Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.

Sci (2014) 3(6) 354-363

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 6 (2014) pp. 354-363

http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article

Evaluation of Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) water extract alone
and with low doses of herbicide for weed control in wheat

Nadir Baloach1, Muhammad Yousaf2*, Shah Fahad2, Muhammad Ansar1, Bashir Ullah2,
Wajid Parvez Akhter1 and Sayed Hussain3
1
Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
2
Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, P.R.China
3
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Allelopathy being an environmentally friendly, sustainable and economical

approach is attaining interest of the researchers globally and can help to reduce the
problems raised by synthetic chemicals. In order to overcome the harmful effect of
Keywords herbicide usage, allelopathic water extract of platinum with reduced herbicide
doses were tested for weed management in wheat during the year 2011-12 at Koont
Herbicide research farm PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. The treatment
dose, combinations were the parthenium water extract @ 24 L ha-1 combined with
Parthenium reduced doses of Buctril Super 60 EC @ 300, 225, 150 and 75 ml ha-1,
water extracts, respectively. Individual herbicide (Buctril Super 60 EC) treatments @ 750 ml ha-1
wheat, full dose and a weedy check were included for comparison. The data recorded at 45
allelopathy and 75 DAS (days after sowing) showed that water extract @ 24 L ha-1 combined
with Buctril Super 60 EC@ 150 ml ha-1 inhibited total weed density by 38 and
84%, total weeds, fresh weight by 67 and 87% and total weeds dry biomass by 69
and 86% respectively and it increased grain yield by 91% as compared to control.
The findings revealed that, alleophathy can be the best option in order to reduce
herbicide dose and enhance the wheat yield.

Introduction
Allelopathy is natural, environmentally weed and it may inhibit the germination
safe and inexpensive approach (Inderjit and growth of several other crop plants
and Duke, 2003). Allelopathic interference and trees. The plant contains parthenin a
has been exploited as a weed control sesquiterpene lactones, phenolics and
strategy and a substitute to the synthetic fumaric acid (Kanchan and Jayachandra,
chemical herbicide (Narwal, 2000; Jabran 1980).
et al., 2008). Parthenium is an allelopathic

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Tefera (2002) reported that parthenium vegetable protein (Fahad et al. 2013). It is
allelochemicals can be used as alternatives also an important grain and a staple food
for achieving sustainable weed crop of Pakistan and accounts for nearly
management. Parthenium extract 36% of the total cropped area, 30% of the
significantly inhibited the seed value added by the major crops and 76%
germination of Eragrostistef L. Due to of the total production of food grains
released phytotoxins from leaves (Stephen (Fahad et al. 2013). Although wheat
and Sowerby, 1996). The release of production has increased in our country,
phytotoxic chemicals of platinum might be but average yield does not go beyond 30-
involved in the decline of plant 35% of its optimum potential and this rate
biodiversity (Adkins and Sowerby, 1996). is very low as compared to other advanced
Its allelopathic effects might be happen wheat producing countries of the world
through leaching, volatilization, root (Hussain et al., 2007). To meet the rising
exudations and by its decomposition demand, wheat production should be 18.86
(Adkins and Sowerby, 1996; Khan et al., million tons against present 16.8 million, a
2012). Inhibition of seed germination and shortfall of 2.36 million tons (Hassan,
seedling growth of many crops have been 2007). Among the yield limiting factors,
reported by parthenium extracts viz, barley weeds intervention is one of the most
(Hordeumvolgare L.) and maize (Zea important, but less recognized constraints
mays L.) (Rashid et al., 2008). in Pakistan (Fahad et al. 2013). The
Sesquiterpene lactones, phenolics and in present research was initiated with the
particular parthenin are found to be objective to explore the effect of
inhibitory for seed germination and growth parthenium water extract alone and with
in many plants (Swaminathan et al., 1990). low doses of a commercial herbicide for
weed management and higher yield of
Reduction in weed population due to wheat.
parthenium water extract was reported by
(Batish et al. 2002a). It is concluded that Materials and Methods
Parthenium hysterophorus L. can be used
as a tool for weed management, but still To investigate the effect of the parthenium
needs comprehensive study to completely water extract alone and with reduced rates
explore its potential effects against of herbicide for weed control in wheat, an
different types of weeds. Cheema et al. experiment was conducted on University
(2003) suggested the possibility of Research Farm Chakwal Road, PMAS
combination of allelopathic water extracts Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
with lower herbicide rates for effective during rabbi season, 2011-2012. Wheat
weed management. The use of water variety Chakwal-50 was sown as a test
extract of allelopathic crops alone and variety at a seed rate of 110 kg ha-1.
with low doses of herbicide is an Individual plot size for each treatment was
inexpensive, environmentally safe and 6m x 8m with row space of 25 cm. A field
effective weed control option (Kim and experiment was laid out using a RCBD
Shin, 2008). design with four replications and eight
treatments. A recommended fertilizer dose
All over the world, what is the most (150-120-90 kg NPK ha-1) was applied in
widely used as staple food grain and in the form of Urea, di-Ammonium
human food is the leading source of phosphate and potassium sulphate,

