Introduction to Engineering Analysis

4th Edition Hagen Solutions Manual

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CHAPTER 5

Section 5.2 Practice!

1. How many electrons are represented by a charge of 1 μC? 50 pC?

Solution
1 μC × 1 × 10−6 C × 6.242 × 1018 electron = 6.242 × 1012 electron
μC C
50 pC × 1 × 10−12 C × 6.242 × 1018 electron = 3.121 × 108 electron
pC C

2. The charge moving through a conductor varies with time according to the following
equation:
q(t) = qo (e−3t + 3t) C

where qo is a constant. Find the current at t = 0 s and t = 1 s. What is the current for very
large values of time?

Solution

I (t) = dq(t)/dt

= −3qo e−3t + 3qo A

I (0) = −3qo + 3qo A = 0 A

o o I (1) = −3 q (0.0498) + 3 q
153
 = 2.85 A

For very large values of time, we let t → ∞, and the current is

I = 3qo A

154
3. The current in a device varies with time according to the function

i(t) = (1 + 2 e−5t) A

How many coulombs pass through the device during the time interval 1 < t < 3 s? What is
the current for large values of time?

Solution

= (t − 2 e−5t ) 3
5 1

= 2.0027 C

For large values of time, t, the current is

i(t) t→∞ = (1 + 2 e−∞)

= 1A

155
4. The current in a device varies sinusoidally with time according to the function

i(t) = 5 sin(π + 2π t) A

How many coulombs pass through the device during the time interval 0 < t < 0.5 s?

Solution

q = 5 [ − 1 cos (π + 2π t)] 0.5

2π 0

= 5[ − 1 − 1 ]
2π 2π

= −5 C
π

The significance of the minus sign is that during the time interval 0 < t < 0.5 s, the current
function i(t) lies below the zero axis, so when this function is integrated, the result is
likewise negative. This does not mean that a negative number of coulombs passes through
the device. It means that the charges are passing through the device in a specific direction
during half of the cycle. The number of coulombs passing through the device is the absolute
value of the answer given above. Hence, we have

q = 5/π C = 1.59 C

156
Section 5.3 Practice!

1. A circuit element absorbs 6 W of power due to the passage of a steady current of 250 mA.
What is the voltage across the element?

Solution

The power absorbed by the circuit element is

P = VI

so the voltage across the element is

V=P
I

= 6 W = 24 V
0.250 A

2. Resistors are devices that absorb electrical energy. If a steady current of 500 mA passes
through a resistor with a voltage of 6 V across it, how much power must the resistor be able
to absorb? What happens to this absorbed energy? What physical change does the resistor
exhibit as it absorbs this energy?

Solution

The power absorbed by the resistor is

P = VI

= (6 V)(0.500 A) = 3 W

The absorbed energy is transformed to thermal energy. Because the absorbed electrical
energy changes to thermal energy, the temperature of the resistor increases.

157
3. A 12-V automobile lamp is rated at 40 W. What is the total charge that flows through the
filament of the lamp in 1 min? How many electrons does this represent?

Solution

Based on the rated power and the given voltage, the current in the filament is

I=P
V

= 40 W = 3.333 A = 3.333 C/s

12 V

The total charge that flows through the filament in 1 min is

q=It

= (3.333 C/s)(60 s) = 200 C

This charge represents the following number of electrons:

200 C × 6.242 × 1018 electron/C = 1.248 × 1021 electron

4. A battery-operated radio requires a current of 200 mA at 12 V. Find the power required to

run the radio and the energy consumed in 2 hours of operation.

Solution

The power is

P = VI

= (12 V)(0.200 A) = 2.4 W = 2.4 J/s

The energy consumed by the radio in 2 hours is

E=Pt

= (2.4 J/s)(2 × 3600 s) = 17,280 J = 17.3 kJ

5. Borrow a voltmeter from your instructor or the electrical engineering department at your
school. Measure the voltage across a 1.5-V and a 9-V dry cell. What are your voltage
readings? (Student choice)

158
Section 5.4 Practice!

1. What is the total resistance of five resistors, each with a resistance of R Ω, if the resistors are
connected in series? In parallel?

