Solution Manual for Power System Analysis

and Design SI Edition 6th Edition Glover

Overbye Sarma 130563618X 9781305636187
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Chapter 5
Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS

5.1 (a) VS = AVR + BI R (b) I S = CVR + DI R
5.2 a

5.3 VRNL = VS /A

5.4 Dimensionless, ohms, siemens, dimensionless

5.5 Thermal limit; voltage-drop limit; steady-state stability limit
5.6 a
5.7 m −1 , ohms
5.8 (e x + e − x ) 2; (e x − e − x ) 2

5.9 a
5.10 a
5.11 Dimensionless constants (per unit)
5.12 a
5.13 Real, imaginary
5.14 Inductive, capacitive

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5.15 a
5.16 a
5.17 Surge impedance
5.18 Flat (constant); V 2 Z C
5.19 VSVR X 
5.20 a
5.21 a
5.22 a
5.23 a
5.24 Voltage regulation, loadability
5.25 a

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5.1 (a) A = D = 1.00 pu; C = 0. S
B = Z = ( 0.19 + j0.34 ) 30 = 11.68560.8 
33
(b) VR = 0 = 19.050 kVLN
3

S R−cos −1 (pf )
 − cos −1( 0.9)
10
IR = =
3 VR L -L 3(33)

= 0.175 − 25.84 kA
VS = AVR + B I R = (1.0 )(19.05 ) + (11.68560.8 )( 0.175 − 25.84 )
= 20.73 + j1.17 = 20.763.236kVL − N
VSL-L = 20.76 3 = 35.96 kV
(c) I R = 0.17525.84
VS = AVR + B I R = (1.0 )(19.05 ) + (11.68560.8 )( 0.17525.84 )
= 19.17 + j2.04 = 19.286.078 kVL− N
VS L−L = 19.27 3 = 33.4 kV

YZ 1
5.2 (a) A = D = 1 + =1+ ( 3.3310−6  20090 ) ( 0.08 + j0.48 )( 200 )
2 2
= 1 + ( 0.0324170.5 ) = 0.968 + j0.00533 = 0.9680.315pu
 YZ 
C = Y 1 + = ( 6.66 10 90 ) (1 + .0.0162 170.5 )
−4

 4 
= 6.553 10 −4 90.155 S
B = Z = 97.32 80.54 
220
(b) VR = 0 = 1270 kVL −N
3
P  − cos −1 ( pf ) 250 − cos−1 0.99
IR = R = = 0.6627 − 8.11kA
3VR L−L ( pf ) 3 ( 220 )( 0.99 )

VS = AVR + B I R = ( 0.9680.315 )(1270 ) + ( 97.3280.54 )( 0.6627 − 8.11 )

= 142.4 + j62.16 = 155.423.58 kVL − N
VS L−L = 155.4 3 = 269.2 kV

I = CV + D I = ( 6.553 10 −4 90.155 ) (127 ) + ( 0.968 − 0.315 )( 0.6627 − 8.11 )

S R R

= 0.6353 − j3.786 10 −3 = 0.6353 − 0.34 kA

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 (c) VRNL = VS A = 269.2 0.968 = 278.1kVLL

VRNL −VRFL  278.1 −220 

%VR = 100 =   = 26.4%
100
VR FL  220 

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 = ( 230 ) 1000 = 52.9 
2
5.3 Z =V2 S
base base base

Y =1 Z = 1.89 10 −2 S
base base

(a) A = D = 0.9680 0.315 pu

B = ( 97.3280.54 ) 52.9  = 1.8480.54 pu

C = ( 6.55310 −4 90.155 S ) (1.89 10 −2 S) = 0.0346790.155 pu

S 1000
(b) I base = = = 2.51 kA
base 3

 
3 Vbase L− L 3 (230)

VRpu = ( 220 230 ) 0 = 0.95650

I Rpu = ( 0.6627  − 8.11 ) 2.51 = 0.264 − 8.11
VSPU = APU VRPU + BPU
I RPU

= ( 0.9680.315 )( 0.95650 ) + (1.8480.54 )( 0.264 − 8.11 )

= 1.0725 + j0.4682 = 1.1723.58 pu; VS = 1.17 pu
I SPU = CPU VRPU + DPU I RPU

= ( 0.03467 90.155 )( 0.95650 ) + ( 0.9680.315 )( 0.264 − 8.11 )

= 0.2531 − j0.0015 = 0.2531 − 0.34 pu; I S = 0.2531 pu

(c) VRNLpu = VSpu Apu = 1.17 0.968 = 1.209

VRNLpu −VRFLpu  1.209 −0.9565 

%VR = 100 =  100 = 26.4%
VRFLpu  0.9565 

5.4

VS   A1 B1  Vx   A1 B1   A2 B2  VR 

= =
        
 I S  C1 D1   I x  C1 D1  C2 D2   I R 

VS  ( A1 A2 + B1C2 ) (A B 1 2 + B1 D2 )  V 

 =
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 R 
 I S  (C1 A2 + D1C2 ) (C B + D1 D2 )  I
 R 
1 2


5.5

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 KCL : I S = I R + Y (VR + Z 2 I R ) = Y VR + (1 + Y Z 2 ) I R
KVL : VS = VR + Z 2 I R + Z1 I S
= VR + Z 2 I R + Z1 Y VR + (1 + Y Z 2 ) I R 
= (1 + Y Z1 ) VR + ( Z1 + Z 2 + Y Z1 Z 2 ) I R

In matrix format:
V  (1 + Y Z1 )
S
(Z 1 + Z 2 + Y Z1 Z 2 )  V 

 =   R 
I   Y (1 + Y Z2 )  I
 S   R 

5.6 (a)

VR is taken as reference; I = I R + I CR ; I S = I + I CS ;
I CR ⊥ VR (Leading); I CS ⊥ VS (Leading); VR + IR + jIX L = VS
(IR) I ; ( jIX L ) ⊥ I

(b)
R jX L 
(i) I = I + I ;V =V + I + ; I ⊥ V (Leading)
S R C C R R  2  C C
 2
R jX L 
V =V + I + ; V is taken as reference.
S C S  2  R
2

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 (ii) For nominal T-circuit
1  1 
A = 1 + Y Z = D; B = Z 1 + Y Z ; C = Y 
2  4 
For nominal -circuit of part (a)
1  1 
A = D = 1 + Y Z ; B = Z ; C = Y 1 + Y Z  
2  4 

3300
5.7 VS = = 1905.3V (Line-to-neutral)
3
0.553.13 = 0.5 ( 0.6 + j0.8 ) = 0.3 + j0.4

I=
(1200 / 3)103 =
500 103
A
0.8 VR VR

From the phasor diagram drawn below with I as reference,

V 2 = (V cos  + IR ) + (V sin  + IX )
2 2
(1)
S R R R R

 500 10 30.3  500 10 30.4 

2 2

(1905.3) 2 = 0.8V + + 0.6V +
 R   R 
 VR   VR 

From which one gets VR = 1805V

(a) Line-to-line voltage at receiving end = 1805 3
= 3126 V 
= 3.126 kV
(b) Line current is given by
500 103
I= = 277.0 A 
1805

5.8 (a) From phasor diagram of Problem 5.7 solution,

VR cos R + IR = 1805 ( 0.8 ) + ( 277.0  0.3) = 1527.1V
1527.1 1527.1
Sending-End PF = = = 0.80 Lagging 

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 VS 1905.3

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 (b) Sending-End 3-Phase Power = PS = 3 (1905.3)( 277.0 ) 0.8
= 1267 kW 
(c) Three-Phase Line Loss = 1267 −1200 = 67 kW 
or 3 ( 277.0 ) 0.3 = 69 kW
2

  1 mi 
5.9 (a) From Table A.4, R = 0.1128  = 0.0701  / km
mi  1.609 km 

z = 0.0701 + j0.506 = 0.51182.11  / km; y = 3.229 10−6 90 s/km

From Problems 4.14 and 4.25
YZ 1
A = D =1+ = 1+ ( 3.229 10 −6 10090) ( 0.51110082.11)
2 2
= 0.99180.0999 per unit

B = Z = zl = 0.51110082.11 = 51.182.11 
 YZ 
C = Y 1 + = ( 3.229 10 90 )1 + 0.004125172.11
−4

