band
rides: It should be straight and smooth. If it’s worn or damaged, re-
place the drum.

Formulas
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You can determine the output pressure of a simple regulator by divid-

ing spring force (at working height) by the working area of the regula-
tor valve. So, a pressure regulator valve with a working area of 0.250"
and a 10 lb spring will create an output of 40 PSI (10 ÷ 0.25 = 40).

12 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 Electrical Systems Operation
The introduction of electrical controls to transmission operation has
created an entirely new set of requirements for today’s transmission
technician. It’s no longer enough to understand how the valves or
clutches work; you need to understand advanced electrical concepts.
These concepts include:
• Current flow
• Pulse width modulation and duty cycle
• AC generation
• Hall Effect
• Ohm’s Law
… and many more.
What’s more, many of the testing procedures have changed. Gone is
the simple test light and analog volt-ohmmeter: Today’s technician
needs to be versed in using a digital multimeter, and preferably a lab
scope to measure the variety of signals in today’s transmission control
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circuits.

Overview of
Electrical Controls
While each manufacturer has its differences, most of today’s electroni-
cally controlled transmissions have one thing in common: They use a
series of solenoids to control shift operation. And those solenoids are
controlled by a computer, which creates its signals based on inputs
from various sensors around the vehicle.
In general, those sensors provide the same signals for transmission
operation as were used in the older, hydraulically controlled transmis-
sions: vehicle speed and engine load.
The computer then uses those signals to control the solenoids that
control transmission operation. In most cases those solenoids include:
• Shift solenoids — open or close to control a hydraulic signal to
operate the shift valves.
• Pressure control solenoids — variable bleed solenoids controlled
by a variable electrical current. As current increases, pressure
decreases.
• Shift modification solenoids — these vary widely based on manu-
facturer. Some override pressure control during the shift to pro-
vide smoother shift feel. Others adjust shift overlap, or prevent
conflicting clutch application.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
A number of manufacturers are now controlling the clutch apply
circuit directly through the solenoids, instead of using the solenoid to
operate a shift valve. This system first appeared on Chrysler’s 41TE,
and is slowly becoming a trend in transmission control.
Solenoids are nothing more than an electrically-controlled valve. When
current is flowing to the solenoid, the solenoid energizes; when the
current is off, it de-energizes.
Some solenoids are normally closed; that is, the valve is closed when
the solenoid is de-energized, and opens when current is flowing.
Other solenoids are normally open; the valve is open when the sole-
noid is de-energized, and closed when current is flowing.
Pressure control solenoids are always normally closed; they bleed off
pressure as current applies. The more current applied, the more pres-
sure they bleed off. When the solenoid is de-energized, the solenoid
closes, keeping pressure at maximum. This is done to make sure, if the
computer or circuit loses power, the transmission operates at high
pressure, so it won’t burn up.
The control signal to the pressure control solenoid is a duty cycled
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signal. That is, it’s a pulsed signal with a constant frequency. What
changes is the ratio of signal on-time to off-time. A 50% duty cycle
signal is on half of the time and off half of the time. A 75% duty cycle
signal is on 3/4ths of the time, and off 1/4th of the time. The number of
pulses per second remains the same, regardless of conditions.

14 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 Electrical Formulas and
Principles
There are a number of important principles you’ll need to be familiar
with when diagnosing electrical circuits. Of these, probably the most
important are Kirchhoff’s Laws of Current and Voltage, and Ohm’s
Law.
Kirchhoff’s Law of Voltage — Voltage drop in a circuit will increase
proportionately with resistance. When added together, the sum of
the voltage drops in a circuit will equal the voltage drop for the
entire circuit. There will be no voltage left over.
It’s this law that provides us with the basis for the voltage drop test.
And it proves that, if you see any voltage on the ground side of a
circuit, it means there’s unwanted resistance in that circuit.
Kirchoff’s Law of Current — The total current that goes into a junction
is equal to the total current that comes out of a junction. There is no
extra current, and none is lost.
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This is the law that provides us with the basis for being able to
measure current anywhere in a circuit, as the current will be the
same whether we measure it at the positive post of the battery, the
negative post, or anywhere in between.
Ohm’s Law — The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the
applied voltage, and inversely proportional to the circuit resistance.
This is the law that gives us the direct relationship between volts,
amps and ohms, and proves that, if we know any two values in a
circuit, we can easily determine the third:
Amps x Ohms = Volts
Volts ÷ Amps = Ohms
Volts ÷ Ohms = Amps
For an in-depth look at these laws and how they affect electrical diag-
nosis, pick up a copy of The Building Blocks of Electrical Diagnosis from
the ATRA BookStore.

© 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved. 082508 15

 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Basic Electrical
Test Procedures
There are several electrical test procedures you should be familiar with
to diagnose today’s electronically-controlled transmissions:

Voltage Check
Measuring the voltage between two points in a circuit. To perform a
voltage drop check:
• Connect your meter’s negative lead to the negative-most part of
the circuit.
• Connect your meter’s positive lead to the positive-most part of the
circuit.
• Set your meter to measure volts.
• Read the voltage measurement on the display.
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Voltage Drop Test

In a voltage drop test, you’re looking for any sign of unwanted or
unplanned resistance in the circuit. This is based on Kirchhoff’s Law
of Voltage. To perform a voltage drop test:
• Connect your meter’s negative lead to the negative-most part of
the circuit.
• Connect your meter’s positive lead to the positive-most part of the
circuit.
• Set your meter to measure volts.
• Load the circuit to its maximum levels.
• Read the voltage measurement on the display.
By moving the positive probe along the circuit and rechecking the
voltage drop, you can pinpoint unwanted resistance in the circuit.

Resistance Test
A resistance test is the measurement of resistance in a circuit or compo-
nent, measured in ohms. To perform a typical resistance test, you
must isolate the circuit or component from the rest of the wiring
harness, to prevent a backfeed through the circuit.
• Isolate the circuit from the rest of the wiring harness.
• Make sure the circuit is powered down completely before check-
ing the resistance.
• Set your meter to ohms.

16 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 BASIC ELECTRICAL TEST PROCEDURES
• Connect your meter’s leads to one another, and zero the meter
(critical on low resistance measurements).
• Connect one meter lead to one end of the circuit; the other lead to
the other end.
• Read the resistance on the display.
The one problem with a resistance measurement is most circuits’
resistance will change when energized. This is why it’s usually
preferable to measure circuit resistance indirectly, by measuring
voltage and amperage, and calculating resistance using Ohm’s Law.

Amperage Test
An amperage test measures the current flow through a circuit. There
are two common ways to do this: one is to connect your meter in
series with the circuit and measure the amperage directly. A second,
easier way is to use a current clamp connected to your voltmeter,
which measures the magnetic field around the wire and translates
that into an amperage reading.
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Frequency Measurement
Frequency is the number of pulses or cycles in an electrical circuit
every second, measured in Hertz (Hz). A measurement of one Hertz
is one cycle per second; 100 Hz is one hundred cycles per second,
and so on.
To measure the frequency of a signal:
• Connect your meter negative lead to a good ground.
• Connect your meter positive lead to the signal wire.
• Set your meter to measure frequency.
• Read the frequency measurement on the display.

Duty Cycle Measurement

A variable duty cycle signal is a pulsed signal that varies the duration
of on-time relative to the length of a complete cycle. So if the signal
is on half the time and off half the time, the duty cycle is 50%. If it’s
on 3/4ths of the time and off 1/4th of the time, it has a duty cycle of
75%. How you connect your meter to measure the duty cycle de-
pends on whether the circuit is ground controlled or feed controlled.
Most digital meters provide a duty cycle measurement capability.
But some duty cycled signals aren’t simply on-off signals; many are
current limiting. A common example is the pressure control signal
on a KM transaxle. The only way to measure these signals accurately
is with a scope.

© 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved. 082508 17

 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Overview of
Computer Controls
The computer system that controls today’s transmissions operates
based on a series of inputs from around the vehicle. These inputs come
from switches or sensors, and provide the computer with the data it
needs to control engine and transmission operation. In most cases
you’ll need a scan tool to gather diagnostic trouble codes and monitor
switch and sensor circuit information.
The manual lever position (MLP) sensor provides a digital signal that
indicates the gear selector position. The manual lever position sensor is
actually a series of switches that creates a pattern of on and off signals
to the computer. From those signals the computer can determine the
exact gear range the driver has chosen.
Pressure switches either complete or open an electrical circuit. These
switches open or close based on applied pressure; they either ground a
circuit to operate a specific device, or they open or close to provide a
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signal to the computer. In early TCC controls, a grounding switch was

tapped into governor pressure to energize the TCC solenoid when
governor pressure was high, indicating vehicle speed was high enough
to handle lockup. Other grounding type switches are used to tell which
gear is operating or to operate the backup lights.
A potentiometer is a type of computer sensor. Rather than opening or
closing a circuit, a potentiometer controls the circuit voltage by varying
its resistance. A throttle position sensor (TPS) is a potentiometer. It
sends very low voltage to the computer when the throttle is closed; the
voltage signal increases as the throttle opens. Other potentiometers
may include the MAP, vacuum or BARO sensors. Most potentiometers
receive a reference voltage of 5 volts.
Vehicle speed sensors provide road speed to the computer. There are
several types of speed sensors:
• Alternating Current (AC) generators
• Reed-style mechanical sensors
• Hall Effect sensors
• Optical sensors
• Magnetoresistive sensors
Regardless of the type of sensor, each of these sensors creates a voltage
signal that varies with vehicle speed. The computer uses this signal to
measure vehicle speed, to control transmission shift patterns and
lockup operation.
Temperature sensors are usually thermistors: electronic devices that
change resistance based on temperature. Most are negative tempera-
ture coefficient (NTC) thermistors; that is, their resistance goes down
as temperature increases. The computer uses temperature sensor
18 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.
 OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER CONTROLS
signals to vary engine and transmission operation based on tempera-
ture.

Code Checks
Most computer system diagnoses begin with checking for diagnostic
trouble codes (DTC). These codes indicate computer system failures
that the computer has identified, and can help you target your diagno-
sis more accurately.
In most cases you’ll need an up-to-date scan tool to read and clear
diagnostic trouble codes. Very few systems are left that allow you to
short a terminal and count the flashes.
There are several important things to remember about codes:
1. Codes don’t necessarily indicate a faulty component. For example,
while a TPS code could indicate a bad TPS, it might just as easily
indicate a problem in the TPS circuit, or sometimes even in an unre-
lated circuit that shares a common ground. Always use the codes to
direct your diagnosis; never assume the diagnosis based on the code.
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2. Codes can be either hard or soft. Hard codes indicated problems that
are there now, and will reset the code repeatedly. Soft codes are
those that are stored in memory, and may indicate an intermittent
problem, or even a problem that was repaired without clearing the
codes.
This is why, whenever you’re checking the computer system, you
should:
• Check and record any codes in memory.
• Clear the codes.
• Drive the vehicle again, and see if any codes reset.
Any codes that reset indicate hard codes, which should be fairly easy
to track down and diagnose. Codes that don’t reset may be either
intermittent problems, or they may not be there at all: Someone may
have corrected the problem and just forgot to clear the code.
In either case, keep the codes on record, and explain the situation to
the customer. Ask him to pay attention to the driving conditions if the
malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) comes on again, to help you diag-
nose the problem.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Inside or Outside?
The key to transmission diagnosis today can be summed up in three
words: inside or outside? Is the problem inside the transmission, or
outside, somewhere in the rest of the vehicle? This should be your first
consideration during any transmission diagnosis.
To determine whether you’re looking at an internal or external prob-
lem, you’ll usually require three basic test procedures:
1. Check the computer codes.
2. Check the computer control signals to the transmission.
3. Try to shift the transmission with a shift controller.
If the signals to the transmission are okay, but the transmission isn’t
working properly, there’s a good chance you’re looking at an internal
problem. To reinforce that, you’ll want to try to force the shift using
replacement signals from a shift controller. If the transmission still
won’t shift, you can be fairly certain the transmission is at fault.
If the transmission shifts properly from the shift controller, but the
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signals from the computer aren’t correct, more than likely you’re
looking at a computer system problem. Always take care of those
problems before removing the transmission for repair.
There is one condition that can cause some difficulty here: Some inter-
nal problems can affect the signals to the computer system. These
include problems with speed sensors, pulse generators, pressure
switches and so on.
If the transmission has a problem that affects these signals, it may
prevent the transmission from operating properly from the computer
system, but still seem to shift using a shift controller. In that case, you
may still be dealing with an internal problem, and have to remove the
transmission to repair the problem.

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 Diagnostic Strategies
Customer Contact
One of the most important steps in any diagnosis is verifying the
complaint; you can identify and repair a hundred different problems,
but if you didn’t fix the customer’s complaint, you didn’t fix the car.
The customer walks through the door, and says, “I’d like to have my
car’s transmission serviced.” Sounds simple enough, doesn’t it? You
write up the car, and send the customer on his way.
Not so fast: Before you accept any service work from a customer, the
first question that should come to mind is, “why?” Why does the
customer want his transmission serviced? Is it just time, or is there a
problem he’s hoping a service will correct?
This is a critical consideration, because once you perform the service,
any problems with that transmission are yours… at least, in the
customer’s mind. As far as he’s concerned, you did the service, and he
has a problem. The fact that the problem was there before the service
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quickly fades from memory.

Once you’ve discovered why the customer’s there, next you need to
determine when and where that problem shows up. You can use a
simple acronym to learn the details of just about any diagnostic prob-
lem: TAC — Time, Action and Conditions:
Time is basically how long the car’s been driving before the problem
shows up. Does it begin as soon as you start the car? After you’ve
been driving it for awhile? How long? Does it ever go away? How
long do you have to drive before it goes away?
Action is what was taking place when the problem appears. Accelerat-
ing or decelerating? Constant cruise? During a shift? Climbing or
going down a hill? Turning? Braking?
Conditions are whatever’s happening around the car when the prob-
lem occurs. Is it hot or cold out? Sunny or rainy? Windy? How about
the traffic; is it light or heavy? Is the car loaded down or is the cus-
tomer the only one in the car?
Some of this information might have absolutely no bearing on the
diagnosis. But sometimes even the most obscure tidbit can provide a
real clue as to the cause of the problem.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Visual Inspection
One of the first steps in examining any vehicle problem is to perform a
visual inspection. Look for anything obvious …anything out of the
ordinary. Many problems will require an in-depth diagnosis; others
will jump right out at you.
You’ll be amazed at the number of times you can correct a problem
simply by repositioning the floor mats, or removing some debris that’s
sitting on the intake manifold, blocking the throttle linkage.
Other types of obvious conditions might include a wire or connector
that’s become disconnected, and is just hanging off in space. Or a
crimped cooler line, or even a wiring harness that was caught between
the bellhousing and the block.
Many a repair has been avoided by a simple visual examination… and
many a transmission has been disassembled for no reason, because
someone forgot to have a look around first.

