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Indefinite Integral Part-I

Indefinite Integral Part-II is prepared as guide's book for students of different universities with fully solved examples.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
178 views29 pages

Indefinite Integral Part-I

Indefinite Integral Part-II is prepared as guide's book for students of different universities with fully solved examples.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Indefinite Integration, Part-i

���������� ������

Preface________________________________________________________________________

This E-book is designed for the use of students preparing for different Examinations.

The main features of the E-book are:-

i. The E-book acts simultaneously as a guide book.

ii. All the fundamental concepts have been inserted.

iii. A fairly large number of examples have been worked out properly.

iv. Exercises are graded and fully solved.

v. The E-book will serve as a valuable guide for various competitive Examinations.

Any notice of errors and any suggestions for improvement of this E-book will be thankfully received.

Shelbistar Marbaniang

Contact us : [email protected]

1
Exercise-A

Integrate the following:


2
�2 +1
1. �3
2
�2 +1 Using identity
Solution: Let �= �3
2
�+� = �2 + 2�� + �2
�4 +2�2 +1
�= ��
�3

�4 2�2 1
�= + + ��
�3 �3 �3

2 1
�= �+ + ��
� �3

1 1
�= � �� + 2 �
�� + �3
��

��
�= � �� + 2 + �−3 ��

�2 �−3+1
�= 2
+ 2 log � + −3+1 + �

�2 �−2
�= 2
+ 2 log � + −2
+ �

�2 1
�= 2
+ 2 log � − 2�2 + �

�4� +�6�
2. �� +�−�
��

�4� +�6�
Solution: Let � = �� +�−�
��

�4� 1+�2� 1
�= �� �−� =
1
�� +�� ��

�4� 1+�2�
�= �� ��+1
��
��

�4� 1+�2�
�= �2� +1
��
��

�4� 1+�2�
�= 1+�2�
��
��

��
�= �4� 1 + �2�  1+�2�
��

2
�= �4� �� ��

�= �5� ��
���
��� �� =
�5�

�= 5
+ �

3. sin 2� 1 + cos 2� ��

Solution:
Let � = sin 2� 1 + cos 2� ��
sin 4� = sin 2� cos 2� + cos 2� sin 2�
�= sin 2� + sin 2� cos 2� ��
sin 4� = 2 sin 2� cos 2�

�= sin 2� �� + sin 2� cos 2� �� sin 4�


= sin 2� cos 2�
2
sin 4�
�= sin 2� �� + 2
��

1
�= sin 2� �� + sin 4� ��
2

−cos 2� −cos 4� − cos ��


�= + +� sin �� �� =
2 2 4 �

cos 2� cos 4�
�= − 2
− 8
+�

sin �−cos �
4. 1−sin 2�
��

sin �−cos �
Solution: Let �= ��
1−sin 2� sin 2� = sin � cos � + cos � sin �
sin �−cos � sin 2� = 2sin � cos �
�= 1−2 sin � cos �
��

And
sin �−cos �
�= ��
sin2 �+cos2 �−2 sin � cos �
1 = sin2 � + cos2 �
sin �−cos �
�= ��
sin2 �−2 sin � cos �+cos2 �

sin �−cos �
�= ��
sin �−cos � 2

sin �−cos �
�= ��
sin �−cos �

�= 1 ��

3
�=� +�

81+� −41−�
5. 2�
��

Solution:

81+� −41−�
Let �= 2�
��

88� −44−�
�= 2�
��

88� 44−�
�= 2�
− 2�
��

823� 42−2�
�= − ��
2� 2�

�= 823�−� − 42−2�−� ��

�= 822� − 42−3� ��

�= 822� �� − 42−3� ��

� = 8 22� �� − 4 2−3� ��

Taking, 22� = � Similarly,

log 22� = log � Taking, � = 2−3�

log � = log 2−3�


2� log 2 = log �
differentiating w.r.t � log � =− 3� log 2
1 ��
2 log 2
�� �
= �� log � And � �� =− 3 log 2
��
1 ��
1 �� −3 log 2 �
= ��
2 log 2 = � ��

1 ��
�� = 2 log 2 �

Now,
1 �� 1 ��
�=8 � 2 log 2 �
− 4 � −3 log 2 �

4
8 �� 4 ��
� = 2 log 2 � �
+ 3 log 2 � �

8 4
� = 2 log 2 �� + 3 log 2 ��

8 4
� = 2 log 2 � + 3 log 2 � + �

4 22� 42−3�
�= log 2
+ 3 log 2
+�

22  22� 22 2−3�
�= log 2
+ 3 log 2
+�

22�+2 22−3�
�= +3 +�
log 2 log 2

1 22−2�
� = log 2 22�+2 + 3
+�

6. sin 2� cos 4� ��

Solution:
Let � = sin 2� cos 4� ��

We know that,
sin � + � = sin � cos � + cos � sin � And sin � − � = sin � cos � − cos � sin �

sin 4� + 2� = sin 4� cos 2� + cos 4� sin 2� ---------- (i)


And sin 4� − 2� = sin 4� cos 2� − cos 4� sin 2� ---------- (ii)