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respectively in all treatments. Half dose of of Buctril Super 60 EC as compared to

nitrogen and all the P2O5 and K2O were weedy check. Application of parthenium
applied at the time of sowing while water extract alone had also shown
remaining half nitrogen was applied with significant effect on the suppression of
first irrigation. weed population but the effect was slow.
Weed density was reduced by 38 and 84
Procedure to prepare Water Extract percent in the plots where parthenium
water extract @ 24 L ha-1 + Buctril Super
Parthenium plant herbage harvested from 60 EC @ 150 ml ha-1 was sprayed at 30
the university field area was sundried and and 60 DAS recorded at 45 and 75 DAS,
chaffed into 2 cm pieces with fodder compared to control. Weeds were
cutter. To prepare parthenium water suppressed by 39 and 77 percent in the
extract (W.E) chaffed parthenium parts plots where parthenium water extract @
was soaked in distilled water in 2:10 (2 kg 24 Lha-1 + Buctril Super 60 EC @ 75 ml
parthenium herbage in 10 L of water) for ha-1was applied at 30 and 60 DAS
24 hours at room temperature (Marwat et recorded at 45 and 75 DAS, relative to
al., 2008). The extract was attained by the control. Whereas, the application of
filtration of the mixture (water and Buctril Super 60 EC @ 750 ml ha-1
herbage) via screen.The herbicide used (recommended dose) at 30 DAS reduced
was buctril super 60 EC at low (300, 225, weed density by 16 and 75 percent
150. 75 ml ha-1) and recommended dose recorded at 45 and 75 DAS, compared to
(750ml ha-1). Standard procedures were control.
adopted for recording the data on various
growth and yield parameters. These results were nearly equal to the
results presented by Iqbal and Cheema,
Statistical Analysis (2007) who suggested that the synthetic
herbicide dose can decrease by 70% in
The collected data were subjected to cotton when used in combination with
analysis of variance procedure and the allelopathic crop water extract.
means were compared by using LSD at the
5 percent level of probability Weeds fresh weight (g m-2)
(Montgomery, 2001).
Data in Table1 showed that parthenium
Results and Discussion water extract along with reduced doses of
Buctril Super60 EC significantly reduced
Weed Density (Weeds m-2) fresh weight of weeds in all treatments as
compared to control both at 45 and 75
Species such as Convolvulus arvensis L., days after sowing. Foliar application of
Fumaria indica L., and Asphodelus combined Parthenium W.E. + Buctril
tenuifoliuscav. were dominated weeds in Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 150 ml ha-1
the experimental area. Data pertaining to at 30 and 60 DAS decreased weeds fresh
the total weed density recorded at 45 and weight by 67 and 86 percent recorded at
DAS is demonstrated in Table 1. Weed 45 and 75 DAS respectively, compared to
density was inhibited by all the treatments control.
of aqueous extract of Parthenium
hysterophorus L. along with reduced doses Weeds fresh weight was decreased by 58

