i pre ‘What el: Egyptian gyptians us coins and ornai2.1 Physical Properties of Matter ‘* What are physical properties? * How do physical properties determine which material is used to make an object? hen archaeologists discovered the tomb of King Tutankhamun, they found the preserved mummy of the ancient king encased in an intricately carved, solid gold coffin. The physical properties of gold allow it to be easily beaten into the shape of a coffin and to be carved with complex details. Gold is also shiny and is able to retain its original lustre. 4 Figure 2.4. Tho gold coffin of the ancent king is rich in detail To determine whether a material is suitable for the manufacture of an object, we need to consider the physical properties of that material The physical properties of one material are different from those of another material. We measure and study physical properties to better understand the diversity of materials around us. You will learn that materials have different physical properties due to their different chemical compositions in Chapter 3, Choosing the right material Every day, we use different objects for different purposes. These objects are made of different materials, such as metals, glass, plastics, ceramics and fibres, which have different physical properties. O~In order to choose the right material, we should ask ourselves some questions such as: Interactions You will lear more about heat conductors and. Insulators in Chapter 47 Systems: You will learn more about the dangers of electricity in Chapter 13, Does this object need to be strong? Does this object need to be flexible or rigid? Should this object be able to conduct heat or electricity? Should this object be able to withstand scratches? Does this object need to be denser than a specific substance? Should this object have high or low boiling and melting points? Materials also have other physical properties such as transparency, colour, lustre and malleability. Aside from physical properties, materials also have chemical properties such as resistance to corrosion, ‘Composite materials Scientists continuously strive to create new and better materials. Composite materials are made from ‘wo or more materials with very different properties. The individual materials, carry their own properties in the composite material. For example, fibreglass is made of glass fibres and plastic. Fibreglass is light and strong, and is commonly Used in the construction of \ cars, boats and aeroplanes. < Figure 2.2 A boat made offibregiassTo determine whether the materials are suitable for use in daily life, we often consider the following properties. Practical Book Vol. A Activity 2.4 Flexibility Hardness The flexibility of a material is its ability to: The hardness of a material is its ability to * bend without breaking; \stand scratches. * return to its original size and shape after bending, ‘A material can cut or scratch a material less hard than itself. However, the material cannot cut or scratch something that is harder. For example, steel and ceramics are harder than plastic or rubber. ‘& Figure 2.3 A fibreglass fishing rod bends aa eel ri ry ‘when a fish pulls on it. However, the rod ore nei nr does not break under the woight of the fish. Ae : cree This is because fibreglass is avery flexble Makan material. Melting point Boiling point The melting point of a material is the The boiling point of a material is the temperature at which it changes in state temperature at which it changes in state from from a solid to a liquid. a liquid to a gas. Pt mercury 44 Figure 2.5 A ceramic or stainless steel baking 4 Figure 2,6 The mercury inside a thermometer remains at @ dish will not melt even in the high temperature liquid state at room temperature. Mercury expands when itis Inside an oven. Ths is because ceramies and heated. The high boling point of mercury makes it sultable for, stainless steel have high melting point. measuring higher temperatures. O ~~:al conductivit ‘The strength of a material is its ability The electrical conductivity of a material is to support a heavy load without breaking a measure of how readily electricity passes or tearing. through it. Strength lec Materials that allow electricity to pass through them easily are called electrical conductors. Materials that do not allow electricity to pass through them easily are called insulators or poor electrical conductors. a —— PVC coatings electrical wire. ‘4 Figure 2.8 Electrical wires are usually made of copper Which allows electricity to pass through it easily. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coating on wires protects us from being, ger electrocuted as it is an electrical insulator. erm c Density The thermal or heat conductivity of a The density of a material is the quantity of material is a measure of how readily heat matter packed into a unit volume of the material. passes through it. By comparing the densities of substances, we Materials that allow heat to pass through can predict whether one will float in the other. them easily are called heat conductors. Materials that do not allow heat to pass through them easily are called heat insulators or poor heat conductors. x ‘A Figure 2.9 Cooking pots and fiying pans are usually Oe aes made of heat conductors like metals. The handles are eee ete grantor} usually made of heat insulators like wood or plastic. ‘Workbook Vol. A Worksheet 2.1 Practical Book Vol. A Activity 2.2 different physical properties that allow | different functions. s include strength, flexibility, hardness, | density, boiling and melting points, and electrical and ‘thermal conductivity. } Exploring Diversity of Matter by its Physical Properties a2.2 Density © What is density? * How does density affect the floating and sinkir Re= a newspaper while floating comfortably in the middle of the ocean sounds like an outrageous idea. But you can — if you want to — in the Dead Seal The Dead Sea, located between Israel and Jordan, contains a higher concentration of salt than any other body of water in the world. The Dead Sea has about eight times more salt dissolved in 1 cm? of water than other seas. The higher concentration of salt in the Dead Sea makes it much easier to float in this sea than in other seas. @ Think and Exptor How do you think the high salt concentration of the Dead ‘A Figure 2.14. The Dead Sea is ‘Sea would affect ships sailing on this sea? denser than other seas, Itis easier to float in the Dead Sea because it is denser than other seas. Different substances have different densities. You learnt that density is the mass per unit Sa RM emcee een eRe t volume of an object in Section 2.4. Let us take a fresh chicken egg for example. How do we measure the density of a fresh chicken egg? In order to measure the density of the egg, we need to find its mass and volume first. To make accurate measurements, we use standard units and appropriate instruments. Units of measurement Measurements are expressed in two parts — the numerical value and the unit. 21 metres 15 kilograms O-In ancient Egypt, the unit cubit was used to measure length. One cubit was the length from the elbow to the tip of the person’s hand. 1 ! \ What a long arnt We'llget | good deal at Tsoac's stall "No, wat! Ben's arm i= even longert Let's buy from him instead! Since the length of the arm varies from one person to another, one person's cubit can be different from another person's cubit. The cubit is not a standard length common to every person. To ensure that our measurements are fair and objective, we need to establish common standards. Since 1960, scientists from different parts of the world have agreed to use the Systeme International d’Unites (French for International System of Units), denoted by ‘SI’. Today, SI units: are the most widely used system of units in Science to communicate scientific findings and ensure that our results can be understood in the same way. ¥ Table 2.4. Common SI unitsMass To be able to measure the density of the chicken egg, we need to know its mass and volume. We measure the mass of the egg first. The diagram below shows two objects hanging from the two ends of a light rod. The rod is suspended by a string tied at i:s centre. a Figu 12 An apple and a pear containing the same quantly of matter We know that something in Object A is exactly equal to something in Object B. That ‘something’ is the quantity of matter. y The SI unit of mass is the kilogram. The symbol fo" the kilogram is Keg, Other commonly used units for mass are the gram (g), milligram (me) and tonne (t). MUO acme Interactions. You will learn to ‘compare mass and weight in Chapter 14, 4. Useful conversions: Lt = 1,000 kg 1 kg = 1,000 g 1g = 1,000 mg 2. While mass might seem similar to volume, they are actually two different properties. Volume is a measure of how much space an object occupies. o~-Instruments for measuring mass We use balances to measure mass. The most common balance used in the laboratory is the electronic balance. We can use this type of balance to measure the mass of the chicken egg. We place the egg on the metal pan of the electronic balance and the reading will automatically be displayed. Fourbeam balances can measure masses up to 314 grams. ieee ‘A Figure 2.13a Most electronic balances can measure up to 3,500 grams. The electronic balance can provide measurement readings very quickly as compared to other balances. 