 4 
= 3.216 10 −4 90.033S
218
VR = 0 = 125.90 kVLN
3
300
IR =  − cos −1 0.9 = 0.7945 − 25.84 kA
218 3
Vs = AVR + BI R = 0.99180.0999 (125.9 ) + 51.182.11 ( 0.7945 − 25.84 )
= 151.312.98 kVLN

Vs = 151.3 3 = 262 kVLL

VR NL = VS / A = 262 / 0.9918 = 264.2 kVLL
VRNL − VRFL 264.2 −218
% VR = 100 = 100 = 21.2%
VR FL 218

(b) I R = 0.79450 kA

VS = 0.99180.0999 (125.9 ) + 51.182.11 ( 0.79450 )

= 136.617.2 kVLN ; VS = 136.6 3 = 236.6 kVLL

VR NL = VS / A = 236.6 / 0.9918 = 238.6 kVLL

238.6 −218
% VR = 100 = 9.43%
218

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 (c) I R = 0.794525.84 kA
VS = 124.90.0999 + 40.6107.95 = 118.919.1 kVLN
VS = 118.9 3 = 205.9 kVLL
205.9 −218
% VR = 100 = −5.6%
218

1   1 mi 
5.10 From Table A.4, R = ( 0.0969 )  = 0.0201  /km
3 mi  1.609 km 
From Problems 4.20 and 4.41, z = 0.0201 + j0.335 = 0.33686.6  /km

y = 4.807 10 −6 90 S/km

YZ 1
(a) A = D = 1 + = 1+ ( 0.336 18086.6 ) ( 4.807 10−6 18090)
2 2
= 0.97390.0912 pu
B = Z = zl = 0.336(180)86.6 = 60.4886.6 
 YZ 
C = Y 1 + = ( 4.807 10 18090 ) (1 + 0.0131176.6 )
−6

 4 
= 8.54 10 −4 90.05S
475
(b) VR = 0 = 274.240 kV LN
3
P  cos −1 ( pf ) 1600 cos−1 0.95
IR = R = = 2.04718.19 kA
3VR LL ( pf ) 3 475(0.95)
VS = AVR + B I R = (0.97390.0912)(274.24) + (60.4886.6) ( 2.04718.19 )
= 264.427.02 kVLN ; VS = 264.4 3 = 457.9 kVLL
I = CV + DI = ( 8.54 10 −4 90.05 ) ( 274.24 ) + ( 0.97390.0912 )( 2.04718.19 )
S R R

= 2.07924.42 kA
(c) B
(d) Full- load line losses = PS − PR = 1647 − 1600 = 47 MW
Efficiency = ( PR / PS )100 = (1600 /1647 )100 = 97.1%
(e) VR NL = VS / A = 457.9 / 0.9739 = 470.2 kVLL
VRNL −VRFL 470.2 −475
%VR = 100 = 100 = −1%
VR FL 475

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5.11 (a) The series impedance per phase Z = ( r + j L ) l

= ( 0.15 + j2 (60)1.3263 10 −3 ) 40 = 6 + j20 

220
The receiving end voltage per phase V R = 0 = 1270 kV
3
Complex power at the receiving end S R(3 ) = 381 cos −1 0.8 MVA
= 304.8 + j228.6 MVA
The current per phase is given by S *R (3 ) 3VR*

IR =
( 381 − 36.87)103 = 1000 − 36.87 A
3 1270

The sending end voltage, as per KVL, is given by

V = V + Z I = 1270 + ( 6 + j20 )(1000 − 36.87 ) 10 −3
S R R

= 144.334.93 kV
The sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude is then
VS(L −L ) = 3 (144.33 ) = 250 kV

The sending power is S S (3 ) = 3VS I S* = 3 (144.334.93 )(100036.87 )10 −3

= 322.8 MW+ j288.6 MVAR = 43341.8 MVA
250 −220
Voltage regulation is = 0.136
220
P (3 ) 304.8
Transmission line efficiency is  = R = = 0.944
PS (3 ) 322.8
(b) With 0.8 leading power factor, I R = 100036.87 A
The sending end voltage is VS = VR + Z I R = 121.399.29 kV
The sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude VS (L −L ) = 3 121.39

= 210.26 kV
The sending end power S S (3 ) = 3VS I *
S

= 3 (121.399.29 )(1 − 36.87 ) = 322.8 MW− j168.6 M var

= 3618 − 27.58MVA
210.26 −220
Voltage regulation = = −0.0443
220
P 304.8
Transmission line efficiency  = R(3) = = 0.944
PS (3 ) 322.8

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5.12 (a) The nominal  circuit is shown below:

The total line impedance Z = ( 0.1826 + j0.784 )100 = 18.26 + j78.4

= 80.576.89  /ph.
The line admittance for 100 km is
1 1
Y= 90 = 90 = 0.539110 −3 90S/ph.
XC 185.510 3
100
230
(b) VR = 0 = 132.80 kV
3
200 10 3
IR = 0 = 5020 A (∵ Unity Power Factor )
3 ( 230 )

Y 
I = I +V = 5020 + (132,8000 ) ( 0.27 10 −3 90 )
Z R R  
2
= 502 + j35.86 = 503.34.09A
The sending end voltage VS = 132.80 + ( 0.50334.09 )( 80.576.89 )
= 139.152 + j40.01 = 144.7916.04 kV
The line-to-line voltage magnitude at the sending end is 3 (144.79 ) = 250.784 kV

Y 
IS = I Z + VS   = 502 + j35.86 + (144.7916.04 )( 0.2790 )
2
= 491.2 + j73.46 = 496.78.5 A

Sending end power SS (3 ) = 3 (144.79)(0.4967 ) 16.04 − 8.5

= 213.88 + j28.31MVA
So PS (3 ) = 213.88 MW; QS (3 ) = 28.31MVAR
VS −VR 144.79 − 132.8
(c) Regulation = = = 0.09
VR 132.8
5.13  l = 0.485 = 0.034862 + j0.39848
e l = e 0.034862 e j 0.39848 = 1.035480.39848 radians
= 0.9543 + j0.40178

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 e − l = e −0.034862 e − j 0.39848 = 0.965738 − 0.39848 radians
= 0.89007 − j0.37472
e  l + e − l
cosh  l = = ( 0.9543 + j0.40178 ) + ( 0.89007 − j0.37472 )  2
2
= 0.92219 + j0.01353 = 0.92230.841 pu
Alternatively:

cosh ( 0.034862 + j0.39848 ) = cosh ( 0.034862 ) cos ( 0.39848 radians )

+ j sinh ( 0.034862 ) sin ( 0.39848 radians )
= (1.00060 )( 0.92165 ) + j(0.034869) ( 0.388018 )
= 0.9222 + j0.01353 = 0.92230.841 pu
e −el − l
sinh  l = = ( 0.9543 + j0.40178 ) − ( 0.89007 − j0.37472 ) 2
2
= 0.03212 + j0.38825 = 0.3895885.271 pu
l cosh( l )− 1 ( 0.9222 +j0.01353 )− 1
tanh   = =
2  sinh (  l ) 0.3895885.271

0.07897170.13
= = 0.202784.86 pu
0.3895885.271
z 0.03 +j0.35
5.14 (a) ZC = = = 282.6 − 2.45 
y 4.4 10 −6 90

(b)  l = z y (l) = ( 0.3512885.101) ( 4.4 10−6 90 ) ( 500 )

= 0.62287.55 = 0.02657 + j0.6210 pu
(c) A = D = cosh  l = cosh ( 0.02657 + j0.6210 )
= ( cosh 0.02657 )( cos 0.6210 radians ) + j ( sinh 0.02657 )( sin 0.6210 radians )
= (1.00035 )( 0.8133) + j ( 0.02657 )( 0.5818 )
= 0.8136 + j0.015458 = 0.8137 4.53 pu
sinh  l = sinh ( 0.02657 + j0.6210 )
= sinh ( 0.02657 ) cos ( 0.6210 radians ) + j ( cosh 0.02657 )( sin 0.6210 radians )
= (0.02657)(0.8133) + j(1.0004)(0.5818)
= 0.0216 + j0.5820 = 0.582487.88
B = Z C sinh (  l ) = ( 282.6 − 2.45 )( 0.582487.88 )
= 164.685.43
1 0.582487.88
C= sinh (  l ) = = 2.06110−3 90.3S
ZC 282.6 − 2.45

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5.15 (
VR = 475 )
3 0 = 274.20 kVL −N