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and 86 percent where Parthenium W.E. + ha-1 was sprayed at 30 and 60 DAS
Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 75 ml recorded at 45 and 75 DAS, compared to
ha-1wasapplied at 30 and 60 DAS control. In hand weeding plots weeds dry
recorded at 45 and 75 DAS, relative to weight was reduced by 77 and 92 percent
controls. Hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAS as compared to control recorded at 45 and
reduced weeds fresh weight over control 75 DAS, respectively.
by 85 and 94 percent recorded at 45 and
75 DAS, respectively. In the plots where Data pertaining to dry weight of weeds
alone Parthenium W.E. @ 24 L ha-1 at 30 indicated that recommended dose of
and 60 DAS was applied had reduced Buctril super 60 EC @ 750 ml ha-1applied
overall weeds fresh weight by 46 and 74 at 30 DAS reduced the weeds dry weight
percent compared to control recorded at 45 by 46 and 84 percent recorded at 45 and
and 75 DAS, respectively. Whereas 75 DAS, respectively relative to control
Buctril application @ 750 ml ha-1at 30 while the application of sole Parthenium
DAS reduced weed fresh weight by 29 and W.E. @ 24 L ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS
80 percent relative to control. decreased the weeds dry weight by 46 and
70 percent. Minimum reduction of 41 and
These results are in the line with the 55 percent in dry weight of weeds was
findings of Shahid et al. (2007) who recorded in treatment where Parthenium
studied the influence of aqueous extract of W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 +
various plants individually and in 225 ml ha-1applied at 30 and 60 DAS was
combination with low rates of herbicides applied.
against weeds of wheat. They observed
that aqueous allelopathic crop extract The results of a current study supported
alone and in combination with low rates of earlier findings of Sharif et al. (2005) and
herbicides significantly reduced weed Bhattiet al. (2000) who testified that
density and weed biomass relative to allelopathic plant water extract in
control. combination with low doses of herbicide
suppressed total dry weight of weeds
Weed dry weight (g m-2) significantly over control in wheat.
Wheat growth and Yield
The perusal of the data given in Table 1
recorded at 45 and 75 DAS showed that Data about plant height presented in Table
foliar spray of all the treatments either 2 showed that Maximum plant height of
solely or in combination suppressed weeds 73.72 and 72.47cm was recorded in plots
dry matter effectively relative to control. sprayed with Parthenium W.E. + Buctril
Foliar application of parthenium water Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 150 ml ha-
extract combined with reduced doses of 1and Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60
herbicide suppressed weeds dry weight by EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 225 ml ha-
69 and 86 percent when Parthenium W.E. 1respectively compared to control. Blum
+ Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 150 (1996) reported that the taller plants were
ml ha-1 was applied recorded at 45 and 75 found probably due to better weed control
DAS, compared to control. Weeds dry in these treatments favoring plant height.
weight was reduced by 49 and 84 percent
in the plots where Parthenium W.E. +
Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 75 ml

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Table.1 Effect of parthenium (parthenium hysterophorus l.) water extract alone and with low doses of herbicide for weed control in
wheat on weeds density, weeds fresh weight and weeds day weight all at 45 and 75 DAS

Treatments Weed density Weed fresh weight Weed dry weight

(Weeds m-2) (g m-2) (g m-2)
45 DAS 75 DAS 45 DAS 75 DAS 45 DAS 75 DAS
79.25 a 156.25 a 60.945 a 233.03 a 9.75 a 45.10 a
Weedy check (control) (----) (----) (----) (----) (----) (----)

12.25 e 14.75 g 9.125 e 13.6 f 2.25 d 3.55 f

Hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAS (84.54) (90.56) (85.02) (94.16) (76.92) (92.12)