Subtracting (ii) from (i)

sin 4� + 2� = sin 4� cos 2� + cos 4� sin 2� ---------- (i)


sin 4� − 2� = sin 4� cos 2� − cos 4� sin 2� -------- (ii)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sin 4� + 2� − sin 4� − 2� = 2 cos 4� sin 2�

Or sin 4� + 2� − sin 4� − 2� = 2 sin 2� cos 4�

sin 4�+2� −sin 4�−2�


 2
= sin 2� cos 4�

Now,
�= sin 2� cos 4� ��

sin 4�+2� −sin 4�−2�


�= 2
��

5
sin 4�+2� sin (4�−2�)
�= 2
�� − 2
��

1 1
� = 2 sin (4� + 2�) �� − 2 sin 4� − 2� ��

1 1
� = 2 sin 6� �� − 2 sin 2� ��

1 – cos 6� 1 −cos 2�
� = 2 6
−2 2 + �

1 1
� =− 12 cos 6� + 4 cos 2� + �

7. sin2 2� ��

Solution:
Let � = sin2 2� ��

Here, cos � + � = cos � cos � − sin � sin �


cos 2� + 2� = cos 2� cos 2� − sin 2� sin 2�
cos 2� + 2� = cos2 2� − sin2 2�
cos 2� + 2� = 1 − sin2 2� − sin2 2� cos2 � = 1 − sin2 �
cos 2� + 2� = 1 − 2 sin2 2�
2 sin2 2� = 1 − cos (2� + 2�)

1−cos (2�+2�)
 sin2 2� = 2

Now,

�= sin2 2� ��

1−cos (2�+2�)
�= ��
2

1−cos 4�
�= ��
2

1 cos 4�
�= 2
− 2 ��

1 cos 4�
�= �� − 2
��
2

1 1
�=2 �� − 2 cos 4� ��

1 1 sin 4�
� = 2� − 2 4
+ �

1 1
� = 2 � − 8 sin 4� + �

6
1+tan2 �
8. 1+cot2 �
��

Solution:
1+tan2 �
Let �= 1+cot2 �
��

1+tan2 � 1
�= 1 �� cot � =
1+ 2
tan � tan �

1+tan2 �
�= tan2 � +1
��
tan2 �

1+tan2 �
�= 1+tan2 �
��
tan2 �

tan2 �
�= 1 + tan2 �  1+tan2 � ��

�= tan2 � ��

�= 1 − sec2 � ��

�= 1 �� − sec2 � ��

� = � − tan � + �

1
9. 1+cos �
��

Solution:
1
Let � = 1+cos �
��

1 1−cos �
�= 
1+cos � 1−cos �
��

1−cos �
�= 1−cos2 �
��

1−cos �
�= sin2 �
��

1 cos �
�= sin2 �
− sin2 � ��

cos �
�= cosec2 � − ��
sin �  sin �

cos � 1
�= cosec2 � −  ��
sin � sin �

7
�= cosec2 � − cot � cosec � ��

�= cosec2 � �� − cot � cosec � ��

� =− cot � − ( − cosec � ) +�

� =− cot � + cosec � + �

� = cosec � – cot � + �

10. 1 + sin 2� ��

Solution:

Let � = 1 + sin 2� �� sin � + � = sin � cos � + cos � sin �

�= 1 + 2 sin � cos � ��  sin 2� = 2 sin � cos �

�= sin2 � + cos2 � + 2 sin � cos � �� And

�= sin � + cos � 2 �� sin2 � + cos2 � = 1

�= ( sin � + cos � ) ��

�= sin � �� + cos � ��

� =− sin � + cos � + �

11. 1 + cos � �� � � � � � �
cos + = cos cos − sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
Solution: Let �= 1 + cos � �� � �
cos � = cos2 − sin2
2 2

�= 2 cos2 �� �
cos � = cos2 2 − 1 − cos2 2

2

� �
�= 2 cos ��
� cos � = cos2 2 − 1 + cos2 2
2

� cos � = 2 cos2 2 − 1
sin 2
�= 2 1 + �

2
1 + cos � = 2 cos2 2

� = 2 2 sin 2 + �

12. sin2 � cos 4� ��

8
Solution: Let � = sin2 � cos 4� ��

1−cos 2�
�= 2
cos 4� ��
cos � + � = cos � cos � − sin � sin �
1
�= 1 − cos 2� cos 4� ��
2 cos 2� = cos2 � + sin2 �

�=2
1
cos 4� − cos 2� cos 4� �� cos 2� = 1 − sin2 � − sin2 �

cos 2� = 1 − 2 sin2 �
1 1
�= 2
cos 4� �� − 2
cos 2� cos 4� ��
2 sin2 � = 1 − cos 2�
Here, 1−cos 2�
sin2 � =
2
cos 4� + 2� = cos 4� cos 2� − sin 4� sin 2�
 cos 6� = cos 4� cos 2� − sin 4� sin 2� ------------------ (i)

And

cos 4� − 2� = cos 4� cos 2� + sin 4� sin 2�


 cos 2� = cos 4� cos 2� + sin 4� sin 2� -------------------- (ii)