R cos ( pf )
−1
P 900cos −1 1.0
IR = = = 1.0940 kA
3VR LL ( pf ) 3 ( 475 )(1.0 )

(a) VS = AVR + B I R = ( 0.8794 0.66 )( 274.20 ) + (134.885.3 )(1.0940 )

= 241.130.66 + 147.47 85.3
= 253.2 + j149.8 = 294.1730.60 kVL− N
VS L−L = 294.17 3 = 509.5 kV
(b) I = CV + D I = (1.688 10−3 90.2 ) ( 274.20 ) + ( 0.87940.66 )(1.0940 )
S R R

= 0.462890.2 + .96210.66
= .9604 + j0.4739 = 1.07126.26 kA
I S = 1.071 kA

(c) PFS = cos ( 32.67 − 24.01) = cos ( 6.41 ) = 0.994 Lagging

(d) PS = 3VS LL I S ( pf S )
= 3 ( 509.5 )(1.071)( 0.994 ) = 939.5 MW

Full-load line losses = PS − PR = 939.5 − 900 = 39.5 MW

(e) VR NL = VS / A = 509.5 / 0.8794 = 579.4 kVL−L
VRNL − VRFL 579.4 −475
% VR = 100 = = 22%
VR FL 475

5.16 Table A.4 three ACSR finch conductors per phase

0.0969   1 mi 
r=   = 0.02  / km
3 mi  1.609 km 
0.33686.6
(a) ZC = z / y = = 264.4 − 1.7 
4.807 10 −6 90

(b)  l = z y l = 0.336  4.807 10 −6 86.6 + 90 ( 300 )

= 0.0113 + j0.381 pu
(c) A = D = cosh (  l ) = cosh ( 0.0113 + j0.381)
= cosh 0.0113 cos 0.381+ j sinh 0.0113 sin 0.381
rad. rad.

= 0.9285 + j0.00418 = 0.92850.258 pu

sinh  l = sinh ( 0.0113 + j0.381)
= sinh 0.0113 cos 0.381+ j cosh 0.0113 sin 0.381
rad. rad.

105
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 =
0.0
10
45
+
j0.
37
15
=
0.3
71
6
88.
39

106
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 B = Z C sinh  l = 264.4 − 1.7 ( 0.371688.39 )
= 98.2586.69
C = sinh  l / Z C = 0.371688.39 ( 264.4 − 1.7 )
= 1.405 10 −3 90.09S

5.17 ( )
VR = 480 / 3 0 = 277.10 kVLN

1500
(a) I R =  − cos −1 0.9 = 1.804 − 25.84 kA
480 3
VS = AVR + B I R = 0.92850.258 ( 277.1) + 98.2586.69 (1.804 − 25.84 )
= 377.424.42 kVLN ; VS = 377.4 3 = 653.7 kVLL
VRNL = VS / A = 653.7 / 0.9285 = 704 kVLL
VRNL − VRFL 704 −480
% VR = 100 = 100 = 46.7%
VR FL 480

(b) VS = 0.92850.258 ( 277.1) + 98.2586.69 (1.8040 )

= 321.433.66 kVLN ; VS = 321.4 3 = 556.7 kVLL
VR NL = VS / A = 556.7 / 0.9285 = 599.5 kVLL
599.5 −480
%VR = 100 = 24.9%
480
(c) VS = 257.30.258 + 177.24112.5
= 251.241.03 kVLN
VS = 251.2 3 = 435.1kVLL
VR NL = VS / A = 435.1/ 0.9285 = 468.6 kVLL
468.6 −480
%VR = 100 = −2.4%
4.80

5.18  l = l y z = 230 ( )
0.843  5.105 10 −6  ( 79.04 + 90 ) 2

= 0.477284.52 = 0.0456 + j0.475 = ( + j  ) l

z 0.8431
ZC = =  ( 79.04 − 90 ) 2 = 406.4 − 5.48 
y 5.105 10 −6

215 125 103

VR = = 124.130 kV/ph.; I R = 0 = 335.70 A
3 3  215
1 1
cosh  l = e 0.0456 27.22 + e −0.0456  − 27.22 = 0.89041.34
2 2

107
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 1 1
sinh  l = e 0.0456 27.22 − e −0.0456  − 27.22 = 0.459784.93
2 2
VS = VR cosh  l + I R ZC sinh  l
= (124.13  0.89041.34 ) + ( 0.3357  406.4 − 5.48  0.459784.93 )
= 137.8627.77 kV
Line-to-Line voltage magnitude at the sending end is 3 137.86 = 238.8 kV
V
I S = I R cosh  l + QR sinh  l = ( 335.7  0.89041.34 ) +
ZC

124,130
 0.459784.93
406.4 − 5.48
= 332.3126.33 A
Sending-end line current magnitude is 332.31 A
PS ( 3 ) = 3 ( 238.8 )( 332.31) cos ( 27.77 − 26.33 ) = 137, 433 kW
QR ( 3 ) = 3 ( 238.8 )( 332.31) sin ( 27.77 − 26.33 ) = 3454 kVAR

Voltage Regulation =
(137.86 / 0.8904 ) − 124.13 = 0.247
124.13
( Note that at no load, I R = 0; VR = VS / cosh  l )

since  = 0.475 / 230 = 0.002065 rad/ km

2 2
The wavelength  = = = 3043 km
 0.002065
and the velocity of propagation = f  = 60  3043
= 182,580 km / s
5.19 Choosing a base of 125 MVA and 215 kV,
( 215)
2
125 103
Base Impedance = = 370 ; Base Current = = 335.7 A
125 3  215
406.4−5.48
So Z C = = 1.098 − 5.48 pu; V R = 10 pu
370

The load being at unity pf, I R = 1.00 pu

VS = VR cosh  l + I R Z C sinh  l

= (10  0.89041.34 ) + (10 1.098 − 5.48  0.459784.93 )

= 1.110227.75pu

108
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 VQR
I S = I R cosh  l + Z sinh  l
C

 
= (10  0.89041.34 ) + 
1.00
 0.459784.93
 1.098 − 5.48 
= 0.99 26.35 pu
At the sending end
Line to line voltage magnitude = 1.1102  215
= 238.7 kV
Line Current Magnitude = 0.99  335.7
= 332.3 A
5.20 (a) Let  =  l = ZY
ZY Z 2Y 2 Z 3Y 3
Then A = 1 + + + + …which iscosh  l
2 24 720

 ZY Z2Y 2  Z 3Y 3
B = ZC 1 + + + + …  which is Z C sinh  l
 6 120 5040 
1 1  ZY Z Y 2 2
Z 3Y 3 
C =  sinh  l =  1 + + + + …
ZC Zc  6 120 5040 
D= A

Considering only the first two terms,

ZY 
A = D =1+ 
2 
 ZY 
B = ZC 1 +  
 6 
1  ZY 
C=
Z c 
1+ 
6 
(b) Refer to Table 5.1 of the text.

A− 1 Y
For Nominal- circuit: = ;B= Z 

B 2
A −1 Y
For Equivalent- circuit: = ; B = Z 
B 2

5.21 Eq. (5.1.1): Vs = AVR + BI R

109
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V
S
I
S
=
A
V
R
I
S
+
B
I
R
I
S

110
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 Substituting I S = CVR + DI R and A = D

VS I S = A VR I S + BI R (CVR + AI R )

Now adding VR I R on both sides,

V I + V I = AV I + ( BC + 1) V I + BAI 2
S S R R R S R R R

But A 2 − BC = 1

Hence V I + V I = AV I + A 2V I + BAI 2 = A (V I + V I )
S S R R R S R R R S S R
R

V I +V I
 A = QS S R R 
VR I S + VS I R
VS −QAVR
Now B = ; substituting the above result
IR

VS VR  VQSI S +VRI R 
For A , one obtains B = −  
I R I R  VR I S + VS I R 
V V I + V 2I − V V I − V 2 I
S R S S R R S S R R
Thus B =
I (V I + V I )
R R S S R