62.75 bcd 52 d 33.17 c 61.75 cd 5.25 b 13.43 c

Parthenium W.E. @ 24 L ha-1 at 30 and 60 (20.82) (66.72) (45.57) (73.50) (46.15) (70.22)
DAS

Buctril Super 60 EC @ 750 ml ha-1 at 30 DAS 66.5 ab 38.5 e 43.325 b 46.35 de 5.25 b 7.23 d
(16.08) (75.36) (28.91) (80.10) (46.15) (83.96)
(recommended dose)

Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 58.5 bcd 69.25 b 22.82 d 66.75 c 3.75 c 13.28 c
-1 -1
(26.18) (55.68) (62.55) (71.35) (61.53) (70.55)
L ha + 300 ml ha at 30 and 60 DAS

63.75 bc 62.25 c 43.795 b 106.23 b 5.75 b 20.45 b

Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 (19.55) (60.16) (28.14) (54.41) (41.02) (54.65)
L ha-1 + 225 ml ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS

49 cd 25.25 f 20.375 d 31.5 e 3 cd 6.33 de

Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 (38.17) (83.84) (66.56) (86.48) (69.23) (85.96)
L ha-1 + 150 ml ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS

48 d 36.5 e 25.7 cd 32.2 e 5b 7e

Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24
(39.43) (76.64) (57.83) (86.18) (48.71) (84.47)
L ha-1 + 75 ml ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS

LSD (0.05) 14.97 6.01 7.74 16.32 0.87 1.32

Wheat growth and Yield

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Table.2 Effect of parthenium (parthenium hysterophorus l.) water extract alone and with low doses of herbicide for weed control in
wheat on plant height, fertile tiller, spike length, spikelets per spike, aerial biological yield, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index

Treatments Plant height Fertile Spike Spikelets Grains per Aerial Grain Straw yield Harvest
( cm) tiller length per spike spike biologica yield Index
( m-2) ( cm) l yield (kg ha-1) (%)
68.85 b 212.25 c 8.38 b 16.64 c 44.88 c 4010.4-1f)
(kgha (kg hae )
797.8 -1
3212.6 d
(-----) (----) (-----) 19.89 d
Weedy check (control) (-----)
71.22 ab 260 a 9.37ab 17.02bc 53.14 a 5513 b 1534.1 a 3978.9 ab
Hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAS (37.46) (92.29) (23.85) 27.83 a
(39.87)

71.15ab 246.25 b 9.69ab 18.04 a 48.75 b 5158.9 c 1303.5 bcd 3855.3 b

Parthenium W.E. @ 24 L ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS (28.63) (63.38) (20.00) 25.26 bc
(26.99)

Buctril Super 60 EC @ 750 ml ha-1 at 30 DAS 69.27 b 243.5 b 10.47ab 17.97 a 51.88ab 4737 d 1267.9 cd 3469.1 c
(18.11) (58.92) (7.98) 26.76abc
(recommended dose) (34.52)

70.37 ab 239.5 b 9.48ab 17.22abc 50.28ab 4541.7 e 1204.8 d 3336.9 cd

Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 300
(13.24) (51.01) (3.86) 26.52abc
ml ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS (33.31)

Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 225 72.47 ab 259.5 a 10.17 ab 18.1 a 51.96ab 5429.7 b 1340.9 bc 4088.8 a
(35.39) (68.07) (27.27) 24.70 c
-1
ml ha at 30 and 60 DAS (24.15)

73.72 a 264.75 a 11.31 a 17.7 ab 52.73 a 5625 a 1523.2 a 4101.8 a

Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 150
(40.26) (90.92) (27.67) 27.09ab
ml ha-1 at 30 and 60 DAS (36.15)

Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 75 72.25ab 257.5 a 9.61ab 17.47abc 52.4 a 5416.7 b 1402.5 b 4014.1 ab
25.90abc
(35.06) (75.79) (24.94)
ml ha-1at 30 and 60 DAS (30.17)
4.38 9.61 2.39 0.92 3.23 102.64 107.03 160.95
LSD (0.05) 2.23