1 Figure 2.136 Length Triple-beam balances An egg has an irregular shape. However, we can still measure the length —_| can measure masses of an egg. of up to 610 grams. The SI unit of length is the metre. The symbol for metre is m. Measurements of length include: irae thickness depth height length ‘A Figure 2.14 Measurements of lengthInstruments for measuring length Measuring tape To measure lengths that are greater than 4 m or lengths that are curved, we use a measuring tape. Measuring tapes come in different lengths — some can be as long as 60 m! Some measuring tapes are soft and flexible, such as those used by tailors. ¥ Figure 2.48b A flexible measuring tape Some measuring tapes are stiff, such as those used in carpentry. Y Figure 2.182 A stee! measuring tape Metre rule The metre rule is used to measure lengths of up to 4m. i yung Mh mera = \e. 2 ae saislatnldntatatetulati watt ‘4 Figure 2.416 The metre rule is commonly used in the classroom or laboratory @ Take Note Useful conversions: Lkllometie =k = 4,000 m centimetre = 0.01 m millimetre. =1mm = 0.001 m = 0.000001. m A micrometre = 1. um O~:Vernier calipers The vernier calipers is used to measure short lengths and diameters of objects of up to 10 om. This instrument can provide a more accurate measurement than the metre rule. The smallest division on the vernier scale is 0.01 om, whereas the smallest division on the metre rule is only 0.4 cm. We can use a pair of vernier calipers to measure the length and diameter of the egg. The parts of the vernier calipers are shown below. |< 4.73 om —___> ‘4 Figure 2.47 Parts of a vornir calipers Practical Book Vol. A Activity 2.3 —Volume We have measured the mass and length of the fresh chicken ‘To describe larger or smaller egg. Let us now find out its volume. quantities of a physical property, prefixes are used. ern ¥ Table 2.2 Common prefixes E Val ‘Symbol The SI unit of volume is the cubic metre. The symbol for the cubic metre is m?. Other commonly used units for volume are kilo. baited k the cubic centimetre (cm), litre (/) and millilitre (1r/). thousand centi Gea ° Volume of liquids hundredth We can measure the volume of liquids using a measuring mili One te cylinder. In narrow glass cylinders such as measuring cylinders, ‘thousandth the liquid level is curved into a shape called the meniscus from which the reading is taken. Volume of regular solids We can measure the volume of regularly shaped solids by using the right formulae involving measuements of different lengths. Volume of irregular solids The volume of an irregular solid, like the chicken egg, can be measured by the displacement of water. For this method, we use a measuring cylinder or a displacement can. Tre volume of the water displaced is equal to the volume of the egg. ©@ Science Bites ‘Archimedes (287 BC - 212 BC) Ina popular tale, the Greck thinker Archimedes noticed that the water overflowed as he sank into a bath of water. Archimedes jumped up from the bath and ran outside shouting “Eurekal”, Which means “I have found it!. Earlier, the king had asked for Archimedes’ help. The king wanted to find out whether his crown was made of pure gold. Archimedes observation in the water bath led him to the solution. He made a lump of gold with the same mass as the king's crown. He took a displacement can and immersed the lump of gold in the water. He then refilied the displacement can with water and, this time, immersed the king’s crown in it instead. The king’s crown displaced more water than the lump of gold. ‘A measure of impure gold has a larger volume than an equivalent measure of pure gold. Thus, Archimedes proved that the king's crown was made with impure gold. O~-We have measured the mass and volume of the fresh chicken egg. We can now use these measurements to find out the density of the egg. The unit g/em? can be converted into the SI unit g/m in the following way. We can measure the density of a substance using the formul 4 Mass 1g/om = <1 Density = ———— om = Tom Volume 0.004 kg “Tonxtomx Ton The SI units of mass and volume are the kilogram (kg) and the cubic ora eT om x Tom metre (m’), respectively. Hence, the SI unit of density is kg/m®. Another ‘common unit of density is g/cm’. 0.001 ke *QOLMX 0.01 mx O.0Lm For example, a 62 cm? chicken egg has a mass of 65 g. 0.001 kg = 9.000001 mi Thus, the density of the egg = e _ 1,000 kg, = 4.05 g/om? °—In = 1,000 kg/m? Floating and sinking Hence, 1 g/om? = 4,000 kg/m? We now know the density of the fresh chicken egg. If we place the egg in ‘a beaker of water, will the weight of the egg cause it to sink in the water? Let us compare the floating and sinking of a fresh egg in tap water and in salt water. ©@ science Bites Density of salt water Due tothe dissolved salt in salt water, a certain volume of saltwater has more mass than the same volume of tap water. Hence, salt water is denser than tap water. ‘A Figure 2.18 Comparison of the density ofa fresh egg versus tap water and salt water Density, not weight, determines whether objects sink or float. In general, when an object is placed in a medium, the object will sink if it is denser than the medium and it will float if it is less dense than the medium. — aWe can observe how density affects the behaviour of objects around us. For example, in a harbour, a buoy floats while the anchor of a Practical Book Vol. A ship sinks. Activity 2.4 Workbook