V2 −V2
or B =  SQ QRQ 
VR I S + VS I R
1
e +e −
 +X
5.22 A= ; with X = e −
, A= X
2 2

or X 2 − 2 AX + 1 = 0 ; Substituting X = X1 + jX 2

And A = A1 + jA2 , one gets

X12 − X 22 + 2 jX1 X 2 − 2  A1 X1 − A2 X 2 + j ( A2 X1 + A1 X 2 ) + 1 = 0

which implies X 2 − X 2 − 2  A X − A X  + 1 = 0
1 2 1 1 2 2 
 
and X1 X 2 − ( A2 X1 + A1 X 2 ) = 0 

5.23 Equivalent  circuit:

Z  = B = 134.885.3 = (11.0 + j134.3 )  = R + jx

111
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 Alternatively:
sinh l
Z  = Z F1 = ( zl )
l
 0.477187.75 
= ( 0.3512885.1 ) 400  
 0.497387.55 
= 134.885.3 
 
Y Y yl yl  cosh  l − 1 
= F2 = tanh
 ( l/2 ) ( l/2 )  = l 
2 2 2 2    sinh  l
2 

 4.4 10 −6   0.87931 + j0.01013 − 1 

= 90  ( 400 )  
 2  ( 0.248787.55 )( 0.477187.75 )
G+jB
= 8.98110 −4 89.9S = (1.57 10 −6 + j8.98110 −4 )S =
2

R = 11  is 8% smaller than R = 12

X = 134.3 is 4% smaller than X = 140 

B / 2 = 8.98110 −4 S is 2% larger than Y / 2 = 8.8 10 −4 S

G / 2 = 1.57 10 −6 S is introduced into the equivalent  circuit.

110
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5.24 Z  = B = 98.2586.69 = 5.673 + j98.09
 
Y Y  4.807   coshl− 1 
= F = 10 90  300
−6

  2    l 
2 2 2
     sinh  l
 2 

 
 1.442  0.9285 +j0.00418 − 1 
= 10 90  
−3

 2   0.3812 88.3 ( 0.371688.39 ) 
2
 −0.0715 +j0.00418 
= 7.2110 −4 90 
 0.0708176.7 
= 6.37 10 −7 + j7.294 10 −4 S

R = 5.673  is 5.5% smaller than R = 6 

X = 98.09  is 2.4% smaller than X = 100.5 

B / 2 = 7.294 10 −4 S is 1.2% larger than Y / 2 = 7.21110 −4 S

G / 2 = 6.37 10 −7 S is introduced into the equivalent  circuit

5.25 The long line -equivalent circuit is shown below:

111
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 z = ( 0.1826 + j0.784 )  / km per phase
1 1
y= = = 5.39110−6 90S/ km per phase
xc  − 90 185.5 103  − 90

 = y z ; Z = zl = 160.9976.89 ; Y = yl = 1.078 10−3 90S

tanh ( l/ 2 )
F1 = ( sinh  l ) /  l = 0.9720.37; F2 = = 1.0144 − 0.19
l / 2

sinh l
 Z = Z = 156.4877.26 
l

Y Y  tanh (  l / 2 ) 
=
 = 0.5476 10 89.81S
−3

2 2  l/2 

Y
Z  = I R + VR
IQ = 5020 + (132,800 0 ) ( 0.5476 10 −3 89.81 )
2

= 507.5 8.24 A
VS = VR + I Z  Z  = 132,8000 + 507.58.24 (156.4877.26 )
= 160,835 29.45 V
(a) Sending end line to line voltage magnitude = 3160.835 = 278.6 kV

 Y
(b) I = I + V = 507.58.24 + 160.835 ( 0.5476 ) 29.45 + 89.81
Z S  
2
S

= 482.93 18.04 A; I S = 482.93A


(c) SS ( 3 ) = 3VS I S = 3 (160.835 )( 0.48293 ) 29.45 − 18.04

= 228.41 MW+ j46.1 M var

160.835 − 132.8
(d) Percent voltage regulation = 100 = 21.1%
132.8

z j0.34
5.26 (a) Z = = = 274.90 = 274.9 
j4.5 10−6
C
y
(b)  l = z y ( l ) = ( j0.34) ( j4.5 10−6 ) ( 350 ) = j0.4330 pu

(c)  l = j (  l ) ;  l = 0.4330 pu

112
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 A = D = cos (  l ) = cos ( 0.4330 radians ) = 0.90770 pu
B = j Z C sin (  l ) = j ( 274.9 ) sin ( 0.4330 radians )
= j115.35 
 1   1 
C = j  sin (  l ) = j  274.9  sin (0.4330 radians )
 ZC   
= j1.516 10−3 S

113
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 (d)  = 0.4330 / 350 = 1.237 10 radians/ km
−3

 = 2 / = 5079 km
( 500 )
2 2
Vrated
(e) SIL = = = 909.4 MW ( 3 )
L− L

ZC 274.9
5.27 Z  = B = j115.35 

5.28 (a) VR = VS A = 500 / 0.9077 = 550.8 kV

(b) VR = VS = 500 kV

 VR 
(c) V = cos (  l ) .V + ( j Z sin  l )
S R C 1 
 1 ZC 
VS = cos  l + jZ sin  l VR

VS = 500 cos 0.4330 radians + j2 sin 0.4330 radians

= 500 1.24 = 404.5 kV
VS VR ( 500 )( 500 )
(d) Pmax 3 = = = 2167.32 MW
X 115.35

5.29 Reworking Problem 5.9:

(a) z = j0.506  / km

1
( 3.229 10−4 90) ( 50.690) = 0.9918 pu
YZ
A = D =1+ =1+

2 2
B = Z = zl = j50.6 
 YZ 
C = Y 1 + = 3.229 10 90 (1 − 0.004085 )
−4

 4 
= 3.216 10 −4 90S
VS = AVR + B I R = 0.9918 (125.9 ) + j50.6 ( 0.7945 − 25.84 )
= 146.914.26 kVLN
VS = 146.9 3 = 254.4 kVLL
VR NL = VS / A = 254.4 / 0.9918 = 256.5 kVLL
VRNL −VRFL 256.5 −218
% VR = 100 = 100 = 17.7%
VR FL 218

(b) VS = 0.9918 (125.9 ) + j50.6 ( 0.79450 )

114
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 =
124.86
+ j40.2
=
131.2
17.85
kVLN
VS = 131.2
3 = 227.2
kVLL
VR NL = VS /
A = 227.2 /
0.9918 =
229.1kV

% VR =
229.1 −218

100 =
5.08%
2
1
8

115
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 (c) Vs = 0.9918 (125.9 ) + j 50.6 ( 0.794525.84 )
= 107.34 + j36.18 = 113.318.63
VS = 113.3 3 = 196.2 kVLL
VR NL = VS / A = 196.2 / 0.9918 = 197.9 kV
197.9 −218
% VR = 100 = −9.22%
218
Next, reworking Prob. 5.16:
(a) ZC = z / y = j0.335 / j4.807 10 −6 = 264 

(b)  l = z yl = j0.335 ( j4.807 10 −6 ) ( 300 ) = j0.3807 pu

(c) A = D = cos  l = cos ( 0.3807 radians ) = 0.9284 pu

B = jZ c sin  l = j264 sin ( 0.3807 radians ) = j98.1 
 1  1
C = j  sin  l = j sin (0.3807 radians ) = j1.408 10 −3 S
 C
Z 264
0
Ln ( Deq/ D )
z L SL

5.30 Z = = 1
= 2

D 
C
y C1
2 0 / Ln  Q eq 
D
 SC 
  Deq   Deq  
 Ln   Ln  D  
0  DSL   SC  
Z =
 
o  2 
C

Characteristic Geometric factors

  
impedence
of free space

0 4 10 −7
where I = = 377 
0  1 
 36 10
−9

 
1 1
= =
L1C1 0  Deq   Deq 
Ln 2 / Ln
2   0 D 
 DSL   SC 

 
 1  Ln ( Deq / DSC ) 


=  
     Ln ( D / D ) 
0 0 eq SL
116
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  
 
Free space
velocity of
 Geometric factors 
propagation

1 1 m
where = = 3.0 108
 0 0
( 4 10 −7
 1

)
10 −9


s

 36 

117
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 For the 765 kV line in Example 5.10,
Deq = 3 (14)(14)(28) = 17.64 m
 .0403 
( 0.457 ) = 0.202 m
3
DSL = 1.091 4  
 3.28 
 1.196 
D = 1.0914 (.0254 )( 0.457 )3 = 0.213m
SC  2 