Fluid Level and Condition

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Low fluid levels can cause low pressures, which will cause a slip be-
tween shifts. Check the fluid condition while checking the fluid level.
Examine the fluid carefully.
If the fluid’s low, the problem could be a leak. Check the transmission
case, sump and cooler lines for evidence of leaks. If the transmission
uses a vacuum modulator, check the vacuum line for signs of fluid; the
modulator diaphragm may be leaking fluid and into the vacuum line.
From there, the engine will suck the fluid into the engine, burning
away all evidence of the leak.
The normal color of automatic transmission fluid (ATF) varies by
manufacturer. If the fluid is dark brown or black and has a burnt odor,
the fluid overheated.
A milky color indicates engine coolant has been leaking into the trans-
missions cooler in the radiator. While a rebuild will be necessary, it’s
critical to repair the source of the coolant leak, or the problem will just
be repeated.
After checking the fluid level and color, wipe the dipstick with a white
paper towel and check the residue:
• Dark particles are normally band and clutch material.
• White, silvery particles are normally caused by worn metal parts,
such as the pump or clutch drums.
• Brass or bronze metal particles indicate worn bushings or thrust
washers.
If you can’t wipe the dipstick clean, it’s probably coated with varnish
caused by fluid oxidation. Varnish or other heavy deposits indicate the

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 DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES
need to change the transmission fluid and filter. Severely varnished
fluid may indicate the transmission is worn out and needs to be rebuilt.
Low fluid levels can cause a variety of problems. Air can be drawn in
the oil pump’s inlet circuit and mixed with the fluid. This will aerate
the fluid, causing slow pressure buildup and low or erratic pressures,
which will cause a slip between shifts. Air in the pressure regulator
valve will cause a buzzing noise when the valve tries to regulate pump
pressure.
Excessively high fluid levels can also cause aeration. As the planetary
gears rotate in high fluid levels, air can be forced into the fluid. Aer-
ated fluid can foam, overheat and oxidize. All of these problems can
interfere with normal valve, clutch and servo operation. Foaming may
be evident by fluid leaking from the transmission vent.

Linkage and Vacuum Controls

Mechanical or vacuum control problems can contribute to shift prob-
lems. Always check the condition and adjustment of the various link-
ages and cables whenever you’re faced with a shift problem.
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Make sure the manual and throttle linkages or cables are adjusted
properly. Look for any worn bushings or pivots that can affect adjust-
ment or travel. Even a small amount of wear can have a dramatic effect
on transmission operation.
Work the throttle linkage or cable all the way through its travel; look
for any sign of binding or kinks. Make sure the linkage returns all the
way to its at-rest position, without having to push it back into place.
On vehicles that use a modulator, a problem in the modulator or its
vacuum source can cause upshifts to occur at the wrong speeds or not
occur at all. Make sure you have the proper modulator on the vehicle,
and that the vacuum hose and line are in good condition, without any
kinks or cracks that could affect the vacuum source.
If the vacuum readings at the modulator are normal, it indicates there
are no vacuum leaks in the line and the engine is in satisfactory condi-
tion.
If you find transmission fluid in the vacuum line to the modulator, the
vacuum diaphragm in the modulator is leaking; replace the modulator.
To verify this, apply a vacuum to the valve with a handheld pump.
The valve usually won’t hold vacuum if the diaphragm is leaking. If
the problem seems to be modulator-related but the vacuum source,
vacuum lines, and vacuum modulator all check out okay, the modula-
tor may need to be adjusted.

Check Computer Codes

The next step in any transmission diagnosis should be to check the
computer system for codes. These codes can help you identify com-

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
puter system problems that can be directly related to transmission
problems.
In most cases you should be able to verify a code by checking the
signal from the indicated circuit through your scan tool. For example, a
vehicle speed sensor code could easily indicate a problem that affects
transmission operation.
Record all codes in memory, then clear the codes and see if any return.
If the code returns immediately, it means you’re dealing with a hard
code; that is, a condition that’s there now, and should be easy to trace
and diagnose.
Codes that don’t return could be residual memory, from a problem
that was corrected before, or they could be soft codes. Soft codes indi-
cate intermittent problem that aren’t there right now. They may be
difficult to find until they return.

Road Tests
Assuming the vehicle drives, the next step in the diagnosis should be
to perform a diagnostic road test. This is where you drive the vehicle
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and try to verify the customer’s complaint.

In most cases, you’ll want to monitor the computer signals to the
transmission, and keep an eye on certain computer system operation
during your road test. For this, you’ll need a signal monitor connected
to the transmission solenoid control wires and a scan tool.
Try to duplicate the customer’s complaint while driving the vehicle
and monitoring the computer signals. The object is to see whether the
problem is inside or outside the transmission; that is, whether it’s
being caused by a transmission problem (inside) or a computer system
problem (outside).
If the signals are correct but the condition persists, the problem will
usually be internal. If the signals aren’t correct while the problem
occurs, look for an external cause.

Pinpoint Diagnostic Procedures

Diagnostic trouble codes don’t necessarily mean a component needs
replacement. They’re strictly an indication of a problem in one of the
computer circuits. Once you have a code, you still need to identify the
specific failure. That’s where pinpoint diagnostic procedures come in.
A code may indicate the signal voltage is below range for a sensor or
component. It could be due to a bad sensor, or it could be because of a
loose or corroded connection in the sensor feed, sensor ground, or the
signal wire. Or maybe there’s a short in one of the circuits. Or a
misadjusted component. Any of these conditions can pull the sensor
signal below range.
This is where pinpoint diagnosis comes in. The code was just a pointer,
24 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.
 DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES
indicating which circuits to check. From there you have to check signal
voltages and circuit resistances, to identify the root cause of the failure.
The most important consideration is understanding the circuits: How
they’re wired, how they work, and what type of signal you should
expect when they’re working correctly. From there you can work out
exactly what type of checks and tests will reveal the source of the
problem.

Pressure Tests
In some cases, a pressure test will be a valuable tool for identifying
specific transmission problems. This test allows you to measure the
fluid pressure in the different transmission circuits during various
operating gears and gear selector positions. The number of hydraulic
circuits that can be tested varies with each make and model.
Most transmission problems can be identified without conducting a
pressure test, so you should never begin your diagnosis with a pres-
sure test. A pressure test has its greatest value for diagnosing rough
shifts or improper shift timing. Both of these problems may be caused
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by excessive line pressure, which can be verified by a pressure test.

During a road test, observe the starting pressures and whether the
pressure increases steadily with slight increases in engine load. Pay
attention to how much the pressure drops as the transmission shifts.
On most units, the pressure shouldn’t drop more than 15 PSI between
shifts, and should recover as soon as the shift is complete.
Any pressure reading that isn’t within specifications indicates a prob-
lem:
• If pressures are low, look for an internal leak, a clogged filter, low
oil pump output, or a faulty pressure regulator valve.
• If pressure increases at the wrong time or the pressure isn’t high
enough, look for sticking valves or leaking seals.
• If the pressure drops more than 15 PSI between shifts, look for an
internal servo or clutch leak.
To get to most out of a pressure test, begin by measuring mainline
pressure in all gear ranges and at three basic engine speeds: idle, me-
dium throttle, and wide-open throttle (WOT). If the pressure in all
operating gears is within specifications at idle, the pump and pressure
regulators are working fine. If all pressures are low at idle, look for a
problem in the pump, pressure regulator, filter, fluid level, or an inter-
nal pressure leak.
To identify the problem further, check the pressure in the various gears
at medium throttle. If the pressures are within specifications, the prob-
lem is usually a worn oil pump, but it may be an internal leak. Internal
leaks are often more evident in a specific gear range because that’s
when ATF applies the leaking circuit. If there’s a leak in a particular

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
clutch circuit, pressure will drop in that gear range, or when the trans-
mission operates in that gear.
You can learn even more by observing the pressure change at wide-
open throttle in each gear range. A clogged oil filter will normally
cause a gradual drop at higher engine RPM, because the fluid can’t
pass through the filter fast enough to keep up with the pump.
If the pressure doesn’t change with the increase in engine RPM, look
for a stuck pressure regulator, which allows pressure to build with
increased engine RPM, but won’t provide the necessary boost pres-
sures.
If the pressures are high at idle, look for a faulty pressure regulator or
throttle valve problem.
If pressures are low at WOT, pull on the throttle valve (TV) cable or
disconnect the vacuum hose to the modulator (where applicable). If
this causes the pressure to rise to normal, the low pressure is caused by
a faulty cable or a problem in the vacuum modulator or vacuum lines.
If the pressures remain below specifications, the most likely cause is
the pump or control system.
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If all pressures are high at WOT, compare the readings to those at idle.
If they’re high at idle and WOT, look for a problem in the pressure
regulator or throttle system.
If the pressures are normal at idle and high at WOT, look for a problem
in the throttle system.
To verify a weak or worn oil pump, perform a stall test in reverse. If
the pressures are low during this test but normal during all other tests,
suspect a weak pump.

Stall Test
A basic stall test involves locking the brakes, putting the transmission
in gear, and momentarily opening the throttle all the way. Keep in
mind that a stall test is only valid if you know the converter stall speed
for that vehicle and engine. If the torque converter has been replaced,
your results may be meaningless.
CAUTION: Never hold the stall test for more than three seconds, to
prevent overheating the transmission.
If the torque converter and transmission are functioning properly, the
engine will reach the specified RPM. If the tachometer indicates a
speed above or below specification, it indicates a possible problem in
the transmission or torque converter. If you suspect a torque converter
problem, you should remove it and check the stator one-way clutch
with the converter on the bench.
If the stall speed is below specifications, suspect a restricted exhaust or
slipping stator clutch. If the stator one-way clutch isn’t holding, fluid

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 DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES
leaving the turbine works against the rotation of the impeller and
slows the engine. With either of these problems the vehicle will exhibit
poor acceleration, either because of lack of power from the engine or
because there’s no torque multiplication from the converter.
If the stall speed is only slightly below normal, the engine probably
isn’t producing enough power and should be diagnosed and repaired.
If the stall speed is above specification, the bands or clutches in the
transmission may be slipping.
If the vehicle has poor acceleration but had good stall test results,
suspect a seized one-way clutch. Excessively hot fluid is a good indica-
tion of a seized one-way clutch, but other problems can cause these
same symptoms, so be careful during diagnosis.
A normal stall test will generate a lot of noise, most of which is normal.
But if you hear any metallic noises during the test, diagnose the source
of these noises first. Operate the vehicle at low speeds on a lift with the
drive wheels free to rotate. If the noises are still present, the source of
the noise is probably the torque converter. The converter should be
removed and bench tested for internal interference.
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Converter Clutch Testing

Nearly all late-model transmissions are equipped with a lockup torque
converter. Most of these lockup converters are controlled by a com-
puter. In most cases, the computer energizes the converter clutch
solenoid, which opens a valve and allows fluid pressure to engage the
clutch. Be careful diagnosing these lockup systems, because poor
lockup clutch action can be caused by problems in the engine, electrical
system, clutch, or torque converter.
The key to diagnosing a lockup converter clutch is a thorough under-
standing of how the system operates. Many of today’s vehicles use a
pulsed solenoid to modify apply pressure and control converter clutch
apply. Without a clear picture of the specific wiring and operation, you
won’t be able to diagnose the converter clutch operation accurately.
Lockup clutch engagement should be smooth. If the clutch engages
early or isn’t receiving full pressure, you could experience a shudder
or vibration caused by the clutch rapidly grabbing and slipping. The
clutch begins to lock and then slips because it can’t hold the engine’s
torque to complete the lockup. The capacity of the clutch is determined
by the oil pressure applied to the clutch and the condition of the fric-
tion surfaces of the clutch assembly.
If the shudder is only noticeable during lockup clutch engagement, the
problem is typically in the converter. When the shudder is only evi-
dent after the engagement, suspect a problem in the engine, transmis-
sion, or another driveline component.
Identifying the source of the shudder can be difficult, because the

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
torque converter clutch tends to load the engine, so many ignition
misfires only occur when the converter clutch is applied. One way to
identify whether you’re dealing with a converter clutch shudder is to
add a friction modifier to the transmission fluid; if the shudder feels
different after adding the friction modifier, the problem is probably in
the converter clutch.
When converter clutch apply pressure is low and the clutch can’t lock
firmly, it’ll cause a shudder. This may be caused by a faulty clutch
solenoid valve or its return spring. The valve is normally held in posi-
tion by a coil-type return spring. If the spring loses tension, the clutch
will be able to engage prematurely. Since there’s insufficient pressure
available to hold the clutch, the clutch begins to grab and slip, creating
a shudder. If the solenoid valve or return spring is faulty, you’ll need
to replace it along with the torque converter.
All torque converter clutch (TCC) control tests should begin with a
basic inspection of the engine and transmission. Apparent transmission
and torque converter problems are often caused by engine mechanical
problems, broken or incorrectly connected vacuum hoses, or improper
ignition timing or idle speed.
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Once you’ve established the problem is in the TCC, perform a basic

inspection of wires and hoses; look for burnt spots, or bare, damaged
or pinched wires. Make sure the harness to the computer has a tight,
clean connection.
Check the source voltage at the battery before beginning any detailed
test on any electronic control system. If the voltage is too low or high,
the electronic system won’t function properly.
On early TCC-equipped vehicles, lockup was controlled hydraulically.
A switch valve was controlled by two other valves. The lockup valve
responded to governor pressure and prevented lockup at speeds
below 40 MPH (64 km/H). The failsafe valve responded to throttle
pressure and permitted lockup only in high gear. Poor converter clutch
operation could be caused by engine, electrical, clutch, or torque con-
verter problems.
The converter clutch on later vehicles is almost completely electroni-
cally controlled. The computer operates a solenoid that controls hy-
draulic flow through a circuit; that circuit controls a valve, which
controls the operation of the converter clutch.
Before the lockup clutch applies, the vehicle must be traveling at or
above a certain speed. The vehicle speed sensor (VSS) sends a vehicle
speed signal to the computer, which the computer uses to determine
when it’s time to energize the converter clutch solenoid.
In most cases, the converter clutch isn’t supposed to be able to engage
when the engine is cold. The engine coolant temperature (ECT) sensor
provides the computer with a temperature signal. The computer won’t
activate the converter clutch solenoid until the engine reaches normal

28 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES
operating temperature.
During sudden deceleration or acceleration, the converter clutch
should disengage. One of the sensors used to tell the control computer
these driving modes is the throttle position sensor (TPS). Another type
of load sensor is the manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor, or the
mass airflow (MAF) sensor. The computer may use any of these sensor
signals to control converter clutch operation.
Some transmissions use a third or fourth gear switch to signal the
computer when the transmission is in a high enough range to allow
lockup. A brake switch is used in some circuits to disengage the con-
verter clutch when you apply the brakes. Inspecting these key sensors
should be part of any converter clutch diagnosis.

