MATH 10 MODULE (1st Quarter)

MATHEMATICS 10

Module No. 8 : Week 8 : First Quarter

ILLUSTRATE POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

Learning Competencies
Illustrates polynomial equations (M10AL -li-1)

Objectives
a. illustrates polynomial equations using synthetic division,
b. illustrates polynomial equations using the Remainder Theorem,
c. illustrates polynomial equations using the Factor Theorem,
d. illustrates polynomial equations using the Rational Root Theorem.

Let’s Recall (Review)

Remember: A Polynomial can be expressed in terms that only have positive integer
exponents (no decimals or fractions) and the operations of addition, subtraction,
and multiplication but never division by a variable.

Complete the quote below.

“In every crisis, doubt or confusion, take the higher path - the path of compassion,
________, understanding and _______.”-Amit Ray. Is one of the most popular quote during
this pandemic.

To find out what are the missing words, cross out a box containing an expression which
is not a polynomial. The remaining boxes will spell out the answer. Write the missing words
in the underline above to complete the quote. Have fun!
C A O U M
3x -5 -1
2x + 6 2
2x - x + 7 18x 3 + 6x 2 + 11 5x + √𝑥 + 17
2

R A P I G
11𝑥 + 23 4
4x + 13x - 3 𝟑
𝒙
+ 28 12x ½ +100 203x6 – 3
4 29
B E L N S
7
8x + 5x -3 11
-36 2x5 – 2x2 + 12 −√5𝑥 − 8 16x3 + 𝑥 – 15
+10
O T V W E
2x 8 3
5x – 6x +83
23 -16 4x 2 +x - 1 x + x + x2 -1
4 3
𝑥

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 MATH 10 MODULE (1st Quarter)

Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)

Synthetic Division is another method of dividing two polynomials. It is very

short and simple procedure requiring only addition and multiplication applied to the
coefficient. This method is applied when the divisor is in the form (x − c).
In using synthetic division, we must,
• arrange the terms of the polynomials in descending powers of the variable before
writing the coefficients.
• write 0 as a coefficient for each missing power of the variable.
• take note of the sign of c in x – c.

Example 1: Divide (x³ + 4x² + 6x – 5) by (x + 3).

Solution: In determining c, equate x +3= 0, therefore x= -3
-3 1 4 6 -5 Write c and the coefficient of the polynomial.

1 Bring down the first coefficient.

-3 1 4 6 -5 Multiply -3 by 1 and write the result below 4.

-3
1 1 Add 4 and -3.

-3 1 4 6 -5 Multiply -3 by 1 and write the result below 6.

-3 -3
1 1 3 Add 6 and -3.

-3 1 4 6 -5 Multiply -3 by 3 and write the result below -5.

-3 -3 -9
1 1 3 -14 Add -5 and -9.

coefficient of the quotient Remainder

−𝟏𝟒
Hence, x³ + 4x² + 6x − 5 ÷ x + 3 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟑 +
𝒙+𝟑

Example 2: (x5 − 3x4 + 4x + 5) ÷ (x – 2). Since the polynomial is incomplete, we must rewrite
it to x5 − 3x4 + 0x3 + 0x2+ 4x + 5
Solution:
2 1 -3 0 0 4 5
2 -2 -4 -8 -8
1 -1 -2 -4 -4 -3

−𝟑
Therefore, x5 − 3x4 + 4x + 5 ÷ x − 2 = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒 + 𝒙−𝟐 .

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 MATH 10 MODULE (1st Quarter)

Example 3: (6x3 − 9x2 + 5x – 1) ÷ (2x – 1).

Solution:
1
6 -9 5 -1
2
3 -3 1
6 -6 2 0

Divide 6x2 – 6x + 2 by 2 since you divided the divisor by 2. Therefore, the quotient is
𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 .

The Remainder Theorem states that if the polynomial P(x) is divided by (x – c)

then the remainder is the constant P(c). Therefore, we do not need to use long division,
but just need to evaluate the polynomial when x = c to find the remainder.
R = P(c)

Example 1: Use the Remainder Theorem to determine the remainder for each division.
A. (x³ − 4x² − 3x + 18) ÷ (x + 3).
Solution:
P(-3) = (-3)3 – 4 (-3)2 – 3(-3) + 18 Substitute -3 for x
= (-27) – 4 (9) + 9 +18
= -27 – 36 + 9 + 18
P(-3) = -36
Therefore, the remainder R = -36.
B. (x + 5x³ − 3x + 7) ÷ (x – 2)
5

Solution:
P(2) = (2)5 + 5(2)3 – 3(2) + 7 Substitute 2 for x
= (32) + 5(8) – 6 + 7
= 32 + 40 – 6 + 7
P(2) = 73
Therefore, the remainder R = 73

Example 2: Find m if (x4 + 2x3 + mx2 – 4) has a remainder of 3 when divided by (x – 1).
Solution: Since the remainder is 3, therefore P(1) = 3
P(1) = 3
3 = 14 + 2 (1)3 + m(1)2 – 4
3 = 1 + 2(1) + m – 4
3=1+2+m–4
3=3+m–4
3+1=m
4 = m or m = 4

A zero-remainder obtained when applying the Remainder Theorem in division

of polynomials lead us to another theorem called the Factor Theorem. This is a test to
find out if a polynomial is a factor of another polynomial.