  17.64  Ln  17.64  
 Ln    0.213  
0.202   
Z C = 377 = 267 
 2 
 

Ln (17.64 / .213 ) m
 = 3 108 = 2.98 10 8
Ln (17.64 / .202 ) s

5.31 (a) For a lossless line,  =  LC = 2 ( 60 ) 0.97  0.0115 10 −9

= 0.001259 rad/km
0.97 10 −3
ZC = L / C = = 290.43 
0.0115 10 −6

1 1
Velocity of propagation  = = = 2.994 105 km/s
LC 0.97  0.0115 10 −9

and the line wave length is  =  / f =

1
60 ( )
2.994 103 = 4990 km

500
(b) VR = 0 kV = 288.6750 kV

3
800
SR ( 3 ) =  cos−1 0.8 = 800 + j600 MVA = 100036.87 MVA
0.8

/ 3V * =
(1000 − 36.87)103 = 1154.7 − 36.87 A
I = S*
R ( 3 )
3  288.6750
R R

Sending end voltage VS = cos  lVR + jZ c sin  lI R

 l = 0.001259  300 = 0.3777 rad = 21.641
VS = 0.9295 ( 288.6750 ) + j ( 290.43 ) 0.3688 (1154.7 − 36.87 ) (10 −3 )
= 356.5316.1 kV
Sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude = 3 356.53
= 617.53 kV

118
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 1
I =j sin  l V + cos  l I
S R R
ZC
1
=j 0.3688 ( 288.6750 )103 + 0.9295 (1154.7 − 36.87 )
290.43
= 902.3 − 17.9A; Line current = 902.3A
SS (3 ) = 3VS I S = 3 ( 356.5316.1 )( 902.3 − 17.9 )10 −3
= 800 MW+ j539.672 MVAR

Percent voltage regulation =

( 356.53 / 0.9295) − 288.675 100
288.675
= 32.87%
2 360 360
5.32 (a) The line phase constant is  l = l = l= 315

 rad
 3000
= 22.68
From the practical line loadability,

VS puVR pu ( SIL ) (1.0 )( 0.9 )( SIL ) sin 36.87

P3 = sin  ; 700 =
sin  l sin 22.68

SIL = 499.83MW
( kV )
2

Since SIL = kV = Z ( SIL ) = ( 320 )( 499.83)

L rated
MW,
L c
Zc
= 400 kV
(b) The equivalent line reactance for a lossless line is
X  = Z c sin  l = 320 ( sin 22.68 ) = 123.39 
For a lossless line, the maximum power that can be transmitted under steady-state
condition occurs for a load angle of 90.
With VS = 1pu = 400 kV ( L − L ) , VR = 0.9 pu = 0.9 ( 400 ) kV ( L − L )

Theoretical Maximum Power =

( 400 )( 0.9  400 ) 1
123.39
= 1167 MW

119
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5.33 (a) V2 = Z C I 2 since the line is terminated in Z C .

Then V1 = V2 ( cosh  l + sinh  l ) = V2 e l = V2 el e j l (1)

I1 = I 2 ( cosh  l + sinh  l ) = I 2 e l = I 2 el e j l (2)


V1
=
V2
= ZC  ( Note : =  + j )
I1 I2

V2
(b) V = V = V el or = e −l From (1) 
1 1 2
V1
I2
(c) = e −l From (2) 
I1

(d) −S21 = V2I 2 = V1e− l e− j  l I1 e− l e j  l

= S12e −2 l
S21
Thus − = e −2 l 
S12
which is ( I 22 / I 12 ) .
(e) Noting that  is real,
−P21
= = e−2l 
P12

120
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 L
5.34 For a lossless line, Z C = C , Eq. (5.4.3) of text which is pure real, i.e. resistive.

 = j  is pure imaginary;  =  LC ;  = 0

V2 I 2 −S21 −P21
 = = = = = 1
V1 I1 S12 P12

P12 = Re ( V1 I1 ) = Re ZC I12 = Z C I12 Since Z C is real.

Since I = V / Z , P = V 2 / Z 
1 1 C 12 1 C

5.35 Open circuited  I 2 = 0; Lossless   = 0;  = j  .

Short line: V1 = V2

 ZY   ( l )2  
Medium Line: Nominal  : V1 = 1 + V = 1 + V2 
2  2  
  2  

 (  l )2  
= 1 − V2  
 2  

Long Line: Equiv.  : V1 = V2 cosh  l = V2 cos  l 


Note: The first two terms in the series expansion of

(l)
2

cos  l are 1 −
2
While V1 = V2 in the case of short-line model, 

the voltage at the open receiving end is higher 
 
than that at the sending end,for small  l,for 
the medium and long-line models. 
5.36 From Problem 5.7 solution, see Eq. (1)
V 2 = V 2 + 2V I ( R cos  + X sin  ) + I 2 ( R2 + X 2 )
S R R R R

Using P = VR I cos R and Q = VR I sin R , one gets

1
−V 2 + V 2 + 2PR + 2QX + ( P 2 + Q2 )( R2 + X 2 ) = 0 (2)
S R
VR2
In which only P and Q vary.

121
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 For maximum power, dP / dQ = 0 :
dP 2X + 2QC R2 + X 2
=− , WhereC =
dQ 2R + 2PC VR2

dP VR2 X
and for = 0, Q = − 

dQ R2 + X 2
Substituting the above in (2), after some algebraic simplification, one gets
VR 2  ZVS 
PMAX = 2
− R 
Z  VR 

where Z = R 2 + X 2 .

*
2
V −V V V V*
5.37 (a) S = V I * = V 1I I 2  = 1
− 1I 2

12 1 1 1 
 Z  Z* Z*
V2 VV
= 1 e j Z − 1 2 e j Z e j12  (1)
Z Z
which is the power sent by V1 .

V22 jZ V2 V1 jz − j12

S21 = e − e e
Z Z
V22 jz
V2V1 jz − j12
and
−S21 = − e + e e 2
Z Z

which is the power received by V2 .

(b)
(i) With V1 = V2 = 1.0
S12 = 185 − 195 = 0.1743 
 
−S21 = −185 + 175 = 0.1717 − j0.0303 
(ii) With V1 = 1.1 and V2 = 0.9

S12 = 1.2185 − 0.9995 = 0.1917 + j0.2192 

 
−S21 = −0.8185 + 0.9975 = 0.1856 + j0.1493 

Comparing, P12 has not changed much, 

 
but Q12 and − Q21 have changed considerably.
122
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5.38 From Problem 5.14
A = 0.87940.66 pu; A = 0.8794 and  A = 0.66

B = Z  = 134.885.3 ; Z = 134.8 and  Z = 85.3

Using Eq. (5.5.6)

123
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 500 500 ( 0.8794 )( 500 ) 2
PR max = − cos ( 85.3 − 0.66 )
134.8 134.8

= 1854.6 −152.4 = 1702 MW ( 3 )

For this loading at unity power factor,
P 1702
IR = = = 1.966 kA / Phase
Rmax

3 VR LL ( PF ) 3 ( 500 )(1.0 )

From Table A.4, the thermal limit for 3 ACSR 1113 kcmil conductors is
31.11 = 3.33 kA/ p hase. The current 1.966 kA corresponding to the theoretical steady-
state stability limit is well below the thermal limit of 3.33 kA.
5.39
Line Length 200 km 600 km
ZC  282.6 − 2.45 282.6 − 2.45
l pu 0.248687.55 0.745987.55
A=D pu 0.96940.1544 0.73561.685
B  69.5485.15 191.885.57
C S 8.7110−4 90.05 2.40310 −3 90.47
PR max MW 3291 1201

The thermal limit of 3.33 kA/phase corresponds to 3 ( 500 ) 3.33 = 2884 MW at 500 kV
and unity power factor.