Solution

If the resistors are connected in series, the total resistance is

Rt = 5 R Ω

If the resistors are connected in parallel, the total resistance is

Rt = R/5 Ω

2. Consider two resistors connected in parallel. The resistance, R1, of the first resistor is very
large, and the resistance, R2, of the second resistor is very small. What is the approximate
total resistance?

Solution

The total resistance is

Rt = 1
1 + 1
R1 R2
If R1 is very large, the first term in the denominator is very small. Conversely, if R2 is very
small, the second term in the denominator is very large. Hence,

1/R1 + 1/R2 → 1/R2

Thus,

Rt → 1
1/R2

which means that

Rt ≈ R2

159
3. Find the total resistance for the resistor circuit shown.

Solution

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 33 Ω , R2 = 100 Ω , R3 = 50 Ω , R4 = 2 kΩ , R5 = 47 Ω , R6 = 10 Ω

First, we add the resistances in parallel. For the first branch, the equivalent resistance is

Rp1 = 1
1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4

= 1 = 32.79 Ω
1/100 Ω + 1/50 Ω + 1/2000 Ω

For the second branch, the equivalent resistance is

Rp2 = 1
1/R5 + 1/R6

= 1 = 8.246 Ω
1/47 Ω + 1/10 Ω

We now add R1 and the parallel combinations in series. The total resistance is

Rt = R1 + Rp1 + Rp2

= 33 Ω + 32.79 Ω + 8.246 Ω

= 74.0 Ω

160
4. Find the total resistance for the resistor circuit shown in the accompanying figure.

Solution

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 10 kΩ , R2 = 5 kΩ , R3 = 100 kΩ , R4 = 20 kΩ

We add resistances of resistors connected in series.

Rs1 = R1 + R2

= 10 kΩ + 5 kΩ = 15 kΩ

Rs2 = R3 + R4

= 100 kΩ + 20 kΩ = 120 kΩ

The total resistance is obtained by adding these two resistances in parallel.

Rt = 1
1/Rs1 + 1/Rs2

= 1 = 13,333 Ω = 13.3 kΩ
1/15 kΩ + 1/120 kΩ

161
5. Find the total resistance for the resistor circuit shown in the accompanying figure.

Solution

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 1 kΩ , R2 = 500 Ω , R3 = 100 Ω , R4 = 20 Ω

We add the resistances of R1, R2 and R3 in series.

Rs = R1 + R2 + R3

= 1 kΩ + 500 Ω + 100 Ω = 1600 Ω

The total resistance is obtained by adding Rs in parallel with R4.

Rt = 1
1/Rs + 1/R4

= 1
1/1600 Ω + 1/20 Ω

= 19.8 Ω

This problem points out that when a large resistance is connected in parallel with a small
resistance, the total resistance is approximately equal to, but always lower than, the smaller
resistance.

162
6. For the resistor circuit shown, what resistance must R1 have to give a total resistance of 250
Ω?

Solution

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R2 = 100 Ω , R3 = 600 Ω , R4 = 500 Ω , R5 = 1 kΩ

Upon close examination of the circuit, we see that resistors R2 and R3 are connected in series
with each other but in parallel with R1. We also see that resistors R4 and R5 are connected in
series with each other but in parallel with R1. The equivalent series resistances are

Rs1 = R2 + R3

= 100 Ω + 600 Ω = 700 Ω

Rs2 = R4 + R5

= 500 Ω + 1000 Ω = 1500 Ω

The total resistance is

Rt = 1 = 250 Ω = 1
1/Rs1 + 1/Rs2 + 1/R1 1/700 Ω + 1/1500 Ω + 1/R1
= 1
0.00210 Ω−1 + 1/R1
Solving for R1, we have

163
 R1 = 525 Ω

Section 5.5 Practice!

1. A 2.2 kΩ carbon composition resistor has a voltage of 24 V across it. What is the current?
How much power does the resistor dissipate?