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 MATH 10 MODULE (1st Quarter)

The Factor Theorem states:

Let P(x) be a polynomial. If c is a zero of P, that is P(c) = 0, then (x − c) is a
factor of P(x). Conversely, if (x − c) is a factor of P(x); then, c is a zero of P.

Example 1: Show that (x – 3) is a factor of (2x³ − 8x² + 19x – 12).

Solution:
P(3) = 2(3)3 – 8(3)2 + 19(3) -12 Substitute x =3 in the polynomial given
= 2(27) – 8(9) + 57 -12
= 54 – 72 + 57 – 12
P(3) = 27
Since the remainder is 27, therefore x – 3 is not a factor of
2x³ − 8x² + 19x − 12.

Example 2: Show that (x – 4) is a factor of (x4 – 7x³ + 15x² - 13x + 4).

Solution:
P(4) = 44 - 7(4)3 + 15(4)2 - 13(4) + 4 Substitute 4 for x
= 256 – 7(64) + 15(16) – 52 + 4
= 256 – 448 + 240 -52 +4
P(4) = 0
Since the remainder is 0, then x – 4 is a factor of x4 – 7x³ + 15x² - 13x + 4.

Example 3: Find the value of m for which (x + 2) is a factor of (x3 + mx2 + 3x -10).
Solution:
If (x+2) is a factor of (x3 + mx2 + 3x -10), applying the Factor Theorem,
P(-2) = 0.

P(-2) = (-2)3 + m(-2)2 + 3(-2) – 10 Substitute (-2) for x.

0 = -8 + m (4) – 6 -10
0 = -8 + 4m -16
24 = 4m
24 4𝑚
=
4 4
6 = m or m = 6

The Rational Root Theorem states:

𝑝
If the rational number 𝑞 , in lowest term, is a root of the polynomial a nxn + an-1xn-
1
+ . . . + a1 x + a0 = 0 with integer coefficients, then p and q must be integer factors of
a0 and an, respectively.

p factor of the constant term (a0)

= factor of the leading coefficient (an)
q

Observe how the leading coefficient a n and the constant term of the polynomial equation
of degree n can relate to the possible roots of the polynomial.
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 MATH 10 MODULE (1st Quarter)

Factors of the Possible values

Factors of the
leading of
constant term 𝑝
coefficient (q)
Polynomial Equation (p) ao
an 𝑞
Ex. 1 x3 + 3x2 -x -3 = 0 + 1, + 3 + 1 + 1, + 3
+ 1, + 3, + 9, +
1 3 9
Ex. 2 2x3 – 5x2 – 3x + 9 = 0 + 1, + 3, + 9 + 1, + 2 ,+ ,+
2 2 2
1
+ 1, + 2, + 5, +
Ex. 3 5x3 + 14x2 + 7x -2=0 + 1, + 2 + 1, + 5 2
5

Example 1: Find the roots of the equation x3 + 3x2 -x -3 = 0.

Solution:
𝑝
• List all the possible rational roots or possible values of 𝑞 .
• The possible rational roots are + 1, and + 3.
• Use the Factor Theorem to find one root from among the possible rational roots.
Let: P(x) = x3 + 3x2 -x -3
Trial 1: x = 3
P(3) = (3)3 + 3(3)2 – 3 – 3
= 27 + 27 – 3 – 3
P(3) = 48
Since P(3) ≠ 0, then x – 3 is not a factor of P(x) and it is not a root of the
equation.
Trial 2: x = -1
P(-1) = (-1)3 + 3(-1)2 – (-1) – 3
= (-1) + 3 + 1 – 3
P(-1) = 0
Since P(-1) = 0, therefore, x – (-1) = x + 1 is a factor of P(x) and x = -1 is a root
of the equation. The other roots can be determined by using synthetic division.

-1 1 3 -1 -3
-1 -2 3
1 2 -3 0 Remainder

x2 + 2x - 3 = 0 is the first depressed equation.

Solving the first depressed equation by factoring:
x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
(x - 1) (x + 3) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 1 or x = -3
Therefore, the roots of the equation x3 + 3x2 -x -3 = 0 are -3, -1, and 1.

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 MATH 10 MODULE (1st Quarter)

Example 2: Find the roots of the equation 2x3 – 5x2 – 3x + 9 = 0.

Solution:
p
• List all the possible rational roots or possible values of .
q
1 3 9
• The possible rational roots are + 1, + 3, + 9, + 2, + 2 , + 2.
• Using the Factor Theorem, we can verify that the equation 2x3 – 5x2 – 3x + 9 = 0
has no rational root.