Electrical Tests
The first step in any electrical diagnosis should always be to check the
battery and charging system. This is the source of all vehicle electricity,
so a problem here can affect all other electrical systems.
Start with a visual inspection: Look for damaged or corroded battery
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terminals, or frayed or loose wires. With the engine off, make sure the
alternator belt is in good condition and tightened properly.
Check the battery no-load voltage. A fully-charged battery should
deliver 12.6 volts; if it’s below 12.4 volts, charge the battery and retest
the system before continuing your diagnosis.
If the battery no-load voltage is okay, run a load test. During this test,
you should load the battery to one half of its cold cranking amp rating
for 15 seconds. During this test, battery voltage shouldn’t drop below
9.6 volts at 70ºF (21ºC).
Next you should check the charging system. During this test, you’ll
check the current and voltage from the alternator during normal op-
eration and under electrical load. In most cases the alternator should
deliver between 14 to 15 volts under normal operation, and be capable
of producing its full amperage rating with the engine at fast idle and
the electrical system loaded.
Don’t forget to check the AC voltage signal from the alternator. Exces-
sive AC can create interference in the electrical system, trigger the
computer and cause erratic vehicle performance. Anything over about
500 millivolts AC indicates a problem in the alternator, and requires
further diagnosis.
Finally, you should run a starter draw test, to make sure the starter
circuit is working properly. During this test you’ll disable the fuel
injection system and crank the engine while monitoring the current
draw from the starter. In most cases starter draw should be less than
250 amps, but always check the factory specs to be sure.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Noises and Vibrations
Constant velocity (CV) or universal (U) joints, wheel bearings, and
brakes can generate noises that customers mistake for the transmission
or torque converter. Check the entire driveline before assuming the
noise is transmission-related.
Most transmission vibrations are caused by an imbalanced torque
converter assembly, a poorly mounted torque converter, or a faulty
output shaft. The key to determining the cause of the vibration is to
pay particular attention to the operating conditions that the vibration
relates to. In general, the vibration will relate to one of three condi-
tions:
1. Engine RPM — If the vibration changes directly with engine RPM,
look for an imbalance in the engine or torque converter. In some
vehicles it’s possible to isolate the vibration by unbolting the torque
converter from the flywheel and starting the engine. If the vibration
is still there, it’s an engine problem, not a transmission problem.
2. Vehicle Speed — A vibration that changes with vehicle speed is
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probably due to an imbalance in the wheels or drive train. First thing

to suspect is wheel balance. If they’re okay, other possibilities in-
clude imbalanced brake drums or rotors, or an imbalanced
driveshaft or axle shaft. If the vehicle uses a two-piece driveshaft,
make sure the universal joints are aligned properly.
3. Vehicle Load — Vehicle load vibrations are usually caused by wear
in a driveline component, such as a U-joint or CV-joint. Check for
signs of rust around the U-joint caps or a torn CV boot; either can
indicate a problem.
Noise problems follow a similar line of thought, with one addition:
gear range. If the noise changes with gear range, it’s probably due to a
problem inside the transmission. To diagnose these problems, it’s
important to be aware of which components rotate in which gears.
If the noise relates to engine RPM and is present in all gears, including
park and neutral, the most probable source is the pump or torque
converter, because they rotate whenever the engine is running. But
you must be familiar with the transmission to make this diagnosis:
Some transmissions, such as the Ford AOD and the early VW AG4,
spline the torque converter directly to a clutch drum, which rotates
with the crankshaft. The bearings on these drums can create a noise
that’s easy to mistake for a converter noise.
If the noise relates to engine RPM, and is present in all gears except
park and neutral, look for a problem in those parts that rotate in all
gears, such as the drive chain, the input shaft, and the torque con-
verter. Often the exact cause of the noise and vibration can only be
identified through careful inspection of a disassembled transmission.

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 DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES
Finding and Repairing Leaks
One of the more common types of transmission problems you’re likely
to face is leak repair. Usually the difficulty with leaks isn’t the actual
repair: it’s finding the leak that’s a problem.
That’s because the leaking fluid blows back across the transmission
while the vehicle is in motion, soaking everything in its path. This
makes it hard to identify exactly what leak to fix.
Very often transmission technicians address this by simply recom-
mending a complete external reseal. This isn’t as irresponsible as it
may sound at first, because in most cases all of the seals are the same
age and have experienced the same conditions. So if one is leaking, it’s
just a matter of time before the others begin to leak.
There are several tools or tricks you can use to help find transmission
leaks. One manufacturer offers a smoke machine. The transmission fills
with smoke, so you can see where the smoke is leaking out.
Another offers a black light dye that you can add to the transmission
fluid. Then you use a black light to find the leak.
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A low-tech solution to finding leaks is to wipe down the transmission

and spray some silver paint onto the transmission case. Then drive the
vehicle. The fresh oil will wash away the silver paint as it leaks, leading
you right to the source of the leak.
Don’t forget that many leaks only occur under specific conditions, such
as when the transmission is hot or you’re driving at high speeds. This
can make it more difficult to identify the leak.
Another issue that can cause all kinds of leaks is a plugged transmis-
sion vent. The vent gets plugged with dirt or undercoating. Then, as
the transmission heats up, it builds up pressure inside, pushing the oil
past the seals. The fix is simply to clear the vent.
Don’t forget to check for any service bulletins when looking for a leak.
Very often hard-to-find leaks have been addressed in print, along with
the proper fix.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
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32 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.
 Maintenance
and In-Car Repair
Manual Linkage and
Transmission Range
Sensor or Switch
A worn or misadjusted manual linkage will affect transmission opera-
tion. The transmission’s manual valve must engage the selected gear
completely. Partial manual valve engagement won’t allow enough
pressure to reach the rest of the valve body. If the linkage is
misadjusted it can cause poor gear engagement, slipping and excessive
wear. The selector linkage should be adjusted so the manual valve
detent position in the transmission matches the selector detent and
position indicator.
To check the linkage adjustment, move the shift lever slowly, one
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range at a time, from park to the lowest drive range. You should feel
detents at each position as you move the lever. If you can’t feel the
detent in any of these positions, adjust the linkage.
After adjusting any type of shift linkage, recheck it for detents
throughout its range. As a safety measure, make sure you feel a posi-
tive detent when you place the shift lever into park. If you’re unable to
bring the linkage into adjustment, the levers and grommets may re-
quire replacement.
Any time you disassemble the linkage from the levers, always replace
the grommets that retain the cable or rod. Use a pry tool to force the
cable or rod from the grommet, and then cut the old grommet. You can
use a pair of pliers to snap the new grommet into the levers, and the
cable or rod into the grommet.
Once you have the manual linkage adjusted properly, always check the
adjustment of the transmission range sensor or switch. Adjusting the
linkage may change the position of the sensor, and cause transmission
operating problems.
Some switches have an alignment hole; you put the transmission in
neutral, loosen the adjustment bolts, and slide a pin or drill bit into the
alignment hole. Then you tighten the adjustment bolts, and remove the
pin.
The precise method for adjusting the transmission range switch or
sensor varies from vehicle to vehicle, so always check the procedure in
your shop manual for the specific vehicle you’re working on.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Throttle Valve (TV), Kickdown and
Accelerator Pedal Cables or Linkage
The throttle cable or linkage connects the throttle to the TV in the valve
body. On some transmissions, the throttle linkage may control both the
downshift and throttle valves. Others use a vacuum modulator to
control the throttle valve and a throttle linkage to control the down-
shift valve.
Always check the linkages and cables to make sure they’re connected
properly and operating freely. Any binding, kinks or looseness in the
pivots or connectors indicates a problem that will affect transmission
operation.
Later model transmissions may not have a throttle cable. They rely on
electronic sensors and switches to monitor engine load and throttle
position.
The action of the throttle valve produces throttle pressure. Throttle
pressure provides an engine load signal to the transmission, and influ-
ences shift speeds and mainline pressure.
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A misadjusted TV linkage may keep throttle pressure too low, relative

to engine load, causing early upshifts. It can also reduce the clutch
holding capacity, which can cause the clutches to slip and burn.
If throttle pressure is too high, it can cause harsh and delayed upshifts,
and part-throttle and WOT downshifts will occur earlier than normal.
Adjustments as small as half turn can make a big difference in shift
timing and feel.
Some transmissions use a kickdown switch, typically located at the
upper post of the throttle pedal. Pressing the throttle all the way closes
the switch, which signals a forced downshift.
To check the kickdown switch, make sure the engine is off. Press the
throttle slowly to the floor, and listen for a click just before the pedal
reaches WOT. If you don’t hear the click, adjust the switch until the
pedal lever makes contact with the switch. If the pedal contacts the
switch too early, the transmission may downshift during part throttle
operation.
If you hear the click but the transmission still doesn’t downshift, check
the switch. An open switch will prevent forced downshifts; a shorted
switch can cause upshift problems.

Modulator and Hoses

Diagnosing the vacuum modulator begins with checking the vacuum
at the modulator. The modulator should receive manifold vacuum. If it
does, and there are no vacuum leaks in the line, check the modulator
itself for leaks with a handheld vacuum pump.

34 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 MAINTENANCE AND IN-CAR REPAIR
If there’s any transmission fluid in the modulator line, the vacuum
diaphragm in the modulator is leaking: Replace the modulator.
If the vacuum source, lines, and modulator are in good condition but
shifts indicate a modulator problem, the modulator may need adjust-
ing. The procedure for this varies for each type of transmission. Check
your shop manual for the procedure for adjusting the specific modula-
tor you’re working on.

Governors
For a hydraulically-controlled transmission to shift, governor pressure
must overcome throttle pressure. A transmission that won’t shift at all
could be caused by a governor problem, assuming the rest of the
transmission is okay.
If your tests indicate a governor problem, you should remove, disas-
semble, clean and inspect it. Some governors are mounted internally,
and the transmission must be removed to service the governor. Most,
however, can be serviced by removing the extension housing or oil
pan, or by removing an external retaining clamp and cover, which
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provides access to the governor.

On a gear-driven governor, don’t forget to check the drive gear, usu-
ally mounted to the vehicle output shaft or differential housing. These
gears can become loose or damaged, and cause a number of different
shifting problems that appear to be a governor problem.
Another area to check is the governor bore or housing. Wear in this
area can cause a fluid pressure leak, which can either lower or raise
governor pressure, depending on the specific area of the leak. In some
cases this type of wear can be repaired by boring out the transmission
case and installing a bushing to replace the governor bore surface. If
the governor housing is worn, you’ll need to replace the housing to
eliminate the wear.
In most governors, the weights and springs are calibrated to the ve-
hicle and transmission. Always be careful to use the proper weights
and springs when repairing or replacing the governor.

Switches, Sensors and Solenoids

Several sensors and switches provide the computer with information
on vehicle operating conditions. Most of these sensors are also used to
calibrate engine performance. The computer then determines the
appropriate shift time for maximum efficiency and shift quality.
The shift solenoids are controlled by the computer, which either sup-
plies power or ground to energize the solenoids. The techniques for
diagnosing electronic transmissions are basically the same as those
used to diagnose TCC systems.
Although electronically-controlled transmissions are relatively reliable,

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
they have introduced new problems. Some common problems that
affect transmission operation include incorrect battery voltage, a blown
fuse, poor connections, a faulty input sensor signal, damaged sole-
noids, crossed wires to the solenoid or sensors, corrosion at an electri-
cal terminal, or improper installation of an accessory, such as a stereo
or GPS module.
Incorrect shift points can be caused by electrical circuit problems,
faulty electrical components, bad connectors, or a defective governor
or governor drive gear assembly. Most fully electronic transmissions
don’t have a governor or governor signal; they rely on the electrical
signals from electrical sensors to determine shift timing.
External problems can be the result of a compete loss of power or
ground to the control circuit or a failsafe protection strategy initiated
by the computer to protect the transmission from damage. The default
gear is simply the gear that’s applied when the shift solenoids are off,
usually second gear and reverse.
A visual inspection of the transmission and the electrical systems
should include a careful check of all electrical wires and connectors for
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damage, looseness and corrosion. Loose connections, even when clean,

usually only make intermittent contact. They’ll also corrode and collect
foreign material, which can prevent contact altogether.
Use an ohmmeter or ammeter to check circuit continuity. Check all
ground straps to the frame or engine block. This part of your inspec-
tion is especially important for electronically-controlled transmissions.
Check the fuse or fuses to the control module. To check a fuse accu-
rately, either test it for continuity with an ohmmeter or check each side
of the fuse for power.

Service Procedures
The transmission’s fluid and filter should be changed whenever there’s
an indication of oxidation or contamination. Periodic fluid and filter
changes are also part of the preventative program for most vehicles.
How often you have the transmission serviced depends on the
vehicle’s normal operating conditions: Severe use requires the fluid
and filter be changed more often.
There are two basic types of transmission service available today: the
traditional service, which includes removing the pan and replacing the
filter, and the complete fluid exchange service. Both have their ben-
efits, and the best way to care for a transmission is to do both.
To perform a traditional service on most transmissions you must
remove the oil pan to drain the fluid. Some transmission pans include
a drain plug, which makes draining the fluid in the sump easier.
The filter or screen is normally mounted to the bottom of the valve
body. Filters are made of paper or fabric and are usually held in place

36 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 MAINTENANCE AND IN-CAR REPAIR
by screws, clips or bolts. As a rule, always replace filters; screens can
be cleaned. Remove the screen the same way you would a filter, then
clean it with fresh solvent and a stiff brush.
Check the bottom of the pan for deposits and metal particles. Slight
contamination or blackish deposits from clutches and bands is normal.
Other contaminants could indicate a problem.
Steel particles indicate internal transmission wear or damage. If the
metal particles are aluminum, they may be part of the torque converter
stator or transmission case. Some torque converters use phenolic
plastic stators, so metal particles found in these transmissions must be
from the transmission itself.
The problem with the traditional service is that it only drains the fluid
in the sump; usually 3 to 5 quarts of ATF. As much as 4 to 7 additional
quarts of fluid remains in the converter, clutch drums and servos. You
can drain almost all of the fluid if the converter has a drain plug; but
those drain plugs are pretty rare on units with a converter clutch.
A fluid exchange service flushes virtually all of the old fluid out of the
transmission. This service usually involves disconnecting one of the
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cooler lines, and using the transmission’s natural flow to push the old
fluid out, while the service machine pushes new fluid in to take its
place.
The downside of the fluid exchange service is that it doesn’t require
you to remove the pan, so you can’t inspect the pan for deposits or
replace the filter.
A better service includes a little of both services:
• Remove the pan and examine any deposits
• Wash out the pan
• Replace the filter
• Replace the pan gasket
• Reinstall the pan, and torque the gasket to specs
From there, you perform the fluid exchange service. This allows you to
replace all of the fluid, while making sure the transmission is in good
shape and replacing the filter.
Always make sure you’re using the right filter. Many transmissions
have multiple versions, with slightly different filter designs. The differ-
ences may include the size of the outlet (where it mounts to the valve
body), or the depth of the pickup. While the wrong filter may seem to
fit just fine, it can cause transmission problems, or even damage the
transmission.
Something else you can do to improve the transmission life is to add
an in-line filter to the cooler lines. This provides additional filtering
capability, removing more debris from the fluid.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Fluid Types
There are many different types of fluids available on the market today.
The most common types include:
Dexron/Mercon — Specified for most GM and Ford vehicles
Highly Friction Modified (HFM) — Provides a different type of fric-
tion modification additives than Dexron/Mercon. Used in some
Chrysler and many import units.
Synthetic — Usually has similar friction modification characteristics to
Dexron/Mercon, but offers better resistance to heat and wear.
And there are a few manufacturers that offer their own, unique fluid
types. Always check the manufacturer’s recommendations before
adding or replacing transmission fluid.
There are a number of additives on the market designed to modify
Dexron/Mercon to simulate HFM or other types of fluids. These seem
to work well, and many manufacturers approve of their use. But if the
transmission is still under a factory warranty, you might be better off
using the factory fill.
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One thing there’s no replacement for is a quality base fill. Many com-
mon transmission problems, such as chatters, slide-bump shifts, harsh
shifts, etc. can be traced back to using an economy-grade transmission
fluid. Some additives can help reduce those effects, but the better
solution is to use a good quality transmission fluid to start.