Solution

Using Ohm’s law, the current is

I = V
R

= 24 V = 0.0109A = 10.9 mA
2200 Ω

The power is

P = I2 R

= (0.0109 A)2(2200 Ω) = 0.262 W

2. A circuit design calls for a resistor that will produce a voltage drop of 15 V where the current
is 200 mA. How much power does the resistor dissipate? What resistance is required?

Solution

The power is

P=VI

= (15 V)(0.200 A) = 3.0 W

The resistance is

R=V
I

= 15 V = 75 Ω
0.200 A

164
3. A portable, 1320-W forced-air heater runs on standard 110-V residential voltage. The
heating element is a nichrome ribbon that crosses in front of a polished metal plate. What
is the current drawn by the heater? What is the resistance of the nichrome heating element?

Solution

The current is

I = P
V

= 1320 W = 12.0 A
110 V

The resistance is

R = V
I

= 110 V = 9.17 Ω
12.0 A

4. Two 33-Ω resistors connected in parallel dissipate 2.5 W each. What is the voltage across
the resistors? What is the current in each resistor?

Solution

Because the resistors are connected in parallel, the voltage across each resistor is the same.

V = (P R)1/2

= [(2.5 W)(33 Ω)]1/2 = 9.08 V

The current in each resistor is

I = P
V

= 2.5 W = 0.275 A = 275 mA

9.08 V

165
Section 5.6 Practice!

1. For the resistor circuit shown, find (a) the current, (b) the voltage across each resistor, and
(c) the power dissipated by each resistor.

Solution

(a) To find the current, we must first find the total resistance for the series circuit.

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3

= 100 Ω + 20 Ω + 80 Ω = 200 Ω

Because the resistors are connected in series, the current is the same in each resistor. The
current is the total voltage divided by the total resistance.

I = Vt
Rt

= 50 V = 0.25 A = 250 mA
200 Ω

(b) The voltage across each resistor is the current times the resistance.

V1 = I R1

= (0.25 A)(100 Ω) = 25 V

V2 = I R2

166
 = (0.25 A)(20 Ω) = 5.0 V

V3 = I R3

= (0.25 A)(80 Ω) = 20 V

Note that the voltage drops add to the total voltage of 50 V.

(c) The power dissipations are

P1 = V1 I

= (25 V)(0.25 A) = 6.25 W

P2 = V2 I

= (5.0 V)(0.25 A) = 1.25 W

P3 = V3 I

= (20 V)(0.25 A) = 5.0 W

Note that the total power is

P=VI

= (50 V)(0.25 A) = 12.5 W

which is equal to the sum of the power dissipations for each resistor.

2. For the resistor circuit shown, find the current in each resistor and the voltage across each
resistor.

167
Solution

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 750 Ω , R2 = 200 Ω , R3 = 50 Ω , R4 = 225 Ω , R5 = 25 Ω

The circuit has two parallel branches, and the current in each branch can be determined by
finding the voltage across the branches. The total resistance in each branch is

Rp1 = R1 + R2 + R3

= 750 Ω + 200 Ω + 50 Ω = 1000 Ω

Rp2 = R4 + R5

= 225 Ω + 25 Ω = 250 Ω

The total resistance is

Rt = 1
1/Rp1 + 1/Rp2
= 1 = 200 Ω
1/1000 Ω + 1/250 Ω

Thus, the voltage across each branch is

V = I Rt

= (0.100 A)(200 Ω) = 20 V

so the current in each branch is

I1 = V
Rp1
= 20 V = 0.020 A = 20 mA
1000 Ω

I2 = V
Rp2
= 20 V = 0.080 A = 80 mA
250 Ω

168
 Note that the sum of the currents in each branch equals the total current. The voltages across
the resistors are

V1 = I1 R1

= (0.020 A)(750 Ω) = 15.0 V

V2 = I1 R2

= (0.020 A)(200 Ω) = 4.0 V

V3 = I1 R3

= (0.020 A)(50 Ω) = 1.0 V

V4 = I2 R4

= (0.080 A)(225 Ω) = 18.0 V

V5 = I2 R5

= (0.080 A)(25 Ω) = 2.0 V

Note that the sum of the voltages across resistors R1, R2 and R3 equals 20 V as does the sum
of the voltages across resistors R4 and R5, in agreement with our earlier voltage calculation.