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Maximum number of productive tillers i.e. 52.73 was recorded in the plots where
265 and 260 were recorded in plots where Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC
Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 150 ml ha-1was applied at
@ 24 L ha-1 + 150 ml ha-1 and 30 and 60 DAS (Table. 2). The difference
Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC in the number of grains per spike might be
@ 24 L ha-1 + 225 ml ha-1was applied at due to weed suppression. These results
30 and 60 DAS, respectively. Numbers of agreed with Cheema et al. (2003) who
fertile tillers per m-2 in the plots where reported that grains per spike were
sole Parthenium W.E. @ 24 L ha-1was significantly increased with the
applied at 30 and 60 DAS were 246. These application of the allelopathic water
findings are similar to the results of extract. Iqbal et al. (2010) also reported
Naseem et al. (2009) who stated that that increased in grain number per spike in
number of fertile tillers increased with the wheat was due to the weed suppression by
integration of allelopathic extract to the the application of allelopathic water
wheat crop. extracts along with reduced doses of
herbicide.
Data about spike length presented in Table
2 showed that maximum spike length, i.e. The data documented in Table 2 indicated
11.31 cm was recorded in the plots where that hand weeding and foliar application of
Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC parthenium water extract along with
@ 24 L ha-1 + 150 ml ha-1was applied at reduced doses of herbicide significantly
30 and 60 DAS. These results showed that affected the biological yield of wheat
different weed control treatments relative to control. The maximum increase
increased spike length over control. The in biological yield with 40 percent over
increase in spike length may be due to the control was recorded in the plots where
suppression of vegetative growth of weeds Parthenium W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC
(Majeed et al., 2012). Data presented in @ 24 L ha-1 + 150 ml ha-1was applied at
Table 2 demonstrated that the spikelets per 30 and 60 DAS. In the plots where hand
spike were significantly influenced by weeding was done increased biological
different weed control treatments. The yield was 37 percent over the control.
highest numbers of spikelets 18.1 were Results are similar to the finding of
recorded in the plots where Parthenium Mahrajan et al. (2007) who concluded that
W.E. + Buctril Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1+ increasing concentration of parthenium
225 ml ha-1 was applied at 30 and 60 DAS. water extract exhibited inhibitory impacts
The effective weed control eventually on seedling growth and seed germination
facilitated healthy crop stand and resulted of cereal crops.
in the maximum number of spikelets per
spike. Effect of allelopathic W.E. along Grain yield of the crop is the function of
with reduced doses of synthetic herbicide the interaction of various genetic and
on spikelets per spike in wheat was also environmental factors including the yield
reported by Sharif et al. (2005). components. Any variation in these factors
may be variation in grain yield. All the
Data regarding grain per spike indicated treatments had significant differences
that all treatments had caused an increase between wheat grain yield (Table. 2) . The
in grains per spike as compared to control. maximum increase in grain yield, i.e. 91
The highest number of grains per spike, percent over control was recorded in the

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plots where Parthenium W.E. + Buctril To demonstrate allelopathy, plant origin,

Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 150 ml ha- production, and identification of
1
was applied at 30 and 60 DAS. The allelochemicals must be established as
results confirmed the finding of Cheema et well as persistence in the environment
al. (2003) who concluded that wheat yield over time in concentrations sufficient to
significantly increased due to the affect plant species. On the basis of this it
application of allelopathic water extracts may be concluded that the use of
along with reduced doses of herbicides. parthenium water extract combined with
These results also supported the finding of low doses of herbicide was found very
Iqbal et al. (2010). Straw yield of wheat useful, economical and environmentally
was also enhanced by all the weed control safe approach which may confirm to be a
treatments as compared to control useful initiative for weed management and
(Table.2). Parthenium W.E. + Buctril enhancing crop yield. However, such
Super 60 EC @ 24 L ha-1 + 150 ml ha- studies may be continued to further
1
applied at 30 and 60 DAS produced validate the findings of this study.
maximum straw yield i.e. 4101 kg ha-1.
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