Transmission Adjustments
There are several different types of adjustments necessary for transmis-
sions, depending on the specific unit you’re working on. Virtually all
transmissions have a manual lever adjustment, designed to adjust the
position of the manual lever and manual valve.
Don’t confuse the manual lever adjustment with the adjustment for the
shift lever indicator. This is a separate adjustment that simply adjusts
the position of the indicator on the dash. Always adjust the manual
lever first, then adjust the shift lever indicator if necessary.
Some transmissions have a throttle position cable or linkage that must
be adjusted for proper transmission operation. The specific procedure
varies, and can be very critical. Always check your shop manual or
information service for the procedure for the vehicle you’re working
on.
If the vehicle has a modulator, it may be adjustable. Always make sure
the modulator is receiving a good vacuum signal before attempting to
alter shift operation with a modulator adjustment.
A few transmissions also have an adjustment for their pressure control
valve; on electronic units the pressure control solenoid may be adjust-

38 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 MAINTENANCE AND IN-CAR REPAIR
able. Be very careful with these adjustments: a single turn may firm up
the shift, but it may also create problems, such as a harsh downshift or
a slide-bump in one range.
If you do try to adjust the pressure control valve or solenoid, keep
close track of the adjustments you made, so you can return it to the
factory setting if necessary.

Band Adjustments
Some transmissions have adjustable bands. If the band is a shifting
band, improper adjustment can cause shift timing problems, such as
slipping or slide-bump shifts. On holding bands, improper adjustment
can cause apply problems, such as harsh applies.
In general, band adjustment is a maintenance item. It should be done
as part of normal maintenance or during a rebuild. Once a problem
develops, it’s usually too late to adjust the bands.
To help identify whether a band adjustment will correct a problem,
compare the results of your road test with a clutch and band applica-
tion chart. If the slip occurs during a gear change that requires the
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band to apply, tightening the band may correct the problem.

On some vehicles, the bands can be adjusted externally with a torque
wrench. On others, the transmission fluid must be drained and the oil
pan removed. Still others require special tools, and can only be ad-
justed by replacing the servo apply pin. In most cases, these bands
should be adjusted during a rebuild, and not as part of normal mainte-
nance.

Leak Checking and Repair

Perform a thorough examination for external transmission leaks.
Check all seals and gasket areas.
In many cases, transmission fluid leaks will be easy to spot. Correcting
the leak will usually involve replacing the damaged or worn seal or
gasket. If the front or rear seal is leaking, always replace the bushing at
the same time; wear in the bushing allows the shaft to sag and break
the seal.
In some cases the leak may be caused by wear on the shaft being
sealed. If so, the repair will depend on the specific location of the leak
and the degree of damage to the shaft. The repair may involve simply
sanding or flat-filing the surface area, installing a wear sleeve, or
replacing the shaft altogether.
While most leaks take place at a seal or gasket, some leaks can be
caused by cracks, wear or improper casting of the case. You may be
able to repair that type of leak with a fast-drying epoxy. If not, you’ll
have to replace the damaged component.
A common leak is the gasket between the oil pan and the transmission
© 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved. 082508 39
 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
housing. Retorquing the pan bolts may correct this problem. If tighten-
ing the pan doesn’t fix the leak, you’ll need to remove the pan and
install a new gasket. Make sure you’re using the proper type of gasket
for the pan, and the pan’s rail is flat and capable of providing a seal
before reinstalling it.
An oil leak at the speedometer cable can be corrected by replacing the
O-ring seal. While replacing the seal, inspect the drive gear for chips
and missing teeth. Always lubricate the O-ring and gear prior to instal-
lation.
Extension housings present a number of potential leaks, including the
mating surface between the extension housing and the case, the output
shaft, the speedometer gear housing, and the governor housing. Ad-
dressing leaks in most of these areas is usually straightforward: In
some cases it can be as simple as retightening the mounting bolts to
factory specs. In other cases, it’ll involve removing the component
housing, replacing the seal or gasket, and reinstalling the housing in
the case.
A leak at the output shaft seal will usually require replacement of the
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seal itself. But often it’ll also require replacing or smoothing the
driveshaft yoke, and replacing the output shaft bushing.
When installed in the transmission, the output shaft yoke should have
very little side-to-side or up-and-down movement. Too much move-
ment indicates a worn output shaft bushing.
Replacing the bushing is easier than it might appear: There’s a special
puller designed to thread into the old bushing, and pull it right out of
the extension housing. From there, it’s easy to install a new bushing,
using the proper bushing driver.
Another source of a leak that’s easily confused with an output seal leak
is a leak at the vent in the yoke. These vented yokes usually have some
type of seal between the output shaft and yoke, to prevent too much
oil from entering the yoke. If the seal is worn, damaged or missing,
excess oil can make its way into the yoke, and actually pump itself out
the small vent in the yoke, causing a leak that appears to be from the
output shaft seal.
In some cases, leaks can be difficult to pinpoint. In that case, dry the
area, and paint it with silver spray paint. Then drive the vehicle until
the leak reappears. The fluid will wash the spray paint away, and point
right to the leaking component.

Cooling Systems
All automatic transmissions require some type of cooler to remove
heat from the transmission. The cooler can either use the engine cool-
ant to remove heat from the transmission fluid, or be air cooled. The
specific location of the cooler will vary from vehicle to vehicle. Many
are mounted inside one tank in the radiator; one line feeds the heated
40 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.
 MAINTENANCE AND IN-CAR REPAIR
oil to the cooler, the other allows the cooled oil to flow back to the
transmission.
On coolers that share the engine cooling system, proper cooling system
operation is critical to the transmission. Failures in the cooling system
will affect the transmission long before they become apparent in en-
gine operation or performance. Always inspect the engine’s cooling
system carefully whenever there’s evidence of ATF overheating or a
transmission cooling problem.
Leaks in the transmission cooler will usually allow engine coolant into
the transmission. Check the dipstick for evidence of coolant mixing
with the ATF. Milky fluid indicates that engine coolant is leaking into
the transmission and mixing with the ATF. You may also notice ATF in
the radiator when you remove the radiator cap, because ATF will float
to the top of the coolant.
In most cases, if coolant leaks into the transmission, the transmission
will have to be rebuilt. Always replace the cooler and flush the cooler
lines before installing the rebuilt transmission.
External cooler leaks result in traces of ATF around the source of the
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leak. It may take a little time to determine the source of the leak.
It’s important to check the cooler flow during every rebuild; inad-
equate flow will cause the transmission to overheat. With the engine
idling, you should have at least 1 quart of flow through the cooler in 20
seconds.
If cooler flow is below specs, you can try flushing it with a cooler
flusher. Always recheck the cooler after flushing, to see whether the
coolant flow is back to normal. Never use the flusher to check cooler
flow: The flushing solvent is less viscous than ATF, and even a
plugged cooler will allow more solvent through than ATF. If flushing
doesn’t bring cooler flow back to specs, replace the cooler.
Check the condition of the cooler lines from one end to the other. Look
for signs of damage, cracks, rust or leaks. A damaged line will reduce
oil flow through the cooler and shorten the life of the transmission.
If the steel cooler lines need to be replaced, use only double-wrapped
and brazed steel tubing. Never use copper or aluminum tubing to
replace steel tubing. The steel tubing must be double flared and in-
stalled with the correct fittings.

Speedometer Gears and Speed Sensors

The vehicle’s speedometer can be purely electronic, which requires no
mechanical connection to the transmission, or it can be driven from the
output shaft through a cable. Most oil leaks at the speedometer cable
can be corrected by replacing the O-ring seal.
Speedometer gear problems normally result in an inoperative speed-
ometer. However, this problem can also be caused by a faulty cable,

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
drive gear, or speedometer. A damaged drive gear can cause the
driven gear to fail, and both should be carefully inspected during a
transmission rebuild.
On some transmissions, the speedometer drive gear is a set of teeth
machined into the output shaft. Inspect this gear. If teeth are slightly
rough, they can be cleaned up and smoothed with a file. If the gear is
severely damaged, replace the output shaft.
Other transmissions have a drive gear that’s splined to the output
shaft, held in place by a clip, or driven and retained by a ball that fits
into a depression in the shaft. Regardless of the method used to attach
the gear, check the retainer and make sure the gear is being held firmly
and in the proper position on the output shaft.
The drive gear can be removed and replaced if necessary. The driven
gear is normally attached to the transmission end of the speedometer
cable. If the drive gear is damaged, chances are the driven gear is also
damaged. Most driven gears are made of plastic to reduce speedom-
eter noise; they’re weaker than most drive gears. Always check the
retainer of the driven gear on the speedometer cable.
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Valve Body
One of the most common areas for a transmission problem is the valve
body. The valve body controls virtually all transmission functions. Any
problem in the many different components that make up the valve
body can affect transmission operation and performance.
When trying to find a specific problem in a valve body, it’s extremely
useful to have a good idea of specifically what you’re looking for
before removing the valve body. Very often the problems can be too
tiny to find through normal examination. Knowing where to look is
often the only way of finding the specific failure that’s causing the
problem.
Once you have a good idea what you’re looking for, you’ll need to
remove the valve body, disassemble it, clean all the components in
fresh solvent, and examine them thoroughly. Sometimes simply clean-
ing and polishing the valves is all that’s necessary to take care of a
major operating problem. Sticking valves and sluggish valve move-
ment can be caused by poor maintenance, the wrong type of fluid, or
overheating.
After all the valves and springs have been removed from the valve
body, soak the valve body and separator plates in mineral spirits for a
few minutes. Some rebuild shops soak the valve body and its associ-
ated parts in carburetor cleaner, and then wash off the parts with
water. Thoroughly clean all parts and make sure all passages within
the valve body are clear and free of debris. Carefully blow-dry each
part with dry compressed air. Never wipe the parts of a valve body
with a rag or paper towel: Lint from the rag will collect in the valve

42 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 MAINTENANCE AND IN-CAR REPAIR
body passages and cause shift problems.
Check the separator plate for scratches or other damage. Scratches or
score marks can cause oil to bypass oil passages and cause system
operating problems. If the plate is defective in any way, replace it.
Check the oil passages in the upper and lower valve bodies for varnish
deposits, scratches or other damage that could restrict the movement
of the valves. Check all the threaded holes and related bolts and screws
for damaged threads, and replace as needed.
Examine each valve for nicks, burrs and scratches. Make sure that each
valve fits properly into its respective bore. To do this, hold the valve
body vertical and install the unlubricated valve into its bore. Let the
valve fall of its own weight into the valve body until the valve stops.
Then place your finger over the valve bore and turn the valve body
over. The valve should again drop from its own weight. If the valve
moves freely under these conditions, it will operate freely with fluid
pressure.
If a valve can’t move freely within its bore, it may have small burrs or
nicks. These flaws can and should be removed. To do this, never use
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sandpaper or a file; rather, use products such as an Arkansas stone or

crocus cloth, which are designed to polish the surface without remov-
ing metal from the valve. Sandpaper and emery cloth will remove
metal, as well as scratch and leave rough surface. After polishing, the
valve must be thoroughly cleaned to remove all polishing residue.
In some rare cases, valves are lapped to a particular valve body. If any
parts need to be replaced on one of these valve bodies, the entire valve
body must be replaced.
Although it’s desirable to have the valves move freely in their bores,
excessive wear is also a problem. There should never be more than
0.001" (0.025 mm) clearance between the valve and its bore.
Normally you should replace a valve body with a damaged bore; in
some cases there are kits available from the aftermarket to repair
damaged bores or valves. Always check your aftermarket parts cata-
logs for common repair kits: These can not only save you money, but
can help you identify common wear areas in the valve body.
Another consideration is checking the valve body for flatness. A maxi-
mum of 0.0015" of cup is allowed. If your valve body exceeds 0.0015"
cup, you must either machine it flat or replace it.
Always replace the gaskets whenever you remove the valve body.
Tightening the valve body bolts crushes the gaskets, so they won’t seal
a second time. Make sure you’re using the right gasket for the valve
body and separator plate: Many transmissions today have a number of
different gaskets available; using the wrong ones can cause all sorts of
problems.
In most cases you’ll want to replace any checkballs in the valve body.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Make sure you have them in the proper locations; a misplaced
checkball can easily destroy the transmission during a simple upshift.
Make sure you follow the factory torque sequence and specification
when tightening the valve body bolts. Doing so will help eliminate
leaks and damage to the valve body.
Before beginning to reassemble a valve body, make sure you have the
correct gasket by laying it over the separator plate and holding it up to
a light. No oil holes should be blocked.
In addition to checking the gasket against the separator plate for
blocked passages, you should also check it against the valve body and
case channels. Some gaskets may appear correct when checking them
against the plate but allow for crossleaks by having gasket slots that
cross of channel walls. Keep in mind that it isn’t uncommon the have a
gasket slot cross over a channel wall, but in those cases the slot will
always be perpendicular to the channel wall.
Install all the valve body bolts to hold the valve body sections together
and the valve body to the case. Tighten the bolts to factory specifica-
tions to prevent warping the valve body and causing possible leaks.
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Overtorquing can also cause the bores to distort, causing the valves to
bind.

Mounts and Torque Struts

The engine and transmission mounts on front-wheel drive (FWD) cars
are important to the operation of the transaxle. Any engine movement
may affect the length of the shift and throttle cables and can alter gear
engagement. Delayed or missed shifts may be the result of linkage
changes as the engine pivots on its mounts.
Problems with transmission mounts may also affect the operation of a
rear-wheel drive (RWD) vehicle, but this type of problem will be less
noticeable than the same type of problem on a FWD vehicle.
Many shifting and vibration problems can be caused by worn, loose or
broken engine and transmission mounts. Visually inspect the mounts
for looseness and cracks. To get a better look at the condition of the
mounts, push up and down on the on the transaxle case while watch-
ing the mount. If the mount’s rubber separates from the metal plate or
if the case moves up but not down, replace the mount.
If there’s movement between the metal plate and its attaching point on
the frame, tighten the attaching bolts to the appropriate torque. Then,
from the driver’s seat, apply the foot brake and start the engine. Put
the transmission into a gear and gradually increase the engine speed to
about 1500-2000 RPM. Watch the torque reaction of the engine on its
mounts. If the engine moves too much under load, look for broken or
worn drive train mounts.
If the mounts need replacement, follow the manufacturer’s recommen-

44 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 MAINTENANCE AND IN-CAR REPAIR
dations for maintaining driveline alignment. Failure to do this may
result in poor shifts, vibrations or broken cables. Some manufacturers
recommend a holding fixture or special bolt be used to keep the unit
aligned properly.
Be careful choosing the replacement mount. Some mounts are consid-
erably firmer than the original ones: While these mounts will hold the
engine in place, they’ll also transfer more engine and road noise and
vibration to the passenger compartment. These mounts won’t cause a
safety problem, but they may create a customer complaint.
When removing the transaxle mount, begin by disconnecting the
battery’s negative cable. Disconnect any electrical connectors that may
be located around the mount. It may be necessary to move some acces-
sories, such as the horn, to replace the mount. Label any wires you
disconnect to make sure you get them back where they belong.
Install the engine support fixture and attach it to an engine hoist or
crane. Lift the engine just enough to take the pressure off of the
mounts. Remove the bolts attaching the transaxle mount to the frame
and the mounting bracket, and then remove the mount.
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To install the new mount, position the transaxle mount in its correct
location on the frame. Check the alignment of the mount and lower the
engine back onto the mount. Then tighten the bolts to their specified
torque. Remove the engine hoist fixture from the engine and reinstall
all accessories and wires removed earlier.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
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46 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.
 R&R Procedures
Transmissions come in many different styles and configurations. The
specific R&R procedure you follow will vary, depending on the manu-
facturer, the transmission, and how the vehicle is equipped.
Many of the procedures explained here are generic in nature, and will
be pretty much the same no matter what type of car or truck you’re
working on. In other cases, there will be specific differences for each
vehicle. Always consult your shop manual or service program for
specific procedures that apply to the vehicle you’re working on.