Section 5.7 Practice!

1. For the node shown in the accompanying figure, find the current I4. Does current I4 enter or
leave the node?

Solution

169
 Kirchhoff’s current law for the node is

∑ Iin = 0 = −I1 + I2 + I3 + I4

= −2 A + 5 A + 10 A + I4

Solving for I4, we have

I4 = 2 A − 5 A − 10 A = −13 A

The minus sign means that the current leaves the node.

2. For the DC circuit shown in the accompanying figure, find the voltage across each resistor
and the current through each resistor.

Solution

We assign the three resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 30 Ω , R2 = 25 Ω , R3 = 10 Ω

We designate as a node the upper right-hand portion of the circuit where conductors connect
all three resistors. We assume that current I1 enters the node and that currents I2 and I3 leave
the node. Writing Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) for this node, we have

∑ Iin = 0 = I1 − I2 − I3

Invoking Ohm’s law, we rewrite KCL as

V1 = V2 + V3
R1 R2 R3

Resistors R2 and R3 are connected in parallel, so V2 = V3. Thus, the above relation can be
expressed as

170
 V1 = V2 ( 1 + 1 )
R1 R2 R3

Kirchhoff’s voltage law, written for the loop containing the voltage source, R1 and R2, is

∑ V = 0 = 10 − V1 − V2

Solving this equation for V1 and substituting the result into the equation above, we obtain a
relation in terms of V2 only.

10 − V2 = V2 ( 1 + 1 )

R1 R2 R3

Solving for V2, we obtain

V2 = V3 = 1.923 V

Hence, the voltage across resistor R1 is

V1 = 10 − V2 = 10 − 1.923 = 8.077 V

Now that the voltages are known, we find the currents using Ohm’ law.

I1 = V1
R1

= 8.077 V = 0.269 A
30 Ω

I2 = V2
R2

= 1.923 V = 0.0769 A
25 Ω

I3 = V3
R3

= 1.923 V = 0.1923 A
10 Ω

Note that, within the numerical precision of the calculations, I1 = I2 + I3, as required by
Kirchhoff’s current law.
171
3. For the DC circuit shown in the accompanying figure, find the voltage across each resistor
and the current through each resistor.

Solution

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 1 kΩ , R2 = 100 Ω , R3 = 50 Ω , R4 = 500 Ω

We designate as a node the upper right-hand portion of the circuit where conductors connect
resistors R1, R2 and R4. We assume that current I1 enters the node and that currents I2 and I3
leave the node. Writing Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) for this node, we have

∑ Iin = 0 = I1 − I2 − I3

but I1 = 100 mA, the current supplied by the constant current source. Designating V2 as the
voltage across the branch consisting of R2 and R3 and V3 as the voltage across R4, we rewrite
KCL in terms of Ohm’s law as

I1 = V2 + V3
R2 + R3 R4

The voltage across the two parallel branches is the same, i.e., V2 = V3. Thus,

I1 = V2 ( 1 + 1)
R2 + R3 R4

Solving the above relation for V2, we obtain

172
 V2 = 11.54 V

Knowing the voltage in the first branch, we can find the current through R2 and R3.

I2 = V2
R2 + R3
= 11.54 V = 0.0769 A = 76.9 mA
150 Ω

Invoking KCL again, the current through R4 is

I3 = I1 − I2

= 0.100 A − 0.0769 A = 0.0231 A = 23.1 mA

The voltage across each resistor is easily found now that all currents are known. The
voltages across resistors R1, R2, R3 and R4, respectively, are

V1 = I1 R1

= (0.100 A)(1000 Ω) = 100 V

V2 = I2 R2

= (0.0769 A)(100 Ω) = 7.69 V

V3 = I2 R3

= (0.0769 A)(50 Ω) = 3.85 V

V4 = I3 R4

= (0.0231 A)(500 Ω) = 11.55 V

Note that, according to Kirchhoff’s voltage law, V2 + V3 = V4.

173
END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS

Electric charge and current

5.1 The flow of charge in a conductor varies with time according to the function

q(t) = (1 − 3 e−k t) C
If k = 0.1 s−1 , find the current at t = 5 s. What is the current for very large values of time?

