Nested Loops Any loop statement can be nested with in any other loop statement. We can say that a loop may contain another loop in its body. This form of a loop is called nested loop. In nested loop, two loops, i.e. inner loop and otiter loop are executed. But the inner loop must terminate before the outer loop. 4. Jump Statements The jump statements unconditionally transfer program control within a function. The various jump statements are as follows: Bat (i) goto Statement This statement is used to alter the program execution sequence by transferring the control to some other part of the program. Syntax i goto label; Here, the label is a C++ identifier used to label the destination, where the control is to be transferred the target statement will appear as label: statement: (i) continue Statement This statement jumps over all the Test of statements in the loop’s block and goes to the Next statement after the loop. The continue statement ~ Scanned with CamScannerFunctions A function is a self-contained block of statements, which are kept together to perform a specific task in related manner. A function has a name and it has a property, ie. reusable. It can be executed from as many different points ina C ++ program as required, In C+, the main( ) itself is a function that means the main function is invoking the other functions to perform various tasks. There are two types of functions in C-+ are as follows: Library Functions Library functions are the predefined functions in programming system. These are also known as in-built functions Some of the library or in-built functions according to their header files are described below: Header File Functions ‘tdio.h (Standard input and char gets(char str{ }) output) int puts(char str }) int gete(char str{ }) int get( ) char getchar( ) ‘typesh (Character tests) int isalnum( int i) int isalpha(int i) int isdigit(int i) int istower(int i) int isupper(int i) int tolower(int i) int toupper(int i) stringh (String operations) char strepy(char ste1[ J, char str2[ ]) char strcat(char steI{ J, str2{ }) int strlen(char str{ 1) . int stremp(char str1f J, st2[ }) i {nt strempi(char str[], char str2{ 1) char strrev(char str{ J) char strupr(char ste{ }) char strlwe(char ste }) Scanned with CamScannerHeader File Funetions 5, Fath (Mathemadical double fabs(double x): °~ 03 boes ‘e double pow(double x, double y) double sqrt(double x) double sin(double x) double cos(double x) int abs(int x) double log(double or float x) double frexp(double x, int y) double exp(double x) stdlib.h (Standard library in nt mn =| finan) Te enn hs eponeeun ee et eminent ype ae User Defined Functions C++ provides facility for programmers to define their own functions according to their requirements. The functions defined by programmers are known as user defined functions. te To add a user defined function in the program, there are three necessary components as given here: sn Retumtype p— Funconname | void Funt 1 Function prétotyping vod cig TO oe ee ‘Semicolon Function name } no semicolon Return __ void Fun() type ry Function Function body definition (i) Function Prototyping It describes the function interface to the compiler by giving details such as the name of function, number and type of. arguments and the type of return values. Basically, each user defined function needs to be declared before its usage in the program, This declaration is called as function prototype or function declaration. The function prototype can be given anywhere in the program, ie. inside penoutside of any function of the program. a Funetion prototype isa declaration statement in the is of the following form: program and function_name(datatype argl. datatype return_type arg2, .... datatype argN): Scanned with CamScannerHere, « ‘The return_type refers to type of value, « ‘The function_name can be any name, «+ argh, arg2, + argN are called formal arguments or formal parameters as they simply represent the name of ) the data items that are transferred to the function from the calling function. .. (ii) Defining a Function ‘A function definition has a name, a parentheses pair containing zero or more parameters and a body. For each parameter, there should be a corresponding declaration that occurs before the body. ‘The general format of function definition is as follows: return_type function_name(datatype arg i datatype arg2, ...) { 11 body of function ; return(expression) ; eg. Formal [argument Data type of the(Ciong int) “ variable to be (int n) returned b thetunston int Function name long int prod=1; Local variables Compound statements return(prod); (iii) Calling a Function A function can be called by specifying its name followed by list of arguments separated by commas, enclosed in | + parentheses. If no arguments are required, then these must be empty pair of parentheses. The function, which calls any other function is known as caller function and this function is known as called function. eg. factorial (5): te Scanned with CamScanner