Transmission Removal
Removing the transmission from the RWD vehicle is generally more
straightforward than removing one from a FWD model, as there’s
typically one crossmember, one driveshaft, and easy access to cables,
wiring, cooler lines and bellhousing bolts. Transmissions in FWD cars,
because of their limited space, can be more difficult to remove, as you
may need to disassemble or remove large assemblies such as the en-
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gine cradle, suspension components, brake components, splash shields,

or other pieces that wouldn’t usually affect RWD transmissions.
On RWD vehicles, raise the vehicle and drain the transmission fluid.
Mark the driveshaft at the rear axle before disconnecting it to avoid
runout-related vibrations. Remove the driveshaft.
On FWD vehicles:
1. Attach a support fixture to the engine.
2. Raise the vehicle.
3. Drain the fluid.
4. Remove the front wheels.
5. Check your shop manual for the procedure to remove the front
axles.
6. Disconnect manual linkages, vacuum hoses, electrical connections,
speedometer drives, and control cables.
7. Remove the inspection cover between the transmission and the
engine.
8. Mark the position of the converter to the flexplate to help maintain
balance or prevent runout problems.
9. Rotate the crankshaft to remove the converter bolts. This can be
done by using a long ratchet and socket on the crankshaft bolt, or
by using a flywheel turning tool.
10. Position a transmission jack before removing any crossmember or
bellhousing bolts. The transmission jack allows for easier access to
parts hidden by crossmembers or in the space between the trans-
© 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved. 082508 47
 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
mission and the vehicle floor pan.
11. With a transmission jack supporting the transmission, remove the
crossmember or transmission mounts.
12. Remove the starter and bellhousing bolts.
13. Pull the transmission away from the engine. It may be necessary to
use a pry bar between the transmission and engine block to sepa-
rate the two units.
14. Make sure the converter comes out with the transmission. This
prevents bending the input shaft, damaging the oil pump, or dis-
torting the drive hub.
15. After separating the transmission from the engine, keep the torque
converter in the bellhousing. This can be done simply by bolting a
small combination wrench to a bellhousing bolt hole, across the
outer edge of the converter.
16. Be sure to check all bellhousing bolt holes and dowel pins. Cracks
around the bolt holes indicate the case bolts were tightened with
the case out of alignment with the engine block. Replace the case
for any of these conditions:
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• broken worm tracks

• cracked case at the oil pump-to-case flange
• cracked case at the clutch housing pressure cavity
• ears broken off the case
Avoid trying to repair the case; there’s no way to be sure the repair
will hold, because the case is very thin and welding may distort it.
If any of the bolts removed during disassembly have aluminum on the
threads, the thread bore is damaged and should be repaired. Thread
repair entails retapping the bore or installing a thread insert, which
serves as new threads for the bolt. After the threads have been re-
paired, make sure you clean the case thoroughly.

Exhaust Regulations
On many vehicles, it’s necessary to remove part of the exhaust system
to get the transmission out of the vehicle. This is important because the
laws are very specific regarding vehicle exhaust systems.
That’s because the exhaust system is part of the emission control sys-
tem. And quite simply, if you were the last one to touch it, you’re
responsible for it.
So, before you remove the first bolt from the exhaust, it’s important
that you examine it to make sure everything’s there, and it’s in good
shape.
A common situation arises when the customer has removed the cata-
lytic converter. Now you remove the exhaust to install the transmis-
48 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.
 R&R PROCEDURES
sion. Suddenly you’re responsible for the catalytic converter being
missing. It doesn’t matter whether the customer “accepts responsibility
for it”; you touched it, so you’re responsible… at least as far as the EPA
is concerned.
So the customer tells you the catalytic converter is in the trunk. No
good: That’s now a used catalytic converter. The law specifies that you
can’t install a used cat unless it’s been tested and certified.
At this point you only have one choice: You have to replace the cata-
lytic converter with a new or remanufactured one. And you’ll have to
provide the customer with the required written notification explaining
why the converter had to be replaced (this is usually included in the
box with the catalytic converter). Finally, you’ll have to keep the old
cat around for 15 days, in case the EPA wants to send someone out to
evaluate it.
What about rusted or damaged air tubes to the cat? Same deal: Once
you touch them, you have to put them back into working condition.
So before you remove the exhaust, make sure you aren’t taking re-
sponsibility for someone else’s problem: Check the exhaust, and make
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sure that when you put it back, it’ll be in factory operating configura-
tion.

Related Components; Axles

The majority of cars on the road today are front wheel drive. This
configuration requires a special type of axle to drive the front wheels.
The axle must be able to flex with the suspension and turn with the
steering, all while continuing to transmit power to the wheels.
The device used for this is the constant velocity joint, or CV-joint. Each
axle uses two CV-joints: an inboard one that rides right near the
transaxle, and an outboard one that mounts to the steering knuckle.
The reason for the difference is steering: The outboard CV-joint needs
to be able to flex horizontally, to compensate for changes in steering.
The inboard joint only needs to flex up and down.
Most front axles are held into the transaxle with a snap ring. The
splines on the inboard CV-joint mate with the splines on the differen-
tial side gears, and the snap ring locks the joint in place. Most manufac-
turers recommend replacing the snap ring every time you remove the
axle from the transaxle.
There’s an output seal that seals the transaxle to the outboard CV-joint.
And there’s a bearing or bushing surface inside the transaxle that holds
the CV-joint straight against the seal. If the bushing wears, the seal
won’t seal properly. In some cases, the correction requires an aftermar-
ket kit, designed to support the CV-joint.
The outboard CV-joint slips through a bearing in the steering knuckle,
and through the splines in the front wheel hub. It’s held in place with a

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
large nut that’s usually locked to a specific torque value.
The only thing you’ll be able to check reliably on the outboard CV-joint
is the boot that seals it. If the boot is torn, you’ll either need to replace
the axle, or wash out the CV-joint, repack it with clean grease, and
replace the boot.
The only way to check the condition of the CV-joint bearings — short
of a complete disassembly and inspection — is by listening for a noise.
A worn CV-joint will create a crackling or groaning noise on a hard
turn.
Don’t confuse that with a whirring noise while driving straight or
while turning the wheel slightly; that’s more likely the wheel bearing
that holds the CV-joint to the steering knuckle.
While some shops may still repair or replace the CV-joints, today it’s
usually cheaper and easier simply to replace the axle with a rebuilt
one.

Related Components;
Driveshafts and U-Joints
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Most rear-wheel drive vehicles require a driveshaft to transmit torque

from the transmission output shaft to the differential. This is a straight
shaft with at least two flexing joints — called universal joints, or u-
joints — that allow the driveshaft angles to change as the suspension
flexes to meet changes in the roadway.
Always check the driveshaft and u-joints when the driveshaft is out of
the vehicle. Look for signs of dents, bends or cracks along the entire
driveshaft. And look for any indication of a balance weight having
fallen off; this can cause a vibration at high speeds.
Check the yokes for wear or damage, and replace them as necessary.
You may be able to repair a slight wear along the seal surface by pol-
ishing the yoke. Check the splines inside the yoke for wear or damage;
make sure it slides freely over the splines on the output shaft, without
noticeable wear or binding.
Check the u-joints; they should flex freely, without any wear or loose-
ness. Look for signs of rust along the caps: This indicates the bearings
are chewed up and the joint will need to be replaced.
Grab onto the u-joint, and flex it back and forth while applying twist-
ing pressure to the joint. Any roughness or grinding indicates the u-
joint needs replacement.
If the vehicle has a double shaft, make sure the u-joints are in align-
ment between the shafts. If they’re out of line, they can cause a vibra-
tion under load.
While not a common problem, the angle between the transmission and
driveshaft should be equal to the angle between the differential and

50 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 R&R PROCEDURES
the driveshaft. A variation in these angles can cause a vibration under
load. If you have a vibration and everything else appears okay, check
the driveline angles.

Related Components;
Freeze Plugs
While the transmission is out of the car, you have a unique opportu-
nity to sell additional repairs. This is because certain components are
only accessible when the transmission is out. Freeze plugs are a good
example of this.
Freeze plugs are usually metal cups that seal the engine cooling jacket.
They’re designed to pop out of the block if the coolant freezes, protect-
ing the block from cracking.
But freeze plugs often rust, and that eventually creates a leak in the
cooling system. It’s easy to identify a leaking freeze plug; the coolant
leaves a rusty path that begins at the leak.
Most engines have two freeze plugs between the engine and transmis-
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sion. The best time to replace them is while the transmission is out of
the vehicle. So it’s a valuable service to the customer to check the rear
engine freeze plugs whenever you have the transmission out of the car.
To replace the freeze plugs:
• Drain the cooling system as completely as possible. After draining
the radiator, there are usually one or two plugs threaded into the
block that you can remove to drain the block the rest of the way.
• Use a punch or chisel to knock the freeze plug out. Be very careful
not to scratch or damage the block itself, or the new plug won’t
seal.
• Use a flexible brush or scraper to clean any rust or sludge from the
block that you can reach from the freeze plug opening.
• Clean the freeze plug opening, and make sure there are no gouges
or nicks in the surface.
Now you’re ready to install the new freeze plug. The specific proce-
dure depends on the type of freeze plug you’re using. New freeze
plugs are available in three main styles:
1. Cup plug
2. Rubber expansion plug
3. Metal expansion plug
If you’re using a expansion type plug, slip the plug into the hole and
tighten the expansion nut. The plug will expand and fill the opening.
Don’t overtighten the plug; just tighten it enough to make it seal firmly
against the block.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
If you’re using a cup plug, coat the plug with a gasket sealer across the
entire inside and mounting surface of the plug. This will help seal the
plug to the block, and prevent the new plug from rusting.
Use a driver and a hammer to drive the new plug into the block. Make
sure you drive the plug in straight, and don’t drive it in too far; just
enough for the outside edge to sit flush with the block.
Once you have the new plugs in the block, close the drains and refill
the engine. If the coolant looks at all dirty, this might also be a great
time to sell the customer on replacing the coolant.
Don’t forget to run the engine until the thermostat opens, to make sure
the cooling system is full and there isn’t any air trapped in the block.

Related Components;
Rear Main Seals
The engine’s rear main seal seals the back of the crankshaft; if it’s worn
out, engine oil will leak while the engine’s running. And it can be a
really bad leak: the kind that just pours out of the engine.
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Is it easier to replace the rear main seal while the transmission is out?
Sometimes. It depends mostly on the type of seal. Some engines have a
two-piece seal that has to be fed through a channel in the block; replac-
ing them requires pulling the engine pan and unbolting the rear main
crankshaft bearing cap. Those seals are usually no easier to replace
while the transmission is out.
But many engines have a seal that drives into the back of the engine,
much like the external seals on the transmission. For those seals, re-
placing the rear main seal requires removing the transmission, so
there’s no better time to replace them than while the transmission’s
already out.
The specific removal procedure may vary, depending on the actual
seal configuration. In some cases, all you have to do is unbolt a re-
tainer, and the seal slides right out. In others, you may have to use a
chisel to collapse the seal.
Installing the new seal again will depend on the type of seal. If it has to
be driven in, always use a seal installer to make sure the seal goes in
cleanly, without being dented or damaged.

Related Components;
Flex Plates and Flywheels
While the transmission’s out and on the bench, you should always
examine the flywheel or flex plate. Replacing it now is just a matter of
a few bolts.
Check the web and mounting surface for damage or cracks. And check
the gear teeth for wear or damage. If you see any signs of damage,
52 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.
 R&R PROCEDURES
replace the flywheel.
When replacing the flywheel or flex plate, it’s important to compare
the old and new components carefully. Here are a few areas to check:
• Overall size — Some flywheels can be just a bit smaller or larger
than the original. It’s an easy difference to miss, but one that can
affect its operation later.
• Gear offset — The ring gear will usually be offset slightly either
forward or backward from the mounting surface. Make sure the
two gears are offset the same direction and amount, or the starter
might not engage with the gear when you try to start the engine.
• Balance weights — Some flywheels or flex plates have additional
weights to balance the engine. Make sure you use the same type of
flywheel, with the same weights, or you could end up with a
vibration in the engine.
• Bolt pattern — Check the bolt pattern against the crankshaft and
the torque converter, to make sure it’s correct. And if the torque
converter has a drain plug, make sure the flex plate has an open-
ing for it to fit through.
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Always install all the flywheel mounting bolts, and make sure the
flywheel sits all the way down onto the crankshaft before tightening
the bolts. And always torque the flywheel bolts to the recommended
spec.

Related Components;
Dowel Pins
Few components are more overlooked than the dowel pins that align
the engine and transmission. A missing or worn dowel pin can cause
an engine vibration, repeated cracked flywheels, or damage the front
transmission seal or rear main engine seal.
Always check the dowel pins. If they’re damaged, worn or missing,
replace them. Never attempt to install the transmission without the
proper dowel pins: you’re just going to create a problem for yourself.
In most cases, you’ll be able to remove the old dowel pin with a vise
grip pliers and a little wiggle. If you can get behind the dowel pin,
you’ll be able to drive it out with a hammer and punch.
To install the new pin, simply slide it into place, and seat it with a few
light taps with a brass hammer.

Related Components;
Mounts and Struts
The engine and transmission mounts and struts are designed to keep
the engine and transmission in place, while isolating the vibrations

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
from the passenger compartment. To do this, the mounts and struts are
usually made of rubber, or in some cases use an oil to damp vibrations.
Always check the mounts before removing the transmission. If the
mounts are torn, the engine could fall out or hang on the hoses or
wiring when you remove the trans.
Once you have the transmission out, always check all of the mounts for
being broken, crushed or excessively mushy. If you find a problem,
replace the mount.
Be careful replacing the mounts. Some engine mounts are oil filled,
which allows them to absorb vibrations more efficiently. Some after-
market replacement mounts are solid rubber. They’re a lot cheaper
than the factory mounts, and they’ll work fine to hold the engine in
place, but can transmit more vibrations than the factory mounts. Al-
ways let the customer know about the difference before you install a
different style mount.
The torque strut is designed to keep the engine from rocking too far
when you accelerate or decelerate. Most factory struts are solid metal,
with a rubber bushing on either end. If the bushing wears, the engine
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will rock back and forth as you give it gas.

A number of aftermarket manufacturers offer a hydraulic replacement
strut. These struts provide additional vibration dampening, and are
often cheaper than the factory strut. They’re a terrific addition, and can
even be offered as a benefit to the customer.

54 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 Disassembly and Inspection
When cleaning automatic transmission parts, avoid using solvents,
degreasers or detergents that can damage the friction plates and bands.
Use compressed air to dry components; never wipe parts with a rag.
The lint from a rag can easily destroy a transmission after the rebuild.
There are many different ways to clean automatic transmission parts.
Some rebuilding shops use a parts washing machine, which takes a
little time to clean the transmission case and associated parts thor-
oughly. These parts washers use hot water and a special detergent that
sprays onto the parts as they rotate inside the cleaner.
Many rebuilders simply clean the parts in a mineral spirits tank, where
the parts are brushed and hand cleaned. No matter what type of clean-
ing procedure you follow, always rinse the transmission and parts
with water and air-dry them before reassembly.
After the case is clean, remove the torque converter and carefully
inspect it for damage. To remove the converter, slowly rotate it as you
pull it from the transmission; have a drain pan handy to catch the
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fluid. It should come out without binding.