Solution

The current is

i(t) = dq(t) = 3 k e−k t A

dt

At t = 5 s, the current is
i(5) = (3 C)(0.1 s−1) e−0.1 (5) = 0.182 A

For large values of time, the current decays exponentially to zero.

it→∞ = 0

5.2 For a period of 1 s immediately after the power is turned on, the current in an electrical
device varies with time according to the function:

i(t) = 3 t1/2 A

How many coulombs have passed through the device during the first 0.25 s? 0.75 s? What
is the current at the instant the power is turned on?

Solution

For the first 0.25 s, we have

174
 q = 2 t3/2 0.25
= 0.25 C
0

In a similar manner, for the first 0.75 s, we have

q = 2 t3/2 0.75
= 1.30 C
0

The instant the current is turned on, t = 0, so

i(0) = 0 A

5.3 After the power is turned off, the current in an electrical device varies with time according
to the function:

i(t) = 4 e−kt A
If k = 0.075 s−1, how many coulombs have passed through the device during the first 2 s? 5
s? What is the current at the instant the power is turned off? What is the current a long time
after the power is turned off?

Solution

−1 − 0.075t 2
− C)/(0.075 s ) e = 7.429 C
q =( 4
0

In a similar manner, for the first 5 s, we have

−4 C)/(0.075 s−1) e−0.075 t 5

= 16.68 C
q=(
0

At the instant the power is turned off, t = 0. Thus, the current is

175
 i(0) = 4 A

A long time after the current is turned off, the current exponentially decays to zero. Thus,
we have

i(t) t→∞ = 0 A

5.4 The current in a device varies with time according to the function:

i(t) = 3 e−t/τ A

where τ is the time constant. How many time constants are required for the current to drop
to 250 mA? 10 mA?

Solution

Initially, the current is 3 A. For a current of 250 mA, we have

0.250 = 3 e−t/τ

Solving for t/τ, we have

t/τ = −ln(0.250/3) = 2.48

Thus, 2.48 time constants are required for the current to drop to 250 mA.

Similarly, for a current of 10 mA, we have

t/τ = −ln(0.010/3) = 5.70

Thus, 5.70 time constants are required for the current to drop to 10 mA.

Voltage

5.5 A miniature incandescent lamp is connected to a 12-V lantern battery. If the current flow
through the filament of the lamp is 140 mA, how much power does the lamp absorb?

Solution

The power absorbed by the lamp’s filament is

P = VI

= (12 V)(0.140 A) = 1.68 W

176
5.6 A standard power for a household incandescent lightbulb is 60 W. What is the current
through the filament of such a lightbulb if the voltage is 110 V? Is the entire 60 W of
electrical power converted into visible light?

The current through the filament is

I = P
V

= 60 W = 0.546 A = 546 mA
110 V

No, most of the absorbed electrical power is converted to heat.

5.7 A standard voltage for homes in the United States is 110 V. Each circuit in the home is
protected by a circuit breaker, a safety device designed to break the flow of current in the
event of an electrical overload. A particular circuit must provide power to a baseboard
heater, lights and two televisions. If the total power required for these devices is 2.5 kW,
what is the minimum required amperage of the circuit breaker?

Solution

The minimum required amperage, i.e., the current, is

I = P
V

= 2500 W = 22.7 A
110 V

It turns out that one common amperage for residential circuit breakers is 30 A. Because the
current is only 22.7 A, one 30-A circuit breaker would be suitable for this application.

5.8 Using an order-of-magnitude analysis, estimate the amount of electrical energy (J) used per
person in the United States each year. What is the corresponding power (W)?

Solution

Electrical energy consumption in the United States is measured in units of kWh. We

roughly estimate that the average electrical energy consumption, E, per person per year is
based on the following breakdown:

177
 Appliances 5 × 103 kWh
Heating 2 × 103 kWh
Lighting 1 × 103 kWh
Other 2 × 103 kWh

Total 1 × 104 kWh

The corresponding power is the energy consumed per year.