Adding (i) and (ii)

cos 6� = cos 4� cos 2� − sin 4� sin 2� ------------------ (i)

cos 2� = cos 4� cos 2� + sin 4� sin 2� ------------------ (ii)


_________________________________________________________________
cos 6� + cos 2� = 2 cos 4� cos 2�

1
 cos 4� cos 2� = cos 6� + cos 2�
2

Now,

1 1
� = 2 cos 4� �� − 2 cos 2� cos 4� ��

1 1 1
� = 2 cos 4� �� − 2 2
cos 6� + cos 2� ��

1 1
� = 2 cos 4� �� − 4 cos 6� + cos 2� ��

1 1 1
� = 2 cos 4� �� − 4 cos 6� �� − 4 cos 2� ��

1 sin 4� 1 sin 6� 1 sin 2�


� = 2 4
− 4 6
−4 2
+�

1 1 1
� = 8 sin 4� − 24 sin 6� − 8 sin 2� + �

9
�� +�2� +�3�
13. �4�
��

Solution:
�� +�2� +�3�
Let � = �4�
��

�� �2� �3�
�= �4�
+ + ��
�4� �4�

�= ��−4� + �2�−4� + �3�−4� ��

�= �−3� + �−2� + �−� ��

�= �−3� �� + �−2� �� + �−� ��

Let � = �−3� Similarly, And,


log � = log �−3�
� = �−2� � = �−�
log � =− 3� log �
log � = log �−2� log � = log �−2�
1 �� log � =− 2� log � log � =− � log �
=− 3 log �
� ��
1 �� 1 ��
1 ��
=− 2 log � � ��
=− log �
� ��
−3 log � �
= ��
1 �� 1 ��
= �� −log � �
= ��
−2 log � �

1 �� 1 �� 1 ��
�= � −3 log � �
+ � −2 log � �
+ � −log � �

1 1 1
� =− 3 log � �� − 2 �� − ��
log � log �

1 1 1
� =− 3 log � �−3� − 2 log � �−2� − log �  �−� + �

1 �−3� �−2�
� =− log � + + �−� + �
3 2

sin � + cosec �
14. tan �
��

Solution:
sin � + cosec �
Let � = tan �
��

10
sin � + cosec �
�= tan �
+ tan � ��

sin � + cosec �
�= sin � + sin � ��
cos � cos �

cos � cos �
�= sin �  sin �
+ cosec �  ����
��

�= cos � + cosec � cot � ��

�= cos � �� + cosec � cot � ��

� = sin � − cosec � + �

cos �−cos 2�
15. ��
1−cos � cos 2� = cos � cos � − sin � sin �

Solution: cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 �


cos �−cos 2�
Let � = 1−cos �
��
cos 2� = cos2 � − 1 − cos2 �
cos �−cos 2�
�= 1−cos �
�� cos 2� = cos2 � − 1 + cos2 �

cos 2� = 2cos2 � − 1
cos �− 2cos2 �−1
�= 1−cos �
��

cos �−2cos2 �+1


�= 1−cos �
��

cos �−cos2 �−cos2 �+1


�= 1−cos �
��

cos � 1−cos � −cos2 �+1


�= 1−cos �
��

cos � 1−cos � +1−cos2 �


�= 1−cos �
��

cos � 1−cos � + 1−cos2 �


�= 1−cos �
��

1 − cos2 � = (1 + cos �)(1 − cos �)


cos � 1−cos � + 1−cos � 1+cos �
�= 1−cos �
��

1−cos � cos � +1+cos �


�= 1−cos �
��

�= cos � + 1 + cos � ��

�= 2cos � + 1 ��

11
� = 2 cos � �� + 1 ��

� = 2 sin � + � + �

cosec � + tan2 � + sin2 �


16. sin �
��

Solution:
cosec � + tan2 � + sin2 �
Let � = sin �
��

cosec � tan2 � sin2 �


�= + + ��
sin � sin � sin �

1 tan � tan �
�= cosec �  sin � + sin �
+ sin � ��

tan �
�= cosec �  cosec � + tan � + sin � ��
sin �

sin �
�= cosec2 � + tan � sin
cos �

+ sin � ��

1 sin �
�= cosec2 � + tan �  + sin � ��
sin � cos �

1
�= cosec2 � + tan � + sin � ��
cos �

�= cosec2 � + tan � sec � + sin � ��

�= cosec2 � �� + sec � tan � �� + sin � ��

� =− cot � + sec � − cos � + �

17. 1 + sin � ��

� � � � � �
Solution: sin + = sin cos + cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
Let � = 1 + sin � ��
� �
sin � = 2 sin 2 cos 2