This is a good time to check the input shaft splines, stator support
splines, and the converter pump drive hub for any wear or damage.
Check the converter hub for grooves caused by hardened seals. Also
check the bushing contact area. Converters with direct driveshafts
should be checked for excessive play at the drive splines of the shaft or
converter. If you discover excessive wear or play, replace the converter
or shaft as necessary.
Position the transmission to perform an endplay check. The transmis-
sion endplay checks can provide information about the condition of
internal bearings and seals, as well as clues to possible problems found
during the road test. These measurements will also help you determine
the correct thickness of the thrust washers during reassembly. The
thrust washers’ thickness sets the endplay of various components.
Excessive endplay allows clutch drums to move back and forth too far,
causing the transmission components and case to wear. Always set the
endplay to the low end of its specifications.
Perform air pressure tests during disassembly to identify leaking seals,
and during reassembly to check the operation of the clutches and
servos. During an air pressure test you should be able to hear the
clutches and servos apply clearly.
If you hear a hissing noise during an air pressure test, a seal is prob-
ably leaking in that circuit. If you can’t hear the clutch or servo apply,
or if it doesn’t react immediately to the air pressure, something is
making it stick. Repair or replace the apply devices if they don’t oper-
ate normally.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
You should be able to air test virtually every clutch and servo circuit in
the transmission. Some transmissions require you to bolt a specially
drilled plate to the transmission case to perform an air test. This plate
clearly identifies which passages to test, and seals off the other pas-
sages, allowing you to apply air pressure directly through the holes on
the plate.
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56 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 Internal Components
and Systems
Pumps
Inspect the pump bore for scoring on its bottom and sides. If the con-
verter fits tightly in the pilot hub, it could hold the converter drive hub
and inner gear too far into the pump, scoring the cover. If the front
pump bushing has too much clearance, it may allow the gears to run
off-center, causing them to wear into the crescent or the sides of the
pump body.
Check the stator support shaft for looseness in the pump cover, and for
interference inside the torque converter. Examine the shaft’s splines
and bushing. If the splines are distorted, replace the shaft and pump
cover. The bushings control oil flow through the converter and cooler;
check their fit carefully. The bushings must fit tight in the stator shaft,
with some clearance for the input shaft.
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Inspect the gears and pump parts for deep nicks, burrs or scratches.
Examine the pump housing for abnormal wear patterns. How the
gears fit in the pump body and the centering effect of the front bushing
determines the amount of oil pressure loss. Scoring or body wear will
greatly increase this pressure loss.
A commonly missed area is pump gear side clearance. Pump gears
may have excessive clearance without visible signs of wear. To mea-
sure this:
• With the gears or rotor and pump body dry, place them in the
pump pocket.
• Place a straightedge across the face of the pump.
• Use a feeler gauge to measure the clearance between the pump
gear and straightedge.
• Proper clearance is 0.0015" – 0.002" for pumps that are driven by
the converter hub.
Excessive pump clearance is a common cause for a transmission that
kills the engine in reverse.
For non-lockup applications, or pumps that are driven by something
other than the converter hub (such as a pump driveshaft), clearances
aren’t as critical, so the clearance doesn’t have to be as tight.
Another consideration is pump gear support on the converter hub. The
converter hub supports the inner pump gear and keeps it centered. If
the converter hub is worn or undersized, or the inside of the pump
gear is worn, the inner pump gear will operate off center, due the
difference in pressure on the two sides of the gear (high pressure on

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
one side, suction on the other). This can create pump noise. Generally,
this noise will get worse as the demand for pressure increases.
To check for a worn hub, place the inner pump gear on the converter
hub. If the pump gear is used, be careful not to slide the gear too far
down on the hub; you want to check it where it rides during normal
operation. The gear should be snug (not tight) on the hub and not
wobble.
If the gear wobbles on the hub, replace the gear, converter, or both. If
you replace the gear, make sure you replace the inner and out gears as
a set. High line pressure is a common cause for excessively worn inner
pump gears and hubs. If you find this condition, make sure you check
line pressure before delivering the car.
On positive displacement pumps, use a feeler gauge to measure the
clearance between the outer gear and the pump housing. Check the
clearance between the gears’ teeth and the crescent. Compare these
measurements to specifications. Use a straightedge and feeler gauge to
check the gear side clearance and compare the clearance to specifica-
tions. If any clearance is excessive, replace the necessary components.
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Variable displacement (vane-type) pumps require different measuring

procedures. But check the inner pump rotor-to-converter drive hub fit
the same way as described for other pumps. The pump rotor, vanes
and slides are originally selected for size during assembly at the fac-
tory. Changing any of these parts during a rebuild can destroy this
sizing and possibly the body of the pump. You must maintain the
original sizing if any parts need replacement. This is why these parts
are available in selective sizes.
The vanes are subject to wear, cracks and subsequent breaks. The outer
edge of the vanes should be rounded, with no flattening. These pumps
have an aluminum body and cover halves; replace them if there’s any
sign of scoring.
Inspect the reaction shaft’s sealing rings. If the rings are made of cast
iron, make sure the rings rotate freely in their grooves. Check the
clearance between the reaction shaft support ring groove and the
sealing ring. If the sealing rings are the Teflon full circle type, cut them
out and use the special tools to replace them.
The outer area of most pumps has a rubber seal. Check the fit of the
new seal by making sure the seal sticks out a bit from the groove in the
pump. If it doesn’t, it’ll leak. Always replace the seal at the front of the
pump during a rebuild. Most of these are metal clad lip seals. Be care-
ful not to damage to the sealing area when removing the old seal.
Check the area behind the seal to be sure the drainback hole is open to
the sump. If this hole is clogged, the new seal could blow out. The
drainback hole relieves pressure behind the seal. A loose-fitting con-
verter drive hub bushing can also cause the front pump seal to blow
out.

58 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.

 INTERNAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS
Some transmissions are known for front seal pop-out problems. When
working on one of those units, always follow the recommendations for
preventing this problem. These recommendations will usually include
drilling out the drainback hole, installing a special bushing, and using
a seal retainer.

Clutches and Bands

Some technicians like to disassemble and examine one clutch drum at a
time; others prefer to disassemble all of the drums and inspect them all
at once. If you choose the latter, make sure you keep the parts for each
clutch separate from the others, so you can be sure which clutch you’re
looking at, and don’t make any mistakes during reassembly.
Clean the clutch assembly components. Make sure you clean off all
varnish, burned disc facing material, and steel filings. Take special care
to wash out any foreign material from inside the drums and hub disc
splines. If left in, that material can be washed out by the fresh transmis-
sion fluid and sent through the transmission, ruining your rebuild.

Splines
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The clutch splines must be in good shape, with no rounded corners or

wear. Test them by fitting new clutch discs on the splines. Move the
discs up and down the length of the splines to check for binding. If
they bind, it can cause the clutch to drag: Replace the hub and recheck.

Springs
Check the spring retainer; it should be flat, with no sign of distortion at
its inner edge. Check all springs for correct height and being straight;
look for any cracks; replace any springs that are out of standard or
cracked. Many retainers have the springs permanently crimped on.
This speeds up production on the assembly line. To check these
springs, turn the retainer upside-down, and compare spring length.
Closely examine Belleville springs for signs of overheating or cracking;
replace any that appear damaged.

Steel Plates
Make sure the steel plates are flat and not worn too thin. Check all
steel plates against the thickest one in the pack or a new one. Check for
flatness by placing one plate on top of another and checking the inside
and outside diameters. Check for burning or scoring, and for damaged
drive lugs. If the plates pass inspection, it’s okay to reuse them.
Check the grooves inside the clutch drum and check the fit of the steel
plates, which should travel freely in the grooves.
Wave plates are used in some clutch assemblies to cushion the clutch
apply. Inspect these plates for cracks and other damage. Never mix

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
wave plates from one clutch assembly with another. As an aid in
assembly, most wave plates will have different identifying marks.

Clutch Plates
You’re going to replace the friction clutch plates during every rebuild;
but you should examine the old plates to help diagnose or identify
problems that could cause premature failure in your rebuild.
Clutch facings should be free of chunking, flaking, and burnt or black-
ened surfaces. Discs that are stripped of their facing have been over-
heated and subject to abuse.
The facing may come off the disc when the bonding loosens because of
extreme heat. As the facing comes off, metal-to-metal contact is made
and the disc and plate fuse together. This may lock the clutch on.
Depending on which clutch is affected, operating problems can include
driving in neutral, binding in reverse, starting in direct drive, binding
in second, and other, less common problems.
One possible source of clutch failure is inadequate capacity for the
vehicle. Many clutch drums are available in multiple capacities, with
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different numbers of clutches. In general, the more clutches in the

drum, the higher its capacity.
If one or more clutches have failed, make sure that the drum provides
adequate capacity for the vehicle before reinstalling it.
Examine the teeth on the inside of each friction disc for wear or dam-
age; look for wear or damage on the mating components, and replace
those components as necessary.

Drums and Apply Pistons

Examine the clutch drums and pistons carefully; look for signs of
cracks, wear or damage. Pay particular attention to any welds or press
fit areas.
Check all sealing surfaces. They should be smooth and even, without
any sign of wear or damage. As a rule, if you can feel the wear, there’s
too much there.
Clean and check any vent capsules or checkballs in the drum or apply
piston. Clean them out carefully, and make sure they vent and seal
properly.
Examine the ring and seal grooves for wear or cracks.
If the drum has a band apply surface, check that surface carefully. Use
a straightedge to make sure the drum’s outer edge is flat and provides
a clean area for the band to grab. If the outside of the drum is warped
or damaged, replace the drum.

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 INTERNAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS
Clutch Assembly
If everything looks okay, install new seals. Lubricate them properly,
and reassemble the drum. Follow all assembly procedures to make
sure you get the drum together correctly. In some cases you may need
special assembly tools to install the clutch pistons or sealing rings.
Use the necessary compressors to compress the return spring and
install the retaining snap ring.
Once you have the piston and drum assembled properly, stack the
clutch pack into the drum.

Clutch Pack Clearance

Proper clutch pack clearance is critical for correct transmission opera-
tion. Excessive clearance can cause delayed gear engagements; too
little clearance may cause the clutch to drag.
The exact procedure for measuring clutch pack clearance will vary,
depending on the transmission you’re working on. In some cases
you’ll be able to adjust the clearance with the large outer snap ring in
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place. On those units, use a feeler gauge to check the distance between
the pressure plate and the outer snap ring, or between the backing
plate and the top friction disc.
You also may be able to set clutch clearance with a dial indicator. Use a
seal pick or apply air pressure to raise the clutch; the dial indicator
should provide the total travel or clearance.
There are several methods available for adjusting clutch clearance,
depending on the transmission and drum you’re working on. In some
cases, selective snap rings are available. Install a thicker snap ring to
reduce the clearance; a thinner one to increase clearance.
In other cases, the pressure plate is selective. Some transmissions even
have selective steel plates. Regardless of the procedure used, the key is
to make sure you adjust the clearance to specs, keeping it as low as
possible while making sure you always have some free travel.

Bands
Servicing bands and their components includes inspecting the bands
and the drums the bands wrap around. Before the introduction of
overdrive automatic transmissions, most bands remained released
during high gear. But many overdrive automatic transmissions use a
band for overdrive, which puts an additional load on the band. That’s
why it’s important to inspect the bands thoroughly.
The bands in a transmission will be either single or double wrap,
depending on the application. Either can be the heavy-duty cast-iron
type or the normal strap style.
Never twist or flatten out strap or flex bands: This may crack the lining
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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
and eventually cause the lining to flake.
Band failure is easy to spot during a rebuild. Look for chipping, cracks,
burn marks, glazing, or erratic wear patterns and flaking. If any of
these defects appear, replace the band.
Look at the linings of heavy-duty bands to see if the lining is worn
evenly. A twisted band will have a tapered wear on the lining. If the
friction material is blackened, it indicates the band was overheated.
High heat may weaken the bonding of the lining and allow the lining
to come loose.
Check the drum surface for discoloration, scoring, glazing or distor-
tion.
The surface of the drum must also be flat. This isn’t usually a problem
with a cast iron drum, but it can affect the stamped steel drum. It’s
possible for the outer surface of the drum to dish outward during
normal service.
Check the drum for flatness across the outer surface where the band
runs. Any dishing will cause the band to distort as it attempts to get a
full grip on the drum, weakening the bond between the friction mate-
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rial and the band. This will cause early failure due to flaking of the
friction lining. Replace the drum if it’s dished. Check your shop
manual for maximum allowable tolerances.
Carefully check the band struts, levers and anchors for wear. Replace
any worn or damaged parts.

Air Testing
After you’ve set the clutch pack clearance, perform an air test on each
clutch. This will verify that all of the seals and checkballs in the hy-
draulic components are able to hold and release pressure. During this
air check you’ll apply regulated air directly to the drum, while sealing
off any other apply holes with your fingers. Since there are no moving
surfaces such as oil control rings in the circuit that you’re checking,
you should hear virtually no air leaking from the clutch seals or drum.
You should also air check the clutches and servos during assembly.
This is the best way to check the condition of the circuit. The precise
procedure for performing this test varies depending on the transmis-
sion you’re working on.

Servo Assembly
Servos are basically pistons with seals that fit in a bore, and are held in
position by springs and retaining snap rings. On some transmissions,
servo assemblies are serviceable with the transmission in the vehicle.
Others require complete transmission disassembly.
Before disassembling a servo or any other components, carefully
inspect the area to identify any leaks. Do this before cleaning the area
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 INTERNAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS
around the seal. Look at the path of the fluid leak and identify other
possible sources. These sources could be worn gaskets, loose bolts,
cracked housings, or loose line connections.
Then remove the retainer and pull the assembly from the bore for
cleaning. Check the condition of the piston and springs. Always re-
place the sealing component, whether it’s an oil control ring, lip seal,
or a molded rubber piston.
Inspect the outside of the seal. If it’s wet, determine whether oil is
leaking out or if it’s merely lubricating film oil. When removing the
servo, continue to look for possible leaks. Check both inner and outer
parts of the seal for leaks. When removing the seal, inspect the sealing
surface, or lips, before washing. Look for unusual wear, warping, cuts
and gouges, or particles embedded in the seal.
Clean all components carefully. Check the servo piston for cracks,
burrs, scores or wear. Servo pistons may be made of either aluminum
or steel, or may be molded rubber which provides its own seal.
Check all pistons carefully for cracks and for their fit on guide pins.
Cracked pistons will create a pressure loss and pistons that are loose
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on the guide pin allow the piston to leak and bind in its bore.
Regardless of the type of piston, the seal groove should be free of nicks
or any imperfection that might pinch or bind the seal. Clean up any
problems with a small file or scraper. The piston should have a side
clearance of 0.003" to 0.005" (0.076 to 0.127 mm).