P = E/t

= 1 × 104 kWh × 3600 kJ × 1 y × 1 day × 1 h

y kWh 365 day 24 h 3600 s

= 1.14 kJ/s = 1.14 kW = 1140 W

Thus, assuming that a person consumes 1 × 104 kWh at a uniform rate during a year’s time,
the person is consuming 1140 W of power.

Resistance

5.9 A common resistance of carbon resistors is 68 Ω. How many 68-Ω resistors, connected in
parallel, are needed to give a total resistance of 13.6 Ω?

Solution

The total resistance for N 33-Ω resistors connected in parallel is

Rt = 1
N
68

For a total resistance of 13.6 Ω, the number of resistors is

N = (68 Ω)/13.6 = 5

5.10 Consider two resistors, R1 and R2. The resistance of R1 is lower than the resistance of R2. If
these two resistors are connected in parallel, which of the following statements about the
total resistance is true?

A. The total resistance is higher than the resistance of R2.

B. The total resistance is between the resistance of R1 and R2.

178
 C. The total resistance is lower than the resistance of R1.

Solution

The total resistance for two resistors connected in parallel is

Rt = 1 = R1 R2

1/R1 + 1/R2 R1 + R2

Because R1 < R2, let

R1 = x R2

where 0 < x < 1. Thus, the total resistance is

Rt = x R2
x+1
The quantity x/(x + 1) < 1. Hence, Rt < R2, so the answer cannot be (a). Expressing the total
resistance in terms of R1 instead of R2, we have

Rt = R1
x+1

The quantity 1/(x +1) < 1. Hence, Rt < R1, so the answer is C. When two resistors of unequal
resistance are connected in parallel, the total resistance is always lower than the resistance
of the smaller resistance.

5.11 Without doing the calculation, what is the total resistance of a 10-Ω resistor and a 1-MΩ
resistor connected in parallel?

Solution

The total resistance is approximately 10 Ω. The proof is as follows:

The total resistance for two resistors connected in parallel is

Rt = 1 = R1 R2

1/R1 + 1/R2 R1 + R2

In general, if R1 << R2, the approximate total resistance is

179
 Rt ≈ R 1 R 2 = R1
R2
Hence, if R1 = 10 Ω and R2 = 1-MΩ, the total resistance is approximately 10 Ω.

5.12 Find the total resistance for the resistor circuit shown in Figure P5.12.

Figure P5.12

Solution

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 2 kΩ , R2 = 1MΩ , R3 = 5 MΩ , R4 = 200 kΩ , R5 = 600 Ω

First, we add R2 and R3 in series.

Rs1 = R2 + R3 = 1 MΩ + 5 MΩ = 6 MΩ = 6 × 106 Ω

Next, we add Rs1 in parallel with R4.

Rp = 1
1/Rs1 + 1/R4

= 1 = 193,548 Ω
1/6 × 106 Ω + 1/2 × 105 Ω

To obtain the total resistance, we add R1, Rp and R5 in series.

Rt = R1 + Rp + R5

= 2000 Ω + 193,548 Ω + 600 Ω = 196,148 Ω ≈ 196 kΩ

180
5.13 Find the total resistance for the resistor circuit shown in Figure P5.13.

Figure P5.13

Solution

At first, it may seem difficult to see how each resistor is connected in this circuit. Below, we
redraw the circuit in such a way that the series and parallel connections are more clearly
indicated. An inspection of this redrawn schematic clearly shows that it is electrically
equivalent to the schematic in Figure P5.13.

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 7 Ω , R2 = 2 Ω , R3 = 3 Ω , R4 = 22 Ω , R5 = 47 Ω , R6 = 8 Ω

First, we add R1 and R2 in series.

Rs1 = R1 + R2

=7Ω+2Ω =9Ω

Next, we add Rs1 in parallel with R3.

181
 Rp1 = 1
1/Rs1 + 1/R3
= 1 = 2.25 Ω
1/9 Ω + 1/3 Ω

Adding Rp1 and R4 in series, we have

Rs2 = Rp1 + R4

= 2.25 Ω + 22 Ω = 24.25 Ω

Finally, we add Rs2 and Rs3 = R5 + R6 