� �
�=
� �
1 + 2 sin 2 cos 2 �� And sin2 + cos2 = 1
2 2

� � � �
�= sin2 2 + cos2 2 + 2 sin 2 cos 2 ��

� � 2
�= sin 2 +cos 2 ��

12
� �
�= sin 2 +cos 2 ��

� �
�= sin 2 �� + cos 2 ��

� �
−cos sin
�= 1
2
+ 1
2
+ �
2 2

� �
� =− 2 cos 2 + 2 sin 2 + �

� �
� = 2 sin 2 − cos 2 + �

cos4 �−sin4 �
18. 1+cos 4�
�� cos 4� = cos2 2� − sin2 2�

cos4 �−sin4 � cos 4� = cos2 2� − 1 − cos2 2�


Solution: Let �= 1+cos 4�
��
cos 4� = cos2 2� − 1 + cos2 2�
cos2 �−sin2 � cos2 �+sin2 �
�= 1+cos 4�
�� cos 4� = 2cos2 2� − 1

1 + cos 4� = 2cos2 2�
cos2 �−sin2 � cos2 �+sin2 �
�= ��
2cos2 2�

cos2 �−sin2 � cos2 �+sin2 �


�= 2 cos 2�
��

1 cos2 �−sin2 � sin2 �+cos2 �


�= 2 cos 2�
��

1 cos2 �−sin2 �
�= �� sin2 � + cos2 � = 1
2 cos 2�

And cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 �


1 cos 2�
�= 2 cos 2�
��

1
�= 2
1 ��

1
�= 2
� +�

19. tan2 � − cot2 � ��

Solution: Let � = tan2 � − cot2 � ��


� = tan2 � �� − cot2 � ��

13
�= sec2 � − 1 �� − cosec2 � − 1 ��

�= sec2 � �� − 1 �� − cosec2 � �� + 1 ��

� = tan � − � − − cot � + � + �

� = tan � + cot � + �

cos 2�
20. sin2 � cos2 �
��

cos 2�
Solution: Let � = sin2 � cos2 �
��

cos2 �−sin2 �
�= sin2 � cos2 �
��

cos2 � sin2 �
�= 2 2
sin � cos �
− sin2 � cos2 �
��

1 1
�= sin2 �
− ��
cos2 �

�= cosec2 � − sec2 � ��

�= cosec2 � �� − sec2 � ��

� =− cot � − tan � + �

� sin2 �+� cos2 �


21. sin2 � cos2 �
��

� sin2 �+� cos2 �


Solution: Let �= sin2 � cos2 �
��

� sin2 � � cos2 �
�= sin2 � cos2 �
+ sin2 � cos2 �
��

� �
�= cos2 �
+ sin2 � ��

�= � sec2 � + � cosec2 � ��

� = � sec2 � �� + � cosec2 � ��

� = � tan � − � cot � + �

14
� sin3 �+� cos3 �
22. sin2 � cos2 �
��

� sin3 �+� cos3 �


Let � = sin2 � cos2 �
��

� sin3 � � cos3 �
�= sin2 � cos2 �
+ sin2 ��
� cos2 �

� sin � � cos �
�= + 2 ��
cos2 � sin �

sin � 1 cos � 1
�= � cos � cos �
+ � sin � sin �
��

�= � tan � sec � + � cot � cosec � ��

� = � tan � ��� � �� + � cot � cosec � ��

� = � sec � − � cot � + �

cos �−sin � sin 2� = sin � cos � + cos � sin �


23. cos � +sin �
(2 + 2 sin 2�) ��
sin 2� = 2 sin � cos �
cos �−sin �
Solution: Let � = (2 + 2 sin 2�) ��
cos � +sin � And,

�=
cos �−sin �
2(1 + sin 2�) �� sin2 � + cos2 � = 1
cos � +sin �

cos �−sin �
�= 2 1 + 2 sin � cos � ��
cos � +sin �

cos �−sin �
�= cos � +sin �
2 sin2 � + cos2 � + 2 sin � cos � ��

cos �−sin �
�= cos � +sin �
2 sin � + cos � 2 ��

�= cos � − sin � 2 sin � + cos � ��

�=2 cos � − sin � cos � + sin � ��

�=2 cos2 � − sin2 � ��


cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 �
� = 2 cos 2� ��

sin 2�
�=2 2
+�
� = sin 2� + �

15
1−cos 2�
24. 1+cos 2�
��

1−cos 2�
Solution: Let � = 1+cos 2�
��

1−cos 2� cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 �


�= 1+cos 2�
��
cos 2� = 1 − sin2 � − sin2 �
2 sin2 �
�= ��
2 cos2 � cos 2� = 1 − 2 sin2 �

�=
sin2 �
�� 2 sin2 � = 1 − cos 2�
cos2 �
1 − cos 2� = 2 sin2 �
2�
�= tan ��
Similarly,
�= sec2 � − 1 ��
cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 �
�= sec2 � �� − 1 ��
cos 2� = cos2 � − 1 − cos2 �
� = tan � –� + �
cos 2� = cos2 � − 1 + cos2 �

cos 2� = 2 cos2 � − 1

1 + cos 2� = 2 cos2 �

sec2 �
25. cosec2 �
��

sec2 �
Solution: Let � = cosec2 �
��

1
cos2 �
�= 1 ��
sin2 �

1 sin2 �
�= 2
cos �
 1
��

sin2 �
�= ��
cos2 �

�= tan2 � ��

16
�= sec2 � − 1 ��

�= sec2 � �� − 1 ��

� = tan � − � + �

sec 2� −1
26. sec 2� +1
��
cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 �
sec 2� −1
Solution: Let �= sec 2� +1
�� cos 2� = 1 − sin2 � − sin2 �

1
−1 cos 2� = 1 − 2 sin2 �
�= cos 2�
1 ��
+1
cos 2� 2 sin2 � = 1 − cos 2�
1−cos 2�
1 − cos 2� = 2 sin2 �
�= cos 2�
1+cos 2� ��
cos 2�
Similarly,
1−cos 2� cos 2�
�= cos 2�
 1+cos 2� �� cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 �

1−cos 2� cos 2� = cos2 � − 1 − cos2 �


�= 1+cos 2�
��
cos 2� = cos2 � − 1 + cos2 �
2 sin2 �
�= ��
2 cos2 � cos 2� = 2 cos2 � − 1

sin2 � 1 + cos 2� = 2 cos2 �


�= cos2 �
��

�= tan2 � ��

�= sec2 � − 1 ��

�= sec2 � �� − 1 ��

� = tan � –� + �

sec3 � + cosec3 �
27. sec � cosec �
��

sec3 � + cosec3 �
Solution: Let �=
sec � cosec �
��

sec3 � cosec3 �
�= sec � cosec �
+ sec � cosec �
��

17
sec2 � cosec2 �
�= cosec �
+ sec �
��

1 1
cos2 � sin2 �
�= 1 + 1 ��
sin � cos �

1 sin � 1 cos �
�= cos2 �
 1 + sin2 �
 1 ��

sin � cos �
�= cos2 �
+ sin2 � ��

sin � cos �
�= + ��
cos � cos � sin � sin �

sin � 1 cos � 1
�= 
cos � cos �
+ 
sin � sin �
��

�= tan � sec � + cot � cosec � ��

�= tan � sec � �� + cot � cosec � ��

� = sec � − cosec � + �

28. sin4 � ��
cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 �
Solution: Let � = sin4 � ��
cos 2� = 1 − sin2 � − sin2 �
2
�= sin2 � ��
cos 2� = 1 − 2sin2 �
1− cos 2� 2
�= ��
2 2sin2 � = 1 − cos 2�
1− cos 2�
sin2 � = 2
1 2
�= 1 − cos 2� ��
4

1
�= 1 − 2 cos 2� + cos2 2� ��
4

1 1 1
�= 1 �� − 2 cos 2� �� + cos2 2� ��
4 4 4
cos 2� + 2� = cos2 2� − sin2 2�
1 2 1
�= 1 �� − cos 2� �� + cos2 2� �� cos 4� = cos2 2� − 1 − cos2 2�
4 4 4

1 1 1 1+ cos 2� cos 4� = cos2 2� − 1 + cos2 2�


� = 4 1 �� − 2 cos 2� �� + 4 2
��
cos 4� = 2 cos2 2� − 1
1 1 sin 2� 1
� = 4 �−2 +8 1 + cos 2� ��
2 2 cos2 2� = 1 + cos 4�

1 1 1 1 1+ cos 4�
� = 4 � − 4 sin 2� + 8 1�� + 8 cos 2� �� cos2 2� = 2

18
1 1 1 1 sin 4�
�= � − sin 2� + 8 � + 8 + �
4 4 4

3 1 1
� = 8 � − 4 sin 2� + 32 sin 4� + �

cos4 �
29. sin2 �
��

cos4 �
Solution: Let � = sin2 �
��

2
cos2 �
�= sin2 �
��

2
1−sin2 �
�= sin2 �
��
cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 �
1−2 sin2 �+ sin4 �
�= ��
sin2 � cos 2� = 1 − sin2 � − sin2 �

1 2 sin2 sin4 � cos 2� = 1 − 2sin2 �


�= 2
sin �
− sin2 �
+ sin2 � ��
2sin2 � = 1 − cos 2�
�= cosec2 � − 2+ sin2 � ��
1− cos 2�
sin2 � = 2
�= cosec2 � �� − 2 �� + sin2 � ��

1− cos 2�
�= cosec2 � �� − 2 �� + 2
��

1
�= cosec2 � �� − 2 �� + 1 − cos 2� ��
2

1 1
�= cosec2 � �� − 2 �� + 1 �� − cos 2� ��
2 2

1 1 sin 2�
� =− cot � − 2� + 2 � − 2  2
+ �

1 1
� =− cot � + 2 � − 2� − 4 sin 2� + �

3 1
� =− cot � − 2
� − 4 sin 2� + �

cos 2�−cos 2�
30. cos �−cos �
��

cos 2�−cos 2�
Solution: Let � = cos �−cos �
��

2 cos2 �−1− 2 cos2 �−1 cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 � cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 �
�= cos �−cos �
��
cos 2� = cos2 � − 1 − cos 2� = cos2 � − 1 − cos2 �
cos2 �
19 cos 2� = cos2 � − 1 + cos2 �
cos 2� = cos2 � − 1 + cos2 �
2 cos2 �−1−2 cos2 �+1
�= cos �−cos �
��

2 cos2 �−2 cos2 �


�= ��
cos �−cos �

2 cos2 �− cos2 �
�= cos �−cos �
��

cos2 �− cos2 �
�=2 cos �−cos �
��

cos �−cos � cos �+cos �


�=2 cos �−cos �
��

�=2 cos � + cos � ��

� = 2 cos � �� + 2 cos � �� cos � = ��������

� = 2 sin � + 2 cos � � + �

� = 2 sin � + 2� cos � + �

sin � cos �+cos2 �


31. 1+sin 2�
��

sin � cos �+cos2 �


Solution: Let �= 1+sin 2�
��

sin � cos �+cos2 �


�= 1+2 sin � cos �
��

sin 2� = sin � cos � + cos � sin �


sin � cos �+cos2 �
�= 1+2 sin � cos �
��
sin 2� = 2 sin � cos �
sin � cos �+cos2 �
�= �� And,
sin2 �+cos2 �+2 sin � cos �

sin2 � + cos2 � = 1
sin � cos �+cos2 �
�= ��
sin �+cos � 2

sin � cos �+cos2 �


�= sin �+cos �
��

cos � sin �+cos �


�= sin �+cos �
��

�= cos � ��

� = sin � + �

20
� �
32. cos 2� + cos 2� − ��
8 8 cos � − cos � = 2 cos � + � + cos � − �
� �
Solution: � = cos 2� +
8
cos 2� −
8
��
cos C+cos D
= cos � + � + cos � − �
2
� � � �
cos 2�+8+2�−8 +cos 2�+8− 2�−8
�= �� Taking,
2
� �
� = 2� + 8 and � = 2� − 8
1 � � � �
�= 2
cos 2� + 8
+ 2� −
8
+ cos 2� + 8
− 2� −
8
��

1 � �
�=2 cos 4� + cos 8
+8 ��
1 �
�= 2
cos 4� + cos 4 ��

1 1 �
� = 2 cos 4� �� + 2 cos 4 ��

1 1 �
� = 2 cos 4� �� + 2 cos 4 ��

1 sin 4� 1 �
�=2  4
+ cos � + �
2 4

sin 4� � �
�= 8
+ 2 cos +�
4

33. 3 sin � cos2 � − sin3 � ��

Solution: Let � = 3 sin � cos2 � − sin3 � ��

�= 3 sin � 1 − sin2 � − sin3 � �� sin � + 2� = sin � cos 2� + cos � sin 2�

�= 3 sin � −3 sin3 � − sin3 � �� sin 3� =


sin � cos2 � − sin2 � + cos � 2 sin � cos �
�= 3 sin � −4 sin3 � �� sin 3� = 3sin � cos2 � − sin3 �

�= sin 3� �� sin 3� = 3sin � 1 − sin2 � − sin3 �

−cos 3� sin 3� = 3sin � − 3 sin3 � − sin3 �


�= 3
+ �
sin 3� = 3sin � − 4 sin3 �

cos 5�+cos 4�
34. 1−2 cos 3�
��

21
cos 5�+cos 4�
Solution: Let � = 1−2 cos 3�
��

�+� �−�
5�+4� 5�−4� ��� � + cos � = 2 cos cos
2cos
2
cos 2 2 2
�= 1−2 cos 3�
��

9� �
2cos cos 3� 3�
�= 2 2
�� cos 3� = cos 2
+ 2
3�
1−2 2cos2 −1
2
3� 3�
cos 3� = cos2 − sin2
9� � 2 2
2cos 2 cos 2
�= 3� ��
1−4cos2 +2 3� 3�
2 cos 3� = cos2 2
− 1 − cos2 2
9� �
2cos cos 3� 3�
�= 2 2
�� cos 3� = cos2 2
− 1 + cos2 2
3�
3−4cos2 2
3�
cos 3� = 2cos2 2
−1
9� � 3�
2cos cos cos
�= 2
3�
2
 2
3� ��
3−4cos2 cos
2 2

2cos
9�
cos 2 cos
2 2
� 3�
Also, we have
�= 3� 3� ��
3 cos −4cos3
2 2
cos 3� = 4 cos3 � − 3 cos �
9� � 3�
2cos cos cos
�= 2
3�
2
3�
2
��  4 cos2 � − 3 cos � = cos 3�
− 4cos3 −3 cos
2 2
Similarly,
9� � 3�
2cos cos 2 cos
2 2
� =− 3� 3� �� 4cos2
3�
− 3 cos
3�
= cos 3
3�
4cos3 −3 cos 2 2 2
2 2

9� � 3�
2cos
2
cos
2
cos
2 Applying,
� =− ��
cos 3
3�
2 �+� �−�
��� � + cos � = 2 cos 2
cos 2
9� � 3�
2cos cos cos
2 2 2 �+� �−�
� =− 9� �� 2 cos cos = cos � + cos �
cos 2
2 2


� 3� Here, � + � = 2 ------------ (i)
� =− 2 cos 2
cos 2
��
3�
And �−�= 2
----------- (ii)
� =− cos � + cos 3� ��
Adding (i) and (ii) we get
� =− cos � �� − cos 3� ��
� 3� 4�
2� = 2 + 2
= 2
= 2�
sin 3�
� =− sin � − 3
+ � 2�
 �= 2
=� and � = 3�

22
sin8 �−cos8 �
35. 1−2 sin2 � cos2 �
��

sin8 �−cos8 �
Solution: Let � = 1−2 sin2 � cos2 �
��

2 2
sin � 4 − cos � 4
�= 1−2 sin2 � cos2 �
��

sin � 4 − cos � 4 sin � 4 + cos � 4


�= 12 −2 sin2 �
��
cos2 �

sin2 �−cos2 � sin2 �+cos2 � sin4 �+cos4 �


�= 2 ��
sin2 �+cos2 � −2 sin2 � cos2 �

sin2 �−cos2 � sin4 �+cos4 �


�= sin4 �+cos4 �+2 sin2 � cos2 �−2 sin2 � cos2 �
��

− cos2 �−sin2 � sin4 �+cos4 �


�= ��
sin4 �+cos4 �

�= − cos2 � − sin2 � ��

�= − cos 2� ��

� =− cos 2� ��

sin 2�
� =− 2
+�

cos � +sec �
36. cot �
��

cos � +sec �
Solution: Let � = cot �
��

cos � +sec �
�= cos � ��
sin �

cos � sec �
�= cos � + cos � ��
sin � sin �

sin � sin �
�= cos �  cos � + sec �  cos � ��

�= sin � + sec � tan � ��

�= sin � �� + sec � tan � ��

� =− cos � + sec � + �
37. 1 + cos 2� ��

23
Solution: Let � = 1 + cos 2� ��

�= 1 + 2 cos2 � − 1 �� cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 �

cos 2� = cos2 � − 1 − cos2 �


�= 2 cos2 � ��
cos 2� = cos2 � − 1 + cos2 �
�= 2 cos � ��
cos 2� = 2cos2 � − 1
�= 2 cos � ��

� = 2 sin � + �

��
38. 1−sin �

��
Solution: Let �= 1−sin �

1
�= 1−sin �
��

1 1+sin �
�= 
1−sin � 1+sin �
��

1+sin �
�= 1−sin2 �
��

1+sin �
�= cos2 �
��

1 sin �
�= + cos2 � ��
cos2 �

sin �
�= sec2 � + ��
cos � cos �

sin � 1
�= sec2 � + cos �  ��
cos �

�= sec2 � + tan � sec � ��

�= sec2 � �� + tan � sec � ��

� = tan � + sec � + �

24
cos �
39. sin2 �
1 − 3 cos3 � ��

cos �
Solution: Let �= sin2 �
1 − 3 cos3 � ��

cos �−3 cos4 �


�= sin2 �
��

cos � 3 cos4 �
�= 2
sin �
− sin2 �
��

cos � 3 cos4 �
�= sin2 �
�� − sin2 �
��

2
cos � cos2 �
�= �� − 3 sin2 �
��
sin � sin �

2
cos � 1 1−sin2 �
�= sin �
 sin � �� − 3 sin2 �
��

1−2sin2 �+sin4 �
�= cot � cosec � �� − 3 sin2 �
��

1 2sin2 � sin4 �
�= cot � cosec � �� − 3 sin2 �
�� − sin2 �
�� + sin2 �
��

�= cot � cosec � �� − 3 cosec2 � �� − 2 1 �� + sin2 � ��

� = − cosec � − 3 − cot � − 2� + sin2 � ��


cos 2� = cos2 � − sin2 �
1−cos 2�
� = − cosec � − 3 − cot � − 2� + ��
2 cos 2� = 1 − sin2 � − sin2 �
1 1
� = − cosec � − 3 − cot � − 2� + 2
�� − 2 cos 2� �� cos 2� = 1 − 2sin2 �

� = − cosec � − 3 − cot � − 2� + 2
1 1
�� − 2 cos 2� �� 2sin2 � = 1 − cos 2�
1−cos 2�
1 1 sin 2� sin2 � = 2
� = − cosec � − 3 − cot � − 2� + 2
�+2 2 + �

3 3
� = − cosec � + 3 cot � + 6� − 2
� − 4 sin 2� + �

9 3
� = − cosec � + 3 cot � + 2
� − 4 sin 2� + �

25
40. cos � ��� 2� cos 3� ��

Solution: Let � = cos � cos 2� cos 3� ��


2 cos � cos � = cos � + � + cos � − �
� = cos � cos 2� cos 3� ��
cos �+� +cos (�−�)
cos � cos � = 2
�= cos 2� cos � cos 3� ��
Hence,
cos 3�+cos �
�= 2
cos 3� ��
cos 2�+� +cos (2�−�)
cos2 � cos � = 2
1
�=2 cos 3� + cos � cos 3� �� cos 3�+cos �
cos2 � cos � = 2
1
�=2 cos2 3� + cos � cos 3� �� And
cos 4�+cos 2�
1 1 cos3 � cos � =
� = 2 cos2 3� �� + 2 cos � cos 3� �� 2

1 1
� = 2 cos2 3� �� + 2 cos 3� cos � ��

1 1 cos 4�+cos 2�
� = 2 cos2 3� �� + 2 2
��

1 1 1
cos 6� = cos2 3� − sin2 3�
2
�= 2
cos 3� �� +4 cos 4� �� + cos 2� ��
4
cos 6� = cos2 3� − 1 − cos2 3�

1 1+cos 6� 1 1 cos 6� = 2 cos2 3� − 1


�=2 2
�� + cos 4� �� + cos 2� ��
4 4
1+cos 6�
cos2 3� = 2
1 1 1 cos 6� 1 1
�=2 �� + 2 �� + 4 cos 4� �� + cos 2� ��
2 2 4

1 1 1 1
� = 4 1 �� + 4 cos 6� �� + 4 cos 4� �� + 4 cos 2� ��

1 1 1 1
� = 4 � + 24 sin 6� + 16 sin 4� + 8 sin 2� + �

41. sin 3� sin 5� ��

Solution: Let � = sin 3� sin 5� �� 2 sin � sin � = cos � − � − cos (� + �)


1 1
�=2 cos 2� − cos 8� �� sin � sin � = 2 cos � − � − cos (� + �)

1 1 Similarly,
� = 2 cos 2� �� − 2 cos 8� ��
1
sin 3� sin 5� = cos 3� − 5� − cos (3� + 5�)
1 sin 2� 1 sin 8� 2
�= 2 2
− 2 8
+�
1
sin 3� sin 5� = cos 2� − cos 8�
2
1 1
�= 4
sin 2� − 16 sin 8� +�

26
42. sin � sin 2� sin 3� ��
2 sin � sin � = cos � − � − cos (� + �)
Solution: Let � = sin � sin 2� sin 3� ��
1
sin � sin � = cos � − � − cos (� + �)
2
�= sin � sin 2� sin 3� ��
Similarly,
1
�= 2
cos � − cos 3� sin 3� ��
1
sin � sin 2� = 2 cos � − 2� − cos (� + 2�)
1
�=2 cos � sin 3� − cos 3� sin 3� �� 1
sin 3� sin 5� = 2 cos � − cos 3�
1 1
� = 2 cos � sin 3� �� − 2 cos 3� sin 3� ��
2 sin � cos � = sin � + � + sin � − �
1 1
�=2 sin 3� cos � �� − sin 3� cos 3� �� sin � cos � =
1
sin � + � + sin � − �
2
2
1 1 1 1
�=2 sin 4� + sin 2� �� − sin 6� �� Similarly,
2 2 2

1
1 1 1 sin 3� cos � = 2 sin 3� + � + sin 3� − �
� = 4 sin 4� �� + 4 sin 2� �� − 4 sin 6� ��
1
1 −cos 4� 1 −cos 2� 1 −cos 6�
sin 3� cos � = 2 sin 4� + sin 2�
�= 4
 4 +
4
 2 − 4
 6 + �
And
1 1 1
� =− 16 cos 4� − 8 cos 2� + 24 cos 6� + �
sin 6� = sin 3� + 3�

sin 6� = sin 3� cos 3� + cos 3� sin 3�

sin 6� = 2 sin 3� cos 3�


1
sin 3� cos 3� = 2 sin 6�

43. 7�−4 +sin � + � − 4�3� ��

Solution: Let � = 7�−4 +sin � + � − 4�3� ��

� = 7 �−4 �� + sin � + � �� − 4 �3� ��

�−4+1 �3�
� = 7 −4+1 − cos � + � − 4 3
+ �

7 4
� =− 3 �−3 − cos � + � − 3 �3� + �

27
44. �� log 2 ��

Solution: Let � = �� log 2 ��


�= �log 2 ��
�log �(�) = �(�)
�= 2� ��

Taking � = 2�

log � = log 2�

log � = � log 2
� ��
��
log � = log 2 ��

1 ��
� ��
= log 2

1 ��
log 2 �
= ��

1 ��
�= � log 2 �

1 ��
� = log 2 � �

1
� = log 2 ��

1
� = log 2 � + �

2�
� = log 2 + �

cos �+sin �
45. cos �−sin �
1 − sin 2� ��
sin2 � + cos2 � = 1
cos �+sin �
Solution: Let � = cos �−sin �
1 − sin 2� �� And

cos �+sin � sin 2� = 2 sin � cos �


�= cos �−sin �
sin2 � + cos2 � − 2sin � cos � ��

cos �+sin �
�= cos2 � − 2sin � cos � + sin2 � ��
cos �−sin �

cos �+sin � 2
�= cos � − sin � ��
cos �−sin �

28
�= cos � + sin � cos � − sin � ��

�= cos2 � − sin2 � ��

�= cos 2� ��

1
� = 2 sin 2� + �

�� �
46. If ��
= sin � and � = 2, when � = 3 , then find the value of �.

��
Solution: Given ��
= sin �

�� = sin � ��

�= sin � ��

� =− cos � + � _____________ (i)


Putting, � = 2, � = 3


2 =− cos 3 +�

1
2 =− 2 +�

1
�=2+2

5
�=2

5
Substituting � = 2 in equation (i)

5
� =− cos � + 2

29

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