Accumulators
Begin accumulator disassembly by removing the accumulator plate
snap ring or bolts. After removing the accumulator plate, remove the
spring and accumulator piston. Always replace the seals whenever you
service the accumulator. Lubricate the new accumulator piston ring
and carefully install it on the piston. Lubricate the accumulator cylin-
der walls and install the accumulator piston and spring. Then reinstall
the accumulator plate and retaining snap ring.
Many accumulator pistons can be installed upside down. This results
in excess free travel of the piston or too much compression of the
accumulator spring. Pay attention to the direction of the piston during
teardown, because you may not find a good picture to help during
installation. Because accumulator movement affects shift feel, correct
installation is critical.
It’s common for manufacturers to mate servo piston assemblies with
accumulators. This takes up less space in the transmission case and,
because they have the same basic shape, can reduce some of the ma-
chining during manufacturing.

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Gear Train
Planetaries
Inspect the planetary gearset carefully to eliminate the possibility of
noises in a newly rebuilt unit. Check planetary gear teeth for chips or
broken teeth. If the gear is mounted to a splined shaft, check the
splines for wear or damage.
The planetary gears used in automatic transmissions are helical gears,
like the ones used in most manual transmissions. This type of gear
operates quietly, but makes it necessary to check the endplay of indi-
vidual gears during inspection. The helical cut makes the gears thrust
to one side during inspection. This can put a lot of load on the thrust
washer and may wear them beyond specification.
Look for obvious problems like blackened gears or pinion shafts. This
indicates severe overloading or lube problems, and requires replacing
the carrier. Sometimes the pinion gear and shaft assembly can be
replaced individually. A light bluish color can be normal, caused by
the heat-treating process during manufacturing.
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Check the planetary pinion gears for loose bearings. Check each gear
individually by rolling it on its shaft to feel for roughness or binding of
the needle bearings. Wiggle the gear to be sure it isn’t loose on the
shaft and to feel for roughness or binding. Looseness will cause the
gear to whine when it’s loaded. Inspect the gears and teeth for chips or
imperfections, as these will also cause whine.
Check the gear teeth around the inside of the front planetary ring gear.
Check the fit between the front planetary carrier and the output shaft
splines; here’s how:
• Remove the snap ring.
• Check the fit between the front planetary ring gear.
• Examine the thrust washer and the outer splines of the front drum
for burrs or distortion. The rear clutch friction discs must be able
to slide freely on these splines.
With the snap ring removed, remove the front planetary carrier from
the ring gear. Check the planetary carrier gears’ endplay by placing a
feeler gauge between the planetary carrier and the pinions. Compare
the endplay to specifications. On some Ravigneaux units, you’ll need
to check the clearance at both ends of the long pinion gears.
Check the sun gear splines. Inspect the sun gear’s inner bushings for
looseness on its shaft. Also check the fit of the sun shell to the sun gear.
The shell can crack where the gear mates with the shell. Always re-
place any shell that varies from true round.
Check the sun shell for being bell-mouthed where it’s tabbed to the
clutch drum. Excess play between the sun shell and the clutch drum

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 INTERNAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS
allows the sun shell tabs to strike the clutch drum tabs as the transmis-
sion shifts from first to second, or when shifted into reverse.
Check the sun shell for the best fit into the clutch drum slots. This
involves trial fitting the shell and drum at all possible combinations
and marking the point where they fit the tightest. A snug fit here will
eliminate bell-mouthing caused by excess play at the tabs. It can also
reduce engagement noise in reverse, second and fourth gears.
The gear carrier should have no cracks or damage. Replace any abnor-
mal or worn parts. Check the thrust washer for excessive wear and, if
required, correct the input shaft thrust clearance by using a washer
with the correct thickness. Determine the correct thickness by measur-
ing endplay. Some shop manuals will give a range for this endplay; if
not, consider about 0.007" to 0.025" (0.178 to 0.635 mm) acceptable.
Drive Chains and Sprockets
The drive chains used in some transaxles should be inspected for side
play and stretch. These checks are made during disassembly and
should be repeated during reassembly. Measure chain deflection
between the centers of the two sprockets:
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• Push in on one side of the chain until it’s tight.

• Mark its position on the housing.
• Push the chain outward on the same side until it’s tight.
• Mark its position on the housing.
• Measure the distance between the two marks
The distance between the two marks is the total deflection. If total
deflection exceeds specifications, replace the drive chain.
Be sure to check for an identification mark on the chain during disas-
sembly. This can be a paint mark or a dark colored link. The identifica-
tion mark can indicate either the top or bottom of the chain, so be sure
you remember which side is up.
Inspect the sprockets for tooth wear. If the chain was slack, the sprock-
ets may also be worn, just as engine timing gears wear when the tim-
ing chain stretches. A slightly polished appearance on the face of the
gears is normal.
Check the bearings and bushings on the sprockets for damage. Exam-
ine the thrust bearings for any deterioration of the needles and cage.
Check the running surface in the sprocket, as the needles may pound
into the gear’s surface during operation.
Check the bushings for any sign of scoring, flaking or wear. Replace
any worn parts.
On some transaxles, you’ll need to spread the sprockets slightly to
remove and install the chain drive assembly. The key to this is to
spread the sprockets just the correct amount; if you spread them too
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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
much, they won’t be easy to remove or install.

Differentials
Always inspect transaxle final drive units (differentials) carefully.
Examine each gear, thrust washer and shaft for signs of damage. If the
gears are chipped or broken, replace them. Also inspect the gears for
signs of overheating or scoring on the bearing surfaces.
Final drive units may be helical gear or planetary gear units. On helical
gears, check for worn or chipped teeth, overloaded tapered roller
bearings, and excessive differential side gear and spider gear wear.
Excessive play in the differential can cause engagement clunk. Be sure
to measure the clearance between the side gears and the differential
case, and check the fit of the spider gears on the spider gear shaft. Look
for the clearance specs in your shop manual.
The side bearings of some final drive units are preloaded with shims.
Select the correct size shim to bring the unit into specifications. Use a
torque wrench to measure the rotating torque. Compare your readings
to specifications.
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If the bearing preload and endplay are within specs and the bearings
are in good condition, you can reuse the parts, but always install new
seals during assembly. These bearings are similar to RWD rear axle
side bearings, so never set the preload to the new bearing specifica-
tions. Used bearings should be set back to the teardown preload, or
about one-half the preload of a new bearing.
Check planetary-type final drives for the same differential case prob-
lems as the helical type. Examine the planetary pinion gears for loose-
ness or roughness on their shafts and measure the endplay. Any prob-
lems will normally require replacing the carrier as a unit, since most
pinion bearings and shafts aren’t sold separately. Look for specifica-
tions for these differentials in your shop manual.
All final drive assemblies are available in more than one ratio, so make
sure you’re using the same gear ratios during assembly. This isn’t
normally a problem when rebuilding a single unit, but if your shop is
rebuilding a lot of transmissions at the same time, it’s possible to mix
up parts, causing problems after the rebuild.

Case
Always clean the transmission case thoroughly and blow out all pas-
sages. After the case has been cleaned, examine all the bushings, fluid
passages, bolt threads, clutch plate splines, and the governor bore.
Check the passages for restrictions and leaks by applying compressed
air to each one. If the air comes out the outer end, there’s no restriction.
To check for leaks, plug off one end of the passage and apply air to the
other. If pressure builds in that passage, there are probably no leaks.
Modern transmission cases are made of aluminum, primarily to save
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 INTERNAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS
weight. Aluminum is a soft material that can deform, scratch, crack or
score much more easily than cast iron. Pay special attention to the
clutch, oil pump, servo and accumulator bores. All bores should be
smooth to avoid scratching or tearing the seals. The servo piston could
also hang up in a bore that’s deeply scored. Check the fit of the servo
piston in the bore — without the seal, if possible — to be sure it travels
freely. There should be no tight spots or binding over the whole range
of travel. Any deep scratches or gouges that cause the piston to bind
will require case replacement.
Check case-mounted accumulator bores and clutch bores the same as
servo bores. Look for any scratches or gouges in the sealing area that
would affect the rubber seals. It’s possible to damage these areas dur-
ing disassembly, so be careful with tools used during a rebuild.
The oil pump bore at the front of the case should be free of any
scratches that would keep the O-ring from sealing against the outer
diameter of the pump.
Check case sealing surfaces for surface roughness, nicks or scratches
where the seals ride. Any problems found in servo bores, clutch drum
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bores, or governor support bores can cause pressure leaks.

Imperfections in steel or cast-iron parts can usually be polished out
with a crocus cloth. Be careful not to disturb the original shape of the
bore. Never use sandpaper: that will leave too deep a scratch in the
surface. Use a crocus cloth inside clutch drums to remove the marks
left by the cast-iron sealing rings. This will help the new rings rotate
with the drum as designed. As a rule, replace all sealing rings during a
rebuild; this gives the desired sealing surface for proper operation.
Passages in the case guide the fluid through the case. Although not
common, case porosity between passages can cause crossleaks from
one circuit to another. This can cause bindup (two gears at once), or a
slow pressure bleed, which can slowly burn out a clutch or band. If
you suspect this, try filling the circuit with solvent. If the solvent leaks
down, check each part of the circuit to find the leak.
Be sure to check that all necessary checkballs were in position during
disassembly. Inspect small screens throughout the unit for foreign
material; these screens prevent valve hangup. Most screens can be
removed easily. Be careful during cleaning; some solvents will destroy
the plastic screens. Low air pressure from behind can be used to blow
the screens out of the case.
Bushings are normally in the rear of the case and require the same
inspection and replacement techniques as other bushings in the trans-
mission. Always be sure that the oil passages to a pressure-fed bushing
or bearing are open and free of dirt and foreign material.
Vents in the pump body or transmission case prevent pressure from
building up in the transmission. You can check these vents by blowing
low air pressure through them, squirting solvent or brake cleaning

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
spray through them, or by pushing a small diameter wire through the
vent passage. A clean, open passage is all you need to verify proper
operation.

Parking Pawl
On some vehicles you can inspect and repair the parking pawl while
the transmission is still in the vehicle. Examine the engagement lug on
the pawl, making sure it isn’t rounded off. If the lug is worn, it may
allow the pawl to slip out or not fully engage in the parking gear.
Most parking pawls pivot on a pin. In that case, check the pin for
excess wear or damage. Check the spring that pulls the pawl away
from the parking gear to make sure it’ll remain disengaged while the
vehicle is driving.
The pushrod or operating shaft must provide the correct amount of
travel to engage the pawl to the gear. Make sure that the shaft isn’t
bent and the pivot holes in the internal shift linkages aren’t worn.
Replace any worn or damaged components. Keep in mind that the
parking pawl is the only thing holding the vehicle in place in park. If
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the parking pawl isn’t engaging correctly, the vehicle may roll or even
drop into reverse when the engine is running, causing an accident or
injury. Replace any questionable or damaged parts.

Bushings
Always inspect bushings for pitting and scoring. Always check the
bushings’ depth and the direction of the oil groove, if so equipped,
before you remove them. Many bushings in the planetary gears and
output shaft area have oiling holes. Make sure you align these holes
correctly during installation or you may block off oil delivery and
destroy the gear train.
Replace all bushings where possible. In some cases a bushing may not
be available; in that case, check the bushing clearance. If the bushing is
worn beyond the recommended clearances, replace the component.
Always check bushing clearance, even if you replace the bushing. This
is especially important with pump bushings. Excessive pump bushing
clearance is a common cause of front seal blowout. In fact, some appli-
cations are so prone to front seal blowout that you should enlarge the
converter drainback hole in the pump.
Generally, a bushing will have about 0.001" – 0.002" clearance per inch
in diameter. So a 1.50" bushing should have between 0.0015" – 0.003"
clearance between it and the hub.
With larger bores you can use a feeler gauge to measure bushing
clearance. For smaller bores you’ll need an inside caliper or ball gauge.
Another thing to consider is abnormal wear, such as pitting, discolor-
ing, or wear on one side of the bushing. Pitting and discoloration are
68 082508 © 2008 ATRA. All Rights Reserved.
 INTERNAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS
often signs of a ground problem, usually caused by a broken or miss-
ing ground strap. Bushing discoloration can also caused by lack of
lube. The most common cause of lube problems is a restricted cooler.
Always make sure you do a proper cooler flush prior to installing the
transmission.
Wear on one side of the bushing indicates a centering problem. This is
most commonly seen with pump bushings. Worn out engine dowel
pins or damaged transmission dowel pin bores can misalign the trans-
mission, moving the pump bushing to one side and making contact
with the torque converter hub.
Bushings are made of various materials, most commonly bronze or
babbit. It’s best to replace the bushing with the same type as originally
used, although some applications may require a change from bronze to
babbit when the hub it rides on is of a different hardness than the
original. This occurs sometimes with pump bushings, where the re-
placement torque converter hub isn’t as hard as the original. In these
cases you’ll want to use a babbit replacement bushing to avoid con-
verter hub wear. Contact your parts supplier for details.
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Most bushings are press-fit into a bore. To remove them, drive them
out of their bores with a properly sized bushing tool. Some bushings
can be removed with a slide hammer fitted with an expanding or
threaded fixture that grips the inside of the bushing. Other bushings
can be collapsed in their bore, and then removed with a pair of pliers.
You can remove small bore bushings that are difficult to reach with a
bushing removal tool by tapping the inside of the bushing. Thread a
bolt into the bushing and use a slide hammer to pull the bolt and
bushing out of its bore.
The best way to install a new bushing is to press it in with an arbor
press; not drive it in with a hammer. This assures that the bushing
remains true and flush and reduces the potential for damaging the
bushing during installation.

Thrust Washers and Bearings

Thrust washers support components against thrust load and keep
parts from rubbing together, to prevent wear on parts such as plan-
etary gearsets. Selective thrust washers come in various thicknesses to
take up clearances and adjust shaft endplay.
Inspect flat washers and bearings for scoring, flaking and wear
through to the base material. Check flat washers for broken or worn
tabs. These tabs are critical for holding the washer in place. On metal
thrust washers, the tabs may appear cracked at the bend of the tab.
This is normal; a characteristic of the material used to manufacture
them.
Plastic thrust washers won’t appear worn unless they’re damaged. The
only way to check for wear on a plastic thrust washer is to compare its
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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
thickness with a new part. Replace any damaged or worn thrust wash-
ers and bearings.
Use assembly lube to hold thrust washers in place during assembly.
This will keep them from falling out while you’re assembling the parts.
Examine all bearings for roughness before and after cleaning. Carefully
check the inner and outer races, the rollers, needles, or balls for cracks,
pitting, etching or signs of overheating. Replace any that appear worn
or damaged.

Shafts
Carefully examine the areas on all shafts that ride against bushings,
bearings or seals. Inspect the splines for wear, cracks or other damage.
A quick way to identify spline wear is to fit the mating splines together
and check for movement.
Check shafts for scoring where they ride in bushings. Any scoring on
the shaft indicates a lack of lubrication. The affected bushing should
appear worn into the backing metal. Because shaft-to-bearing fit is
critical for proper oil travel throughout the transmission, always re-
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place worn shafts.

