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C 5

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Umang Classes
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Left to Right Binary + ++ Inew sizeof- -- Unary Right to Left ~& delete Binary Teft to Right Binary Left to Right Binary ‘Left to Right Binary Left to Right Binary Left to Right Binary Left to Right Binary Left to Right Binary Left to Right Binary Left to Right ae Binary Left to Right Ul Binary Teft to Right x Ternary Left to Right SFSHS ASRS <= Binary Righttoleft Binary eft to Right Expressions An expression may consist of orie or more operands and Zero or more operators to produce a value. Expressions are of six types as follows: 1. Constant Expression It consists of only constant values. e.g. 22, 275, 46/36 2, Integral Expression Those expressions which produce integer results after implementing all automatic and explicit type conversions. eng. X*Y=11, (X + ¥) - Z, 45 +X + int (2.5) 3. Float Expression Those expressions which produce floating point results after all conversions. eg. (X4¥)/37. 37#F oat (16)/11 4, Pointer Expression It produces a memory address values. eg. &X 5, Boolean Expression These are constructed with the help of logical and relational operators. eg.a =y etc. 6. Compound Expression These are made up of two or more expressions with the help of operators. eg. (a + b)|I(c + d) C++ Comments ‘A comment is a text that the compiler ignores, but that is useful for progeammers. Comments are normally used to Scanned with CamScanner annotate code for future reference. The compiler treats them as white space. A C++ comment is written in one of the following ways: (i) The /* (slash, asterisk) characters, followed by any sequence of characters (including new lines), followed by the */ (asterisk, slash) characters is called multi line comment. (ii) The // (two slashes) characters, followed by any sequence of characters is called a single line comment, A new line not immediately preceded by a backslash terminates this form of comment. Scanned with CamScanner — Control Statements Control statements are used in programming languages to cause the flow of execution in advance. These are the branch based statements where branches are depend on the state of a program. In Java, control statements can be divided under the following three categories: 1. Selection Statements Selection statements are used in a program to choose different paths of execution based upon the outcome of an expression or the state of a variable. if Statement The if statement is a powerful decision making statement and is used to control the flow of execution of statement. Syntax if (condition) statement ; Here, ee * condition is a boolean expression. ‘« if condition is true, then the statement will execute. * if condition is false, then the statement will be by passed. if-else Statement ; The if-else statement can be used to route program execution through two different paths. Syntax if(condition) statementl; //if condition is true else statement2; //if condition is false Here, * condition is a boolean expression. * if condition is true, then statement! or if block will execute. * if condition is false, then statement? or else block will execute. : Scanned with CamScanner Nested if Statement ‘The if statement can be nested in Java, which means one if or if else statement inside another if or if else statement cai be used. Syntax if (condition1) if (condition2) { statement1: } else { statement2: } } else { if(condition3) { statement3; } else { statement4; } } Here, * if condition! is true, then condition? will execute. * if condition2 is true, then statement! will execute, * if condition2 is false, then statement? will execute. + if conditiont is false, then in else block condition3 will be evaluated. + if condition3 is true, then statement3 will execute, * if conditions is false, then statementé will execute, if else if Ladder When a seties of decisions are involved, we have to use more than one if else statement, An if statement can be followed by an optional else if. else statement, which is very useful to test various conditions. Syntax 1f(condition1) statement] else if(condition2) statement2; else if(condition3) statement3 else statementn +1; Scanned with CamScanner Here, « The if statements are executed from the top. af er ee «As one of the conditions controlling the if, is tru i ted. statement will be executed + If none of the conditions is'true, the final else statement iditioy i |. The final else acts as a default condition, neato beaome false, then i wil be executed, switch Statement ; In Java, the witch statements another selection statement that defines different paths of execution for a program. It can be used in place of chain of if-else statements. the Syntax switch (expression) case valuel: //statement sequence break: case value2: //statement sequence break; case valueW: //statement sequence break; default: //default statement sequence } Here, * The expression must be of type byte, short, int of char. + Each case value must be a unique literal (that is, it must be a constant, not a variable). *+ The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a statement sequence. * If none of the constants matches with the value of the expression, then the default statement will be executed. Conditional, Operator (?.) Conditional operator is a substitute of normal if else statement, ie. the shorthand form of if else statement is the conditional operator (2). Its also known as ternary operator. eg. if (condition) expression1; else expression2; Tt can be written as, _— candi ion! expression! + expression? 2. Iteration Statements ‘The most basic method of looping in Java is iteration, ‘The repetition ofa block of statements either a fixed number of times or until a specific conditi is iteratic ae dition occurs is called iteration A looping process includes the follow; Ini ion of expression, * Evaluation of the loop condition, ing four steps: Scanned with CamScanner « Execution of the loop when the specified oop condition ise. : « Incrementing/Decrementing the expression, Java provides three kinds of loops as follows: for Loop ‘when fixed number of iterations are to be performed, for Joop is used. syntax for(initialisation; condition: increment/decrenent) {body of for loop } Here, for loop grouped the following three common parts together into one statement: (initialisation The control variables is initialise firs, using assignment statement such as i= Land count =0. The variables i and count are known as loop-control variables. Initialisation expression is executed only once. i) Condition The value of the control variable is tested using test condition. If the condition is true, then the body of the loop is executed, otherwise the for loop is terminated and the execution continues with the statement that immediately follows the for loop. (ii) Increment or Decrement When the body of the loop is executed, the control is transferred back to the for statement after evaluating the last statement in the loop. Now, the control variable is incremented/decremented using an assignment ‘statement and the new value of the control variable is again tested to see whether it satisfies the loop condition or not. If the condition is satisfied, the body of the loop is again executed. This process continues till the value of the control variable fails to satisfy the test condition. While Loop The while loop is used to repeatedly execute a block of Statements based on a condition. The condition is evaluated fore the iteration starts. Syntax whi le(condition) //while loop -body im.) * The condition is evaluated and if the condition is true, . then the body of the while loop is executed. When the condition becomes false, the program control S65 to the statement written immediately While loop body. Scanned with CamScanner do-while Loop The do-while loop always executes its body atleast once, becatise its conditional expression is at the bottom of the loop. Syntax do { ‘Toody of do-while loop }while(condition): Here, * Each iteration of the do-while loop first executes the body of the loop and then evaluates the conditional expression, + Ifthis expression is true, the loop will repeat. * Otherwise, the loop will terminate. 3.Jump Statements Java supports three jump statements, ie. break, continue and return. These statements transfer control to another part of the program, break Statement This statement is generally used to break the loop of while do-while, for or switch statement. It has three uses as follows: + It terminates a statement sequence in a switch statement. * It can be used to exit a loop. * It can be used as a ‘civilised’ form of goto statement. By using break, you can force immediate termination of a loop, by passing the conditional expression and any remaining code in the body of the loop. The break statement should be used to cancel a loop only when some sort of special situation occurs. continue Statement In Java, continue statement is used to skip the part of loop. Unlike break statement, it does not terminate the loop, instead it skips the remaining part of the loop and controls go back to check the condition again. Continue statement performs below mentioned actions: * In while and do-while loops, a continue statement causes control to be transferred directly to the conditional expression that controls the loop. + With the break statement, continue may specify a label to describe which enclosing loop to continue. + Itis a jumping statement and is used as keyword. Tt skips the loop and re-executes loop with new condition. In for loop, continue statement takes control to increment/decrement step, i.e. after continue i++/i-- will be get executed, Scanned with CamScanner

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