Vol. A By comparing the density of an object with the medium it is placed in, Worksheet 2.2 we can predict if the object will sink or float in the medium ¥ Figure 2.19 A buoy floats and an anchor sinks because of their density relative to seawater A buoy is less dense than seawater. It floats on water to allow ships to navigate safely. x ‘The steel anchor of a ship is denser a than seawater. The anchor is lowered to prevent the ship from drifting, Key Ideas © Metie rule Length + Measuring tape + Verrier calipers ‘+ Measuring cylinder * Disclacomer am balances * Elecrronic balanceare classified into which differ in thelr determine the choloe cof materials in the production of Density is cealeulated by the formula measured by venerealState whether each of the following statements is true or false. Then, correct any false statement(s). See) pees BA) * material is chosen for the production of objects because ofits specific | yp ot physical properties. EY) Weight determines whether an object will sink oF float in a medium, | ow 2.2 Answers are available at the back of the book. Revise the relevant section(s) if you got the answer wrong or are unsure of the concept{s). Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions . measuring instruments should he use to apnck volume of clay needed? Be - BE nm cine vernier calipers Displacement can different substances . eR conan ue Bre peer esate the motu calipers A B_ Obtain the densities of the substances in D_ Tailofavernier | Displacement can and ‘the mixture. Leste Raj lowered a cube of mass 7.04 g into a ‘measuring cylinder containing 30 cm* of water. The water level rose to the 38 om? mark Next, Raj was given a boiling tube containing ‘the mixture on the right. Besides placing the ‘cube in the tube, how would Raj predict the final position of the cube if it were added to the mixture? individually to see if the cube dissolves. O-:Section B: Structured Questions BB) Piptain ne atterence between electrical conductivity end thermal conduct. [B_ Tre densities of vinegar and olve oll are shown below 2.3 Densities of vinegar and olive ofl Vinegar 1.06 g/em* Olive oi 0.98 g/em? Predict what would happen if vinegar and olive oll were poured into a measuring cylinder. BB Fea! jade exits in two forms — nephite and Jadelte, Tele denstes are shown below ¥ Table 2.4 Densities of real jade on Nephrite 2.98 g/om? Jadeite 3.33 g/em? Mrs Lee bought a piece of jade, She measured its mass to be 48.6 g. She immersed the jade in.a measuring cylinder of water. The water level rose from the 25 cm*mark to the 43 om* mark. (a) What instrument should Mrs Lee have sed to accurately measure the mass of the piece of jade? ‘A Figure 2.21. Mrs Lee's piece of jade (b) What could Mrs Lee be trying to find out about her jade? (e) Explain what Mrs Lee could conclude about her jade, BB Fiveziss is 2 material made of plate reinforced by fine glass fibres. Ivan, an avid canoeist, is considering changing his wooden canoe to one made of fibreglass. ‘A Figure 2.22 Canoes made of aifferent materials (a) How is a fibreglass canoe better than a wooden one? (b) Look at the objects around you. Why isit that not al of them are made of fibreglass, given its many advantages? Give three examples of everyday objects {each of a different material) to support your answer. cain nen usualAa Think of the objects, made of paper or plastic, that you use every day. Why do you think it is important to use these materials sparingly and dispose of them properly? ‘The excessive use and improper disposal of paper and plastic affect our environment. Animals often mistake pieces of plastic as food. Their intestinas get clogged and they starve to death. Also, landfills are overloaded with plastic that could take 250 years to decompose. Trees are needed to produce paper and furniture. Every year, around three billion trees are lost to deforestation. Deforestation destroys wildlife. These trees could have removed greenhouse gases to reduce global warming. Instead, paper manufacturing plants release pollutants into the atmosphere. We can do our part to reduce our impact on the environment. We could use products made of biodegradable materials. These decompose faster) enabling landiills to free up space in a shorter time. We can also opt to practice the 3Rs — reduce, reuse and recycle. For example, we can buy products with less packaging. We can reuse the plastic bags at home instead of buying new ones. We can_ also make it a constant effort to sort our trash into recycling bins, * Think about your daily habits. in what ways do you think you contribute to the environmental problems caused by the excessive use of paper and plastios? What are some practical ways by which you can reduce your contribution to such problems? * If we do not do anything to save our environment today, what do you think would be the consequences: in the future? P Figure 2.24 Rubbish land DE i Fe" ae aa .