Lubricating oil is carried through most shafts, so it’s important to
check them for internal debris: A blocked oil delivery hole can starve a
bushing, damaging the shaft. It may not be possible to examine the
internal oil passage visually, so the only way to make sure the passage
is clear is to check it during cleaning. Wash the shaft passage out with
solvent and run a piece of small diameter wire through the passage to
dislodge stuck particles.
If there’s a ball or plug in the end of the shaft, make sure it seals the
shaft and is securely in place. A missing ball or plug could allow lube
pressure to leak out, and cause burned planetary gears and scored
shafts. Inspect any shaft that has an internal bushing as described
earlier. Replace all worn or damaged parts as necessary.
Input and output shafts can be solid, drilled or tubular. The solid and
drilled shafts are supported by bushings, so the bushing journals of the
shaft should be free of wear. Small scratches can be removed with 300-
grit emery paper. Grooved or scored shafts require replacement.
The splines shouldn’t show any sign of waviness along their length.
Check drilled shafts to be sure the drilled portion is free of any foreign
material. Wash out the shaft with solvent and run a small diameter
wire through to dislodge any particles. Then wash the shaft once more
and blow it out with compressed air.
Some shafts may be used to support another shaft, such as when the
output shaft uses the rear of the input shaft to center and support it.
Always replace the small bushing in the front of the output shaft on
these transmissions during rebuild.

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 INTERNAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS
Oil Control Rings
At times, leaks may be from sources other than seals. Worn gaskets,
loose bolts, cracked housings, or loose line connections can all cause
leaks. Inspect the outside of the seal; if it’s wet, see whether the oil is
running out or if it’s merely a lubricating film. Check both the inner
and outer parts of the seal for oil.
While removing a seal, inspect the sealing surface, or lips, before
cleaning it. Look for signs of unusual wear, warping, cuts and gouges,
or particles embedded in the seal. On spring-loaded lip seals, make
sure the spring is seated around the lip and the lip wasn’t damaged
when first installed. If the seal’s lip is hard, it was probably caused by
heat from either the shaft or the fluid.
If the seal is damaged, check the shafts for roughness at the seal contact
area. Look for deep scratches or nicks that could have damaged the
seal. Determine whether the shaft splines, keyway or a burred end
could have caused a nick or cut in the seal lip during installation.
Inspect the seal housing bore: Look for nicks and gouges that could
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create a path for oil leaks. A badly machined bore can allow oil to seep
out through a spiral path. Sharp corners at the bore edges can score the
seal’s metal case during installation. These scores can make a path for
oil leaks.
Oil control rings are designed to rotate in the channels cut into the
shaft, not against the drum surface. If the rings seize in the shaft, they
can wear grooves into the drum surface. This is often caused by high
line pressure. In addition, excessive geartrain endplay of drum bush-
ing-to-hub clearance can allow the drum to cock on the support and
make contact with the ring tower while rotating. This is apparent when
there are two grooves in the drum where a single ring should ride.
Since oil control rings rotate with the drum they are sealing, metal
rings can sometimes cause wear the ring groove. To check for excessive
wear in the sealing ring groove, measure the side clearance with a
feeler gauge. Proper side clearance for a metal ring is 0.002" – 0.004".
Teflon sealing rings operate with much higher side clearance, and are
less likely to wear into the metal grooves, so this measurement isn’t
important during rebuild. Never replace a metal ring with a Teflon
ring that operates on an aluminum support. The Teflon ring will al-
most always wear out the support.
Always bore fit new rings before installing. That way you’ll know
you’re using the right ring, and that the ring will seal properly during
operation.
Check all check valves and checkball contact surfaces. Make sure they
seal properly and operate freely during use. Improper sealing can
cause a leak that will damage the transmission or affect its operation.
Failure to bleed properly can cause the component to become air

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
bound, and cause transmission operating problems and early failure.

One-Way Clutches
Because they are purely mechanical in nature, one-way clutches are
relatively simple to inspect and test. The durability of these clutches
relies on constant fluid flow during operation. If a one-way clutch fails,
inspect the hydraulic feed circuit to the clutch to see if the failure was
caused by fluid starvation. The rollers and sprags ride along a race
while overrunning; any loss of fluid can allow them to overheat and
fail.
Sprags, by design, produce a wave in the fluid as they slide across the
inner and outer races, making them somewhat less prone to damage.
Rollers, due to their spinning action, tend to throw off fluid, which
makes them more likely to suffer from fluid starvation.
While checking the hydraulic circuit, examine the feed holes in the
races of the clutch. Use a small diameter wire and spray carburetor
cleaner or brake cleaner to make sure the feed holes are clear. Push the
wire through the feed holes and spray the cleaner into them. Then
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blow them out with compressed air.

Disassemble roller clutches to inspect the individual components. The
surface of the rollers should have a smooth finish with no evidence of
any flatness. Likewise, the race should be smooth and show no sign of
roughness, as this indicates severe impact loading. This condition may
also cause the roller clutch to buzz as it overruns.
Check the roller clutch springs for cracks, broken ends, or flattening.
All of the springs should be about the same shape and size. Replace the
clutch assembly if the springs are distorted. Then check for proper
tension: Hold the roller clutch by its cage, and give it a little shake. The
springs should hold the rollers in place. If the rollers fall out of the
cage, the springs are weak: Replace the roller clutch assembly.
Replace any races or cams that show any damage, wear or surface
irregularities.
Sprags can’t easily be disassembled, so a complete and thorough in-
spection is necessary. Pay particular attention to the faces of the sprags.
If the faces are damaged, replace the sprag. Scored or torn faces indi-
cate dry running: Replace the complete unit, and make sure the clutch
is receiving proper oil.
Check your service bulletins; manufacturers sometimes offer replace-
ment sprags or roller clutches to improve operation and holding char-
acteristics. Always use the latest version one-way clutch, to avoid
problems later.
Once the one-way clutch is ready for installation, verify that it over-
runs in the proper direction. In many cases — particularly with sprags
— it’s possible to install the clutch backward, which would cause it to

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 INTERNAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS
overrun and lock in the wrong directions. This would create serious
operating problems. Most shop manuals provide a clear picture of the
direction for locking and freewheeling; make sure you have the clutch
assembled correctly before installing it in the case.
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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
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 Assembly and Checks
CAUTION: Never use wheel bearing or axle grease as an assembly
lube; these greases contain molybdenum, which can prevent sprags
and roller clutches from holding properly.
Before proceeding with the final assembly, make sure the case, housing
and parts are clean and free from dust, dirt and foreign matter. Have a
tray available with clean ATF for lubricating parts and a jar or tube of
assembly lube for securing washers during installation. Coat all parts
with the proper type of ATF. Soak bands and clutches in the fluid for
at least 15 minutes before installing them. All new seals and rings
should have been installed before beginning final assembly.
Carefully examine all thrust washers and coat them with assembly
lube before putting them in place.
Assemble the transmission carefully, one component at a time. Make
sure you check all components for proper alignment and operation as
you install them. Many transmissions have more than one endplay
adjustment; always check the endplay adjustments carefully, and
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adjust them as necessary.

Once you have the components installed in the case, install the pump
carefully. Use alignment dowels to make sure you have the pump
aligned with the bolt holes. Seat the pump as much as possible before
installing the bolts. Then bolt it down evenly, and torque the bolts to
factory specs.
Install any checkballs or screens in the case. Check the gaskets against
the separator plate to make sure you’re using the right ones, then
install the valve body onto the case. Use alignment dowels to align the
valve body to the worm tracks in the case. Install all the bolts before
tightening them.
On some transmissions you’ll need to adjust the valve body or manual
valve alignment before tightening the valve body bolts. Make sure
everything is aligned properly before you tighten the bolts.

Torque Converter
Most torque converters today come with a clutch facing inside them.
Since that facing can’t be replaced in the shop, you’ll need to replace the
torque converter with every rebuild. In most cases, you’ll use a rebuilt
converter. But whether you’re using a rebuilt converter or a new one,
you’ll always want to check it carefully before installing it in your rebuild.
Inspect the converter’s drive lugs or studs carefully. These hold the
converter to the flexplate to make sure the converter rotates in line and
evenly with the flexplate. The threads on the studs or lugs should be
clean and in good condition. They should also be tightly seated into the
torque converter. Check the shoulder area around the lugs and studs

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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
for cracked welds or other damage.
If the internal threads of a drive lug are damaged, you can repair it by
tapping the threads or installing a threaded insert. If you find any
other damage, replace the converter. Also inspect the converter attach-
ing bolts or nuts, and replace them if necessary.
Check the hub of the torque converter. It should be smooth, with no
signs of wear. If the hub is worn, carefully inspect the oil pump drive
and replace the torque converter. Light scratches, burrs, nicks or scor-
ing marks on the hub surface can be polished out with a fine crocus
cloth. Don’t allow dirt to enter the converter while polishing the hub. If
the hub has deep scratches or other major imperfections, replace the
converter.
In general, replace the torque converter if it has fluid leaking from its
seams or welds, loose drive studs, worn drive stud shoulders, stripped
drive stud threads, a heavily gouged hub, or excessive runout.
Transaxles that don’t have their oil pump driven directly by the torque
converter use a driveshaft that fits into a support bushing inside the
converter hub. Check this bushing for wear: Measure the inside diam-
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eter of the bushing and the outside diameter of the driveshaft; the
difference between the two measurements is the amount of clearance.
If the clearance is excessive, replace the bushing.

Endplay, Preload and Clearances

While a transmission operates, the gears, shafts and bearings are sub-
ject to loads and vibrations. Because of this, the drivetrain must nor-
mally be adjusted for the proper fit between parts. These adjustments
require the use of precision measuring tools. There are three basic
adjustments to consider:
1. Adjusting the clearance or play between two gears in mesh is re-
ferred to as adjusting the backlash.
2. Endplay adjustments limit the amount of end-to-end movement of a
shaft.
3. Preload is an adjustment made to put a load on an assembly, to offset
the load the assembly will face during operation.
Backlash is the clearance between two gears in mesh. Excessive back-
lash can be caused by worn gear teeth, the improper meshing of teeth,
or bearings that don’t support the gears properly. Excessive backlash
can result in broken gear teeth caused by severe impact from sudden
stops or directional changes. Insufficient backlash causes excessive
wear on the gear teeth and can cause premature failure.
You’ll usually measure backlash with a dial indicator mounted with its
stem in line with the rotation of the gear, and perpendicular to the
angle of the teeth. Move one gear in each direction while holding the
other gear. The amount of movement on the dial indicator equals the

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 ASSEMBLY AND CHECKS
amount of backlash present. Adjusting the shims on the gear shaft is
the normal procedure for making backlash adjustments.
Endplay refers to the measurable up-and-down looseness of a bearing.
Always measure endplay with the gears unloaded. To check endplay,
mount a dial indicator against the outer side gear or the end of a shaft.
Then pry the gear or shaft in both directions and check the readings.
The difference between the two readings is the amount of endplay.
Shims or adjusting nuts are used to adjust endplay.
When normal operating loads are high, gear trains are often preloaded
to reduce deflection. The amount of preload is specified in service
manuals and must be adjusted for the design of the bearings and the
strength of the parts. If you preload the bearings too much, they’ll heat
up and fail. If you set the bearings too loose, the shaft will wear rapidly
due to excess deflection. Gear trains are preloaded by shims, thrust
washers or adjusting nuts, or by using double race bearings. You’ll
usually check preload adjustments by measuring turning effort with a
torque wrench.

Air Testing
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In some cases you’ll assemble the drums onto the pump, and apply
regulated air through the pump and stator shaft. This will pressurize
the clutch apply circuit, and should apply the clutches. A slight air leak
around the oil control rings is normal during this type of air check.
In other transmissions you’ll air check the clutches through the trans-
mission case. Exactly how you do this depends on the transmission; in
some cases you’ll be able to access the apply ports directly. In others,
you’ll need a sealing block or test plate mounted to the case to seal off
the worm tracks and provide a clear apply circuit for testing.
Be sure to use low-pressure compressed air to avoid damaging the
seals. High-pressure air may blow the rubber seals out of the bore or
roll them on the piston.
While applying air pressure, you may notice some air escaping from
around the sealing rings. This is normal, as these rings create a con-
trolled leak to provide lubrication. There should be no air escaping
from the piston seals. The clutch should apply with a dull but positive
thud, and should release quickly without any delay or binding.

Bolt Torque
Check the factory specs for torque and tightening pattern. Make sure
you follow these specs precisely: overtightening the valve body bolts,
or tightening them in the wrong order, can distort the valve body and
cause valves to bind. For best results, always torque the bolts in three
steps. Then wait 5 or 10 minutes, and recheck the torque.
Finally, install the pan gasket and pan. Once again, torque the bolts to
factory specs.
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 ATRA CERTIFICATION PREP GUIDE
Road Testing and Delivery
The transmission’s rebuilt, it’s back in the car, and it goes right into
gear. It’s ready to deliver, right?
Not so fast! Before you hand the car back to the customer, you need to
perform a complete road test and final examination on the car. That
should include checking:
· Transmission operation.
· For any vibrations, noises or driveability issues that could affect
customer satisfaction.
· Computer system operation, to make sure there are no codes left
in memory.
· For any sign of leaks.
So, before you call the customer to “come and get it,” get ready to
perform a complete road test and diagnostic check… one last time.

Road Testing Procedures

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Before you go on any road test, make sure the fluid is full, and check
the transmission for any sign of leaks. Finally, connect your scan tool,
and check for any codes in memory. If there are any codes, record
them and clear them from memory. Hopefully any codes that are there
were just set during the installation, before everything was plugged
back in; if they return during the road test, you’ll know you need to
look into them further.
Now go for a drive; a good long one. Make sure you stop and start
several times, so you can feel the transmission shift through all the
gear ranges. Try it at all throttle openings, including light throttle,
normal throttle, and heavy throttle. Make sure it kicks down properly
on a hard throttle.
And drive it on all types of roads conditions, including slow, stop-and-
go driving and highway cruise.
All the while, look for any shift problems: Soft or skipped shifts, harsh
shifts, or anything that could indicate a problem.

Computer Retraining
During your road test, you’ll want to perform a basic computer re-
training procedure. The specific procedure will vary from vehicle to
vehicle, but in general it will include:
• Allowing the transmission to warm up from cold to normal oper-
ating temperature.
• Accelerating from a stop to high range, at light, medium and
heavy throttle ranges, at least three times for each.

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 ROAD TESTING AND DELIVERY
• Driving at cruising speeds with the transmission fully warmed up,
for at least 3 minutes.
While this will provide a very basic retraining, it won’t complete the
transmission adaptation. That’ll take a few weeks of normal driving,
and will require the owner to drive the vehicle. Make sure the cus-
tomer understands that the computer will continue to adjust its opera-
tion over the next couple weeks.

Final Checks
Once you get back from your road test, put the car back on the lift, and
check the transmission for any sign of leaks. Some leaks won’t show up
until after the car has been driven for a few miles.
While you have it in the air, check the pan gasket bolts, cooler lines,
and so on for proper torque. They may have loosened slightly with the
drive and temperature changes.
Check the computer system for codes one last time. There shouldn’t be
any; if there are, start looking for a problem or failure in the computer
system. If the code is the same one that was set before your road test,
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you can bank on it being a hard code: A problem that’s there now. A
new code may indicate an intermittent problem, such as a loose wire or
connection. Check the problem carefully, and make sure it’s gone
before you deliver the vehicle.
Finally, check the transmission fluid level one last time. Very often air
will be trapped inside the clutch drums or passages. Driving the ve-
hicle will bleed the air, and let everything fill up the rest of the way.
This may require as much as a quart of fluid to top the unit off.
Once everything’s tight, the codes are clear, there are no leaks, and the
transmission’s operating properly, it’s time to deliver the vehicle.
Make sure you remind the customer to come back in a couple weeks
for a final checkup.

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