5.40 A = 0.92850.258 pu; A = 0.9285,  A = 0.258

B = Z  = 98.2586.69 ; Z = 98.25, Z = 86.69

(a) Using Eq. (5.5.6)

500  500 0.9285(500)2

PR max = − cos(86.69 − 0.258)
98.25 98.25

= 2544.5 − 147 = 2397.5 MW

(b) Using Eq. (5.5.4) with  =  Z :
−AV 2 −0.9285(500)2
Q = Q  R sin ( −  = sin ( 86.69 − 0.258 )
R
Z Z A )
98.25

QR = −2358 MVAR Delivered to receiving end

QR = +2358 MVAR Absorbed by line at the receiving end

 Q   2358 
Receiving end pf = cos  tan −1 R  = cos  tan −1 
120
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  PR   2397.5 

= 0.713 Leading

121
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5.41 (a) Z = zl = ( 0.088 + j0.465 )100 = 8.8 + j46.5 

Y yl
= = ( j3.524 10 −6 )100 / 2 = j0.1762 mS
2 2
( 230 )
2

Z base = V 2
L S3 base = = 529 
base 100

 Z = ( 8.8 + j46.5 ) / 529 = 0.0166 + j0.088 pu

Y
= j0.1762 (1/ 0.529 ) = j0.09321pu
2

The nominal  circuit for the medium line is shown below:

<<Figure 12>>

(b) S3 rated = VL rated I L 3 = 230 ( 0.9 ) 3 = 358.5 MVA

rated

ZY
(c) A = D = 1 + = 1 + ( 8.8 + j46.5 ) ( 0.1762 10 −3 ) = 0.99180.1
2

B = Z = 8.8 + j46.5 = 47.3279.3 

Z Y2
C =Y + = 0.175590.04mS
4
(d) SIL = V 2 Z
L rated C

z 0.088 +j0.465
Z = = 103 = 366.6 − 5.36 
C
y j3.524
SIL = ( 230 ) 366.6 = 144.3MVA
2


2  360  360
5.42 l = l radians = l = ( 500 ) = 36
  
   5000
Using Eq. (5.4.29) of the text,
1.0  0.9 ( SIL )
460 = sin 36.87
sin 36
10.9SIL
=
0.5878
( 0.6 )
From which SIL = 500.7 MW

122
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 From Eq. (5.4.21) of the text,

VL −L = ( ZC ) SIL = ( 500.7 ) 500 = 500.3 kV

123
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 Nominal voltage level for the transmission line is
500 kV 
For  loss less line, X = Z C sin  l
= 500 sin 36 = 293.9 
From Eq. (5.4.27) of the text,

P3 max =
( 500 )( 0.9  500 ) = 765.6 MW 
293.9

5.43 The maximum amount of real power that can be transferred to the load at unity pf with a
bus voltage greater than 0.9 pu (688.5 kV) is 2950 MW.

5.44 The maximum about of reactive power transfer that can be transferred to the load with a
bus voltage greater than 0.9 pu is 650 Mvar.

5.45 (a) Using Eq. (5.5.3) with  = 35

( 500 )( 0.95500 ) cos ( 0.8794 )( 0.95500 )2
PR = ( 85.3 − 35) − cos ( 85.3 − 0.66 )
134.8 134.8
= 1125.4 −137.5 = 987.9 MW (3 )

124
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 PR = 988 MW is the practical line loadability provided that the voltage drop limit and
thermal limits are not exceeded.
PR 987.9
(b) I = = = 1.213 kA

3 VR LL ( PF ) 3 ( 0.95  500 )( 0.99 )

R FL

(c) VS = AVR FL + B I R FL

 = ( 0.87940.66 ) ( V R FL0 ) + (134.885.3 )(1.2138.109 )

500

3
288.68 = 0.8794VR FL 0.66 + 163.593.41
288.68 = ( 0.8793VR FL − 9.725 ) + j ( 0.01013VR FL + 163.21)
Taking the squared magnitude of the above equation:
83333 = 0.7733V 2 − 13.8V + 26732
R FL R FL

Solving the above quadratic equation:

13.8 + (13.8)2 + 4 ( 0.7733)( 56601)
VR FL = = 279.6 kVL − N
2 ( 0.7733)

VR FL = 279.6 3 = 484.3kVL−L = 0.969 pu

(d) VR NL = VS /A = 500 0.8794 = 568.6 kVL −L
568.6 −484.3
% VR = 100 = 17%
484.3
(e) From Problem 5.38, thermal limit is 3.33 kA. Since VR FL / VS = 484.3 / 500
= 0.969  0.95, and the thermal limit of 3.33 kA is greater than 1.213kA, the voltage
drop it and thermal limits are not exceeded at PR = 987.9 MW . Therefore, loadability
is determined by stability.

5.46 A = 0.97390.0912pu; A = 0.9739,  A = 0.0912

B = Z = 60.4886.6 ; Z = 60.48,  Z = 86.6

(a) Using Eq. (5.5.3) with  = 35 :
2
500( 0.95500) 0.9739( 0.95500)
PR = cos ( 86.6 − 35 ) − cos ( 86.6 − 0.0912 )
60.48 60.48
= 2439.2 − 221.2 = 2218 MW ( 3 )

PR = 2218 MW is the line loadability if the voltage drop and thermal limits are not
exceeded.
PR 2218
(b) I = = = 2.723 kA

3VR LL ( pf ) 3 ( 0.95 500 )( 0.99 )

R FL

125
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 (c) VS = AVR + BI R

126
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
  = ( 0.97390.0912 ) V R FL0 + 60.4886.6 ( 2.7238.11 )
500

3
288.68 = ( 0.9739VR FL − 13.55 ) + j ( 0.0016VR FL + 164.14 )
Taking the squared magnitude of the above
83,333 = 0.93664V 2 − 25.6V + 27,126
R FL R FL

Solving the above quadratic equation:

25.60 + ( 25.60 )2 + 4 (.93664 )( 56,207 )
VR FL = = 250.68 kVLN
2 ( 0.9678 )

VR FL = 250.68 3 = 434.18 kVLL = 0.868 per unit for this load current, 2.723 kA, the

voltage drop limit VR / VS = 0.95 is exceeded. The thermal limit, 3.33 kA is not
exceeded. Therefore the voltage drop limit determines loadability for this line. Based
on VR FL = .95 per unit , IRFL is calculated as follows:

VS = AVR FL + B I R FL
 0.95500 
0 + 60.4886.6 ( I 8.11 )
500
 = ( 0.97390.0912 )  R FL

3  3 
288.68 = 267.090.0912 + 60.48I R FL 94.71
= ( −4.966I R FL + 267.09 ) + j ( 60.28I R FL + 0.4251)
Taking squared magnitudes;
83,333 = 3658 I 2 − 2601 I + 71,337
R FL R FL

Solving the quadratic:

2601 + ( 2601)2 + 4 ( 3658 )(11,996 )
I R FL = = 2.2 kA
2 ( 3658 )

At 0.99 pf leading, the practical line loadability for the line is

PR = 3 ( 0.95  500 ) 2.2 ( 0.99 ) = 1792 MW

which is based on the voltage drop limit VR / VS = 0.95.

(d) VR NL = VS / A = 500 / 0.9739 = 513.4 kVLL
513.4 ( 500  0.95 )
% VR = 100 = 8.08%
500  0.95

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5.47 (a) l = 200 kM; The steady-state limit is:

500( 0.95500)
PR = cos ( 86.15 − 35 )
69.54
0.9694( 0.95500)
2

− cos ( 85.14 − 0.154 )

69.54
= 1914 MW

PR 1914
IR FL = = = 2.35 kA
3 VR FL ( PF ) 3 ( 0.95  500 )( 0.99 )

VS = AVR FL + B I R FL

 = ( 0.96940.154 ) (VR FL0 ) + ( 69.5485.15 )( 2.358.109 )

500

288.675 = ( 0.9694VR FL − 9.29 ) + j ( 0.0026VR FL + 163.1)

Taking the squared magnitude:
83333. = 0.9397 V 2 −17.16V + 26707
R FL R FL

Solving

17.16 + (17.16 )2 + 4 ( 0.9397 )( 56626 )

VR FL = = 254.8kVL− N
2 ( 0.9397 )

VR FL = 254.8 3 = 441.3kVL−L = 0.8825 pu

The voltage drop limit VR FL VS  0.95 is not satisfied.

At the voltage drop limit:

VS = AVR FL + B I R FL
500  0.95500 
 = ( 0.96940.154 )  0 +
3  3 
( 69.5485.15) ( I R FL 8.109 )
288.675 = ( 265.85 − 3.953I R FL ) + j ( 0.715 + 69.4I R FL )
83333 = 70677 − 2003 I R FL + 4836I 2R FL

2003 + ( 2003)2 + 4 ( 4836 )(12656 )

I R FL = = 1.84 kA
2 ( 4836 )

The practical line loadability for this 200-km line is

128
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 PR FL = 3 ( 0.95 500 )1.84 ( 0.99 ) = 1499 MW

at VR FL VS = 0.95 pu and at 0.99 pf leading.