Example 3: Find the roots of the equation 5x3 + 14x2 + 7x - 2=0.

Solution:
p
• List all the possible rational roots or possible values of .
q
1 2
• The possible rational roots are + 1, + 2, + , + .
5 5
1 2 2
• Using the Factor Theorem, we can verify that P(1), P(2), P(- 5 ), P(5), and P(-5) are
not all equal to 0.
For P(-1): -1 5 14 7 -2
-5 -9 2
5 9 -2 0 Remainder

5x2 + 9x - 2 = 0 is the first depressed equation.

Solving the first depressed equation by factoring:

5x2 + 9x - 2 = 0
(5x - 1) (x + 2) = 0
5x – 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
1
x = 5 or x = -2
𝟏
Therefore, the roots of the equation 5x3 + 14x2 + 7x - 2 = 0 are -2, -1, and .
𝟓

Let’s Apply

A. Find the quotient and the remainder by using the synthetic division.
1. (x2 + x -30) ÷ (x + 6) 4. (3x2 + 7x – 5) ÷ (x – 3)
2. (x2 – 2x -24) ÷ (x +4) 5. (10x2 + 9x – 36) ÷ (2x – 3)
3. (x + 11x + 18) ÷ (x – 6)
2

B. Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder when the given polynomial is divided by
each binomial. Indicate whether each binomial is a factor or not a factor of a given
polynomial.
1. P(x) = x2 + 2x + 5
a. x – 1 b. x + 5
2. P(x) = 2x + 5x – 3
3 2

a. 2x +1 b. x + 1
3. P(x) = 4x – 3x – 8x - 4
3 2

a. x – 2 b. 2x – 1
4. P(x) = x + 6x + 3x – 10
3 2

a. x + 2 b. x – 5

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 MATH 10 MODULE (1st Quarter)

5. P(x) = x4 – 13x2 + 36
a. x – 1 b. x + 3

C. Find all the possible real roots of the following equations.

1. x3 - 2x2 – 11x + 12 4. 3x4 -2x2 – 5x + 6
2. 2x2 – 4x – 8 5. 5x5 – 2x4 – 3x – 18
3. x – 8x + 45x – 24
3 2

Let’s Analyze

Solve the following.

1. Find the quotient and remainder when 2x 4 – 5x2 + 6x – 9 is divided by x + 2.
2. When x3 + 3x – 3 is divided by a binomial P(x), the quotient and the remainder are
x+ 1 and -5, respectively. Find the binomial P(x).
3. What must be multiplied to x + 5 to get 2x 3 + 13x2 + 16x + 5?
4. Find the remainder when x2 + 5x + 11 is divided by x + 5.
5. Determine if x + 1 is a factor of x 18 – 1 without dividing.
6. What is the remainder when x150 + x80 – 2x30 is divided by x + 1?
7. Find m so that the remainder is 0 when -x3 + 4x2 + mx – 2 is divided by x – 1.
8. If x = 1, is a factor of x3 + 2x + kx – 1. Find k.
9. Find all the roots of the equation x3 + 6x2 – x – 30.
10. What are the real roots of a polynomial equation x3 – 15x2 + 36x +140 = 0.

Let’s Create

The polynomial 2x3 + 15x2 + 22x -15 represents the volume in cubic meter of your rectangular
aquarium. The depth of the tank is (2x – 1) meter. The length is (x + 3) meter.

1. Use synthetic division to help you to find the other factor of the volume of polynomial.
How many factors should you look for? What is it?
2. What are the dimensions of the tank?
3. What are the real roots of the polynomial 2x 3 + 15x2 + 22x -15?
4. What is the volume if x = 2?

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 MATH 10 MODULE (1st Quarter)

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

A. Use synthetic division to find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following.
1. (2x3 + 8x2 -3x -1) ÷ (x – 2) 4. (4x3 + 6x2 – x + 6) ÷ (x + 3)
2. (x3 + 8) ÷ (x + 2) 5. (2x4 – 7x2 – 6) ÷ (x + 1)
3. (x3 – 64) ÷ (x – 4)

B. Write PERFECT if the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial and UH-OH
if it not and find its remainder.
1. x + 4; x3 + 7x2 + 2x – 40 4. x – 1; x3 + 6x2 + 5x - 12
2. x – 2; 4x3 – 7x2 + x – 4 5. x – 1; x3 – x2 + 2x – 2
3. 2x + 5; 2x3 – 5x2 – 13x + 15

C. Find the other roots of polynomial equation if one of the roots is given.
1. 3x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 6 = 0; x = -1 4. 2x2 – 3x + 1 = 0; x = 1
1
2. 12x2 + 7x +1 = 0; x = - 3 5. x4 – 53x2 – 196 = 0; x = -7
3. x3 + 4x2 – 15x – 18 = 0; x = -6