Dr. Swarup Barik Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics Faculty of Engineering and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology Email: [email protected]Let us check the behavior of following functions f(z) at 0: @ f(z)= 9 f= Sap @ f(z) =e In the above we observe that all the functions are not analytic at 0, however in every neighborhood of 0 there is a point at which f(z) is analytic.Spbavear ve bu to Cer Ordinary poin A point at which a complex function f(z) is analytic is called a regular point or ordinary point of f(z). Singular point: A point z= 2 is a singular point of f(z) if f(z) is not analytic (or not even defined), but is analytic at some point in every deleted neighbourhood of zo. Examples: 1/z has z = 0 as singular point, since f(z) is not analytic 0 but analytic at other points. 1/2(z — 1) has z = 0, z = 1 as singular points, because (2) is not analytic at these points, but there are neighbourhoods where f(z) is analytic. Note: f(z) = is nowhere analytic. Note that we do not say that every point of C is a singularity for f(z).point 2 f(z) if there ex: singularity. zo is called an isolated singularity of the function a neighbourhood of zp in which there is no other Example: The point z = 0 is an isolated singularity for both the functions f(z) =1/z and f(z) = sin(1/2). Non-isolated A singular point which is not isolated is called a non-i ngularity. In general if a function he non-isolated singularity, then it will have many singularities, although not necessarily non-isolated. ngularity lated s ; one Example: Examples: the function f(2) = sls; because every deleted neighbourhood of 0 contains a singularity 1/nz for large n. The point z = 0 is a non-isolated singularity for Note: If a function has only finite number of singulz then they are isolated singularities.Removable singularity: If f(z) has an isolated singularity at zo, the singularity is said to be a removable singularity if lim f(z) exists. 2320 Pole: A function f(z), analytic in a deleted neighborhood of = pole of order m (m a positive integer) if dim (z — 20)" f(z) = A (4 0,00) has a Results: © If f(z) has an isolated singularity at z =z) and f(z) + 00 as 2+ 2, then f(z) has a pole at z = 29. This is the necessat sufficient condition for an isolated singularity to be a pole. and © An isolated singular point 2 of f(z) is said to be a pole of order m if the principal part of the Laurent’s series of f(z) about a contains m terms, where m is finite, Le., f(z) = b rg Anz — 20)" + at where bm #0 ayeEssential singularity: An isolated singularity that is neither removable nor a pole is said to be an (isolated) essential singularity. Equivalently, a function (2) which is analytic in a deleted neighborhood of z = zo has an essential singularity at z = 2 if there exists no nonnegative integer m for which lim (2 — 20)" f(z) exists (either as a finite value or as an a infinite value). isolated singular point 2 is said to be an essential singularity of {(2) if the principal part of Laurent’s series of f(z) about zo contains infinitely many terms.Finding singularity by Laurent series Laurent Series expansion zo) + Removable singularity ay +a (2 — 20) + a2(z Simple pole Pole of order n Essential singularitySXeyenC Mo) Es eC BCrExample: Find and classify the isolated singularities of the function : +1 f(z) = Answer: The function has isolated singularity at z= 0, 2 will show that = = 0 is a pole of order +i. We 3, 2 = +i are poles of order 1. lim(2 +i) f(2) = Jim, =—— 1 1 1 eas = This shows z = 0 is a pole of order 3.Similarly, where g(z) is analytic at 2 about 2 =i, ice., g(z) = ao + a1(z — t) + ag(z —t)? +..., Now Op SG ta tan(e— A) tos (1) where ag, a1, a2 are constants to be determined. =i isa pole of order 1. The argument for z = —i isA point 2 is called a zero of an analy ic function f(z) if f(z) is analytic at zp and f(zo) =0. @ If f(z) =0 and (29) #0, then 2 = zero of order one. @ If f(z0) = f'(20) = f" (a f(z) £0, then = Note: is called a simple zero or =... = f™-Y (zo) = 0 and s called a zero of order m. @ A point zo is called a pole of order m of f(z) if 1/f has a zero of order m at 29. © Let f(z) be analytic. Then f(z) has a zero of order m at 2 if and only if f(z) can be written as f(z) = g(z)(z— 20)”, where g(2) is analytic at z and g(zo) #0. © If f(z) can be written as f(z) a 92) ee where g(2) is analytic at zo, then f(z) has a pole of order m at z= 29 and g(2) #0.Resul f(z) has a zero of order m at zo and g(z) has a zero of order n at zo. Let f(z) A(z) = @ =e Then @ Ifn>m then h(z) has a pole of order n —m at 2 © Ifn an(z — 20)”, zm & in this case Res(f, zo) = lim (z — z0)f(z). oa © If f has a pole of order m at z = x then f(z) = the improper integral [°° f(x)dx exists and their values are equal P(z) Consider the rational function f(z) = where P(z) and Q(z) are ~ Q(z) polynomials with real coefficients such that, © Q(z) has no zeros in the real line © degree of Q(z) > 1+ degree of P(z) then P. V. [°° f(x)dx can be evaluated using Cauchy residue theoremImproper Integrals of Rational Functions Type II Consider the integral fo | ” a To evaluate this integral, we look at the complex-valued function 1 2) = Gyip which has singularities at i and —i. Consider the contour C like semicircle, the one shown below.Note that: [ee = [ f(z)dz+ [ F(z) dz [fee - iE f(z)de— | Fla)ae Furthermore observe that 1 1 f2) = Gaya — GaPes Then, by using Residue Theorem, 1 [ferde= [Fp e=265 (aR)| =F Therefore - 1 f [carrie if whaType IL: Integrals of the form t Pees gp nal i: Po) cos ge where P(r) and Q(x) are polynomials with real coefficients such that @ Q(z) has no zeros in real line © degree of Q(«) > degree of P Example: Evaluate cos at a +1 a i s i dx = 5 Real part of / eiazThis function has pole at z = +i, out of these z = lies in the upper half of z-plane. Res(f(z), ) = <— cia 20 / +l ae I. - © cosax +i 5 Therefore, f =e x? +1 co cos ax Equating real part, we get / a de = net Jie t2 +1 poo cos ax T Hence, | dx = =e", Jo +& Silverman, H. (2006). Complex variables with Boston: Birkhiuser. © Veerarajan, T. (2000). Engineering Mathematics I. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. New Delhi. © Lecture notes by Ron Buckmire (https: //sites.oxy.edu/ron/math/312/14/ws.html) © Lecture notes by Jeremy Orlof (https: //math.mit.edu/ jorloff/18.04/notes/) © https: //nitrklacin-my.sharepoint.com/personal/palh_nitrkl _ac_in/_layouts/15/onedrive.aspx?id—%2Fpersonal%2Fpalh %5Fnitrkl%5Fac%5Pin%2F Documents%2FClass%20Notes%2 FTutorial%20ALL%2FMA201%202014&ga=1