129
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 (b) l = 600 kM
2

500( 0.95500 ) 0.7356( 0.95500 )

PR = cos ( 85.57 − 35 ) − cos ( 85.57 −1.685 )
191.8 191.8
= 786.5 − 92.3 = 694.2 MW
The practical line loadability is 694.2 MW corresponding to steady-state stability for
the 600-km line.
5.48 (a) SIL = ( 345 ) 300 = 396.8MW
2

Neglecting losses and using Eq. (5.4.29)

10.95( SIL ) sin 35
P= = 1.48 ( SIL ) = 1.48 ( 396.8 ) = 587.3 MW/line
 2 ( 300 ) 
sin  radians 
 5000 

2000
Number of 345-kV lines = + 1 = 3.4 + 1 ≃ 5 Lines
587.3
( 500 )
2

(b) For 500-kV lines, SIL = = 909.1MW

275
P = 1.48 ( SIL ) = 1.48  909.1 = 1345.6 MW/ Line
2000
Number of 500-kV Lines = + 1 = 1.49 + 1 ≃ 3Lines
1345.6
( 765)
2

(c) For 765-kV lines, SIL = = 2250.9 MW

260
P = 1.48 ( SIL ) = 1.48  2250.9 = 3331.3MW/ Line
2200
Number of 765-kV lines = + 1 = 0.6 + 1 ≃ 2 Lines
3331.3
5.49 (a) Using Eq. (5.4.29):
10.95 ( SIL ) sin35
P= = 1.48 ( SIL )
 2 ( 300 ) 
sin  radians 
 5000 

P = 1.48 ( 396.8 ) = 587.3 MW / 345 − kV Line

3200
#345-kV Lines = + 1 = 5.4 + 1 ≃ 7 Lines
587.3
P = 1.48 ( 909.1) = 1345.5 MW / 500 − kV Line
3200
#500-kV Lines = + 1 = 2.4 + 1 ≃ 4 Lines
1345.5
P = 1.48(2250.9) = 3331.3 MW / 765 − kV Line

130
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 3200
#765-kV Lines = + 1 = 0.96 + 1 ≃ 2 Lines
3331.3

131
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 (1)(.95 )( SIL )( sin 35 ) = 1.131
(b) P =  2400 
( SIL )
sin radians
 5000 
 
P = 1.131( 396.8 ) = 448.8 MW / 345 − kV Line
2000
#345-kV Lines = + 1 = 4.5 + 1 = 6 Lines
448.8
P = (1.131)( 909.1) = 1028.3 MW / 500 kV Line
2000
#500-kV Lines = + 1 = 1.94 + 1 = 3Lines
1028.3
P = (1.131)( 2250.9 ) = 2545.9 MW / 765 kV Line
2000
#765-kV Lines = + 1 = 0.79 + 1 = 2 Lines
2545.9

5.50  l = ( 9.46 10 −4 )( 300 )(180 /  ) = 16.26

Real power for one transmission circuit P = 4000 / 4 = 1000 MW
VSpuVRpu( SIL )
From the practical line loadability, P3 = sin 
sin  l

(1.0)(0.9)(SIL)
or 1000 = sin(36.87)
sin16.26
From which SIL = 518.511MW
Since SIL = ( kV ) Z  MW
2

L rated C

kVL = Z C ( SIL ) = ( 343) (518.5) = 422 kV

| V || V |  −  ւ | A || V |2  − 
5.51 To show: P + jQ = R S Q
− RQ

R R
|B| |B|
(a) The phasor diagram corresponding to the above equation is shown below:

132
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 (b) By shifting the origin from 0 to 0, the power diagram is shown in Fig. (b) above.
For a given load and a given value of | VR | , 0A = | VR | | VS | | B | the loci of point A
will be a set of circles of radii 0 A, one for each of the set of values of | VS | . Portions
of two such circles (known as receiving-end circles) are shown below:

(c) Line 0A in the figure above is the load line whose intersection with the power circle
determines the operating point. Thus, for a load (with a lagging power-factor angle
 R ) A and C are the operating points corresponding to sending-end voltages | VS1 | and
| VS 2 | , respectively. These operating points determine the real and reactive power
received for the two sending-end voltages.
The reactive power that must be supplied at the receiving end in order to maintain
constant | VR | when the sending-end voltage decreases from | VS1 | to | VS 2 | is given by
AB, which is parallel to the reactive-power axis.

5.52 (a) See Problem 5.37(a) solution: Eqs. (1) and (2) with the substitution of Z  for Z ,
adding the contribution of the complex power consumed by Y  / 2 , using Eq. (1) of
Problem 5.37(a) solution, one gets
Y * V12 V1V2
S = V2 + − e j12 
12 1
2 Z* Z*

Y
Similarly, subtracting the complex power consumed in (on the right-hand side in
2
Fig. 5.17),
For the received power, one has
Y * V22 V1V2
−S = − V2 − + e− j12 
21 2 * *
2 Z Z

Except for the additional constant terms, the equations have the same form as those in
Problem 5.37.

133
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 (b) For a lossless line, Z C = L / C is purely real and  = j  is purely imaginary. Also

tanh (  l / 2 ) tan (  l / 2 )
Y = Y = j c and Z  = Z C sinh( l)
l/2 l / 2

which becomes jZ C sinh(  l) .

Note: Y  is now the admittance of a pure capacitance;

Z  is now the impedance of a pure inductance.
Active power transmitted, P12 = −P21
V1 2 sin 12
And P = 
ZC sin (  l )
12

Using Eq. (5.4.21) of the text for SIL

sin 12
P =P 
sin (  l )
12 SIL

(c) For  l = 0.002l radians = (0.1146l) , and 12 = 45 ,

Applying the result of part (b), one gets
P12 1
= 0.707 
PSIL sin ( 0.1146l ) 

(d) Thermal limit governs the short lines;


Stability limit prevails for long lines.  

5.53 The maximum power that can be delivered to the load is 10,250 MW.
5.54 For 8800 MW at the load the load bus voltage is maintained above 720 kV even if 2 lines
are taken out of service (8850 MW may be OK since the voltage is 719.9 kV).

134
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5.55 From Problem 5.23, the shunt admittance of the equivalent  circuit without compensation is
Y  = G + jB = 2 (1.57 10 −6 + j8.98110 −4 ) = ( 3.14 10 −6 + j1.796 10 −3 ) S

With 65% shunt compensation, the equivalent shunt admittance is

 65 
Yeq = 3.14 10 −6 + j1.796 1 −  = 3.14 10 + j6.287 10
−6 −4
100
 
= 6.287 10 89.71S
−4

Since there is no series compensation

Z eq = Z = 134.885.3 

The equivalent A parameter of the compensated line is

Yeq Zeq
Aeq = 1 + = 1 + 1 ( 6.287 10 −4 89.71 ) (134.885.3 )
2 2
= 0.95780.22 pu
The no-load voltage is
VR NL = VS Aeq = 526.14 0.9578 = 549.6 kVL −L

where VS is obtained from Problem 5.15.

VR FL = 475 kVL −L is the same as given in Problem 5.15, since the shunt reactors are

removed at full load. Therefore

VRNL −VRFL 549.6 −475
% VR = 100 = 100 = 15.7%
VR FL 475
The impedance of each shunt reactor is

−1 −1
 B 1 
Z =j ( 0.65 )  = j 1.796 10−3  0.65
reactor 2  2 
   

= j1713 / phase, at each end of the line.

5.56 (a) VS = 653.7 kVLL (same as Problem 5.17)

Yeq = 2 6.37 10 −7 + j7.294 10 −4 (1 − 0.5 )  from Problem 5.18

= 1.274 10 −6 + j7.294 10 −4 = 7.294 10 −4 87.5S

Z eq = Z  = 98.2586.69 
Yeq Zeq
= 1 + ( 7.294 10 −4 87.5 ) ( 98.2586.69 )
1
Aeq = 1 +
2 2
= 1 + 0.0358174.19 = 0.9644 + j0.0036 = 0.96440.21

130
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 VRNL = VS / Aeq = 653.7 / 0.9644 = 677.8 kVLL
677.8 −480
% VR = 100 = 41.2%
480
(b) VS = 556.7 kVLL (same as Problem 5.17)

VR NL = VS / A = 556.7 / 0.9644 = 577.3 kVLL

577.3 −480
% VR = 100 = 20.3%
480
(c) VS = 435.1kVLL (same as Problem 5.17)
VR NL = VS / A = 435.1/ 0.9644 = 451.2 kVLL
451.2 −480
% VR = 100 = −6%
480
5.57 From Problem 5.23

Z  = R + jX  = (11.0 + j134.3 ) 
Based on 40% series compensation, half at each end of the line, the impedance of each
series capacitor is
1
Z CAP = − jXCAP = − j
2
( 0.4 )(134.3) = − j26.86  / phase (at each end)
Using the ABCD parameters from Problem 5.14, the equivalent ABCD parameters of the
compensated line are
 Aeq Beq  1 − j26.86  0.87940.66 134.885.3 
C D =  1.688 10 90.2 0.87940.66 
−3

eq  0 1 
eq
 Sending-end uncompensated line
compensated line
seriescapacitors

1 − j26.86 
 
 0 1 
receiving-
end
seriescapacitor
s

 Aeq Beq  0.92480.64 86.6682.31 

 = 
Ceq Deq  1.68890.2 0.92480.64

5.58 From Problem 5.16:
(a) Z  = B = 98.2586.69 = 5.673 + j98.09 
Impedance of each series capacitor is
1
Z CAP = − jXCAP = − j   0.3 ( 98.09 ) = − j14.71 
2

131
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 Equivalent ABCD parameters of the compensated line are
 Aeq Beq     
1 − j14.71 0.92850.258 98.2586.69 1 − j14.71
 =
Ceq Deq  0 1  1.40510
 −3
90.09 0.92850.258  0 1 
 
series capacitors series capacitors

1 − j14.71  0.92850.258 84.6286.12 

=  1.40510 −3 90.19 0.94920.2535 
0 1
 0.94920.2553 71.4580.5 
= 
1.40510 90.09 0.94920.2535 
−3

(b) Aeq = 0.9492,  A = 0.2553

Beq = Z eq = 71.45 ,  Z eq = 80.5
From Eq. (5.5.6) with VS = VR = 500 kVLL

500 500 ( 0.9492)( 500)

2

PR MAX = − cos ( 80.5 − 0.2553 )

71.45 71.45

= 3499 − 563 = 2936 MW ( 3 )

which is 22.5% larger than the value.
Pmax = 2397.5 MW calculated in Problem 5.40 for the uncompensated line.
5.59 From Problem 5.57:
Aeq = 0.9248 pu;  A = 0.64

Beq = Z eq = 86.66 ;  Zeq = 82.31

From Eq. (5.5.6), with VS = VR = 500 kVL −L

500  500 0.9248(500) 2
P max = − cos ( 82.31 − 0.64 )
R
86.66 86.66
= 2885 − 387 = 2498 MW (3 )
which is 46.7% larger than the value PR max = 1702 MW calculated in Problem 5.38 for the
uncompensated line.
5.60 Let Xeq be the equivalent series reactance of one 765-kV, 500 km, series compensated

line. The equivalent series reactance of four lines with two intermediate substations and
one line section out-of-service is then:
1 2  11 
X + X = 0.2778X
43
eq 
3 3
eq  eq

   

132
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 From Eq. (5.4.26) with  = 35, VR = 0.95per unit , and P = 9000 MW;

P=
( 765 )(.95  765) sin ( 35) = 9000.
.2778X eq
Solving for X eq :

 N   N 
X eq = 127.54  = X 1 − C  = 156.35 1 − C 
100 100
   
Solving: N C = 18.4% series capacitive compensation (N C = 21.6% including 4% line
losses).

5.61

X   NC  134.3  40 
ZCAP = − j   = −j   = − j26.86 
2  100  2 100
 
B QN L 8.98110 −4  65 
Y = −j = −j = − j2.92 10 −4 S
REAC
 
2 100 2 100

 Aeq Beq     1 − j26.86 

1 0 0 1
 =
Ceq Deq − j2.92 10 −4 1   

shunt compensation series compensation

 0.87940.66 134.885.3 
 
1.688 10 90.2 0.87940.66 
−3

Line

 1 − j26.86   1 0
   − j2.92 10 −4 
0 1 1
Receiving end Receiving end
series compensation shunt
compensation

After multiplying the above 5 matrices, the answer can be obtained.

133
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5.62 See solution of Problem 5.18 for  l, Z C ,cosh  l, and sinh  l .
(a) For the uncompensated line:
A = D = cosh  l = 0.89041.34

B = Z = ZC sinh  l = 186.7879.46 

sinh l 0.459684.94
C= = = 0.00113190.42S
Z C 406.4 − 5.48

(b) Noting that the series compensation only alters the series arm of the equivalent  -
circuit, the new series arm impedance is
Z new = Bnew = 186.7879.46 − j0.7  230 ( 0.8277 ) = 60.8855.85 

In which 0.8277 is the imaginary part of z = 0.843179.04  / mi

Z Y  Y  1 coshl− 1
Noting that A = + 1 and = = 0.00039989.82S

2 2 Z C sinh  l

Anew = ( 60.8855.85  0.00059989.81 ) + 1 = 0.971.24

 Z Y   ZY 2
Cnew = Y  1 +  =Y+
 4  4
= 2  0.00059989.81 + 60.8855.85 ( 0.00059989.81 )
2

= 0.0011890.41S
The series compensation has reduced the parameter B to about one-third of its value
for the uncompensated line, without affecting the A and C parameter appreciably.
Thus, the maximum power that can be transmitted is increased by about 300%.
5.63 The shunt admittance of the entire line is
Y = yl = − j5.105 10 −6  230 = − j0.001174 S

With 70% compensation, Ynew = 0.7  (− j0.001174) = − j0.000822 S

From Fig. 5.4 of the text, for the case of ‘shunt admittance’,
A = D = 1; B = 0; C = Y
C = Ynew = − j0.000822S
For the uncompensated line, the A, B,C, D parameters are calculated in the solution of
Problem 5.49.

For ‘series networks’, see Fig.5.4 of the text to modify the parameters. So for the line with
a shunt inductor,
Aeq = 0.89041.34 + 186.7879.46 ( 0.000822 − 90 )
= 1.0411 − 0.4
134
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 The voltage regulation with the shunt reactor connected at no load is given by
(137.86 /1.0411) − 124.13 = 0.0667
124.13

which is a considerable reduction compared to 0.247 for the regulation of the

uncompensated line. (see solution of Problem 5.18)
5.64 (a) From the solution of Problem 5.31,
Z C = 290.43 ;  l = 21.641

For a lossless line, the equivalent line reactance is given by

X  = ZC sin  l = (290.43)sin 21.641 = 107.11 
The receiving end power S R(3 ) = 1000cos −1 0.8 = 800 + j600 MVA

VS ( L − L )VR ( L − L )
Since P3 = sin  , the power angel  is obtained from
X
800 = ( 500  500 /107.11) sin 
or  = 20.044
The receiving end reactive power is given by (approximately)
VS ( L −L )VR ( L −L ) VR2( L −L )
QR ( 3 ) = cos  − cos  l
X X
2

500 500 ( 500)

= cos ( 20.044 ) − cos ( 21.641 )
107.11 107.11
= 23.15MVAR

Then the required capacitor MVAR is SC = j23.15 − j600 = − j576.85

The capacitive reactance is given by (see Eq. 2.3.5 in text)
− jV 2 − j500 2
X C= Q  L = = 433.38 
SC − j567.85
10 6
or C= = 6.1 F
2 ( 60 ) 433.38
(b) For 40% compensation, the series capacitor reactance per phase is
X ser = 0.4X  = 0.4 (107.1) = 42.84 
The new equivalent  -circuit parameters are given by
2  l 
Z  = j ( X − X ser ) = j64.26 ; Y  = j tan  = j0.001316S
ZC 2 
Z Y 
B = j64.26 ; A =1+ = 0.9577
new new
2

135
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 500
The receiving end voltage per phase VR = 0 kV = 288.6750 kV
3
The receiving end current is I R = SR*( 3 ) / 3VR*
1000−36.87
Thus I R = = 1.1547 − 36.87 kA
3  288.6750

The sending end voltage is then given by

VS = AVR + B I R = 326.410.47 kV; VS(L −L ) = 3 326.4 = 565.4 kV

Percent voltage regulation =

( 565.4 / 0.958 ) − 500 100 = 18%
500
5.65 The maximum amount of real power which can be transferred to the load at unity pf with a
bus voltage greater than 0.9 pu is 3900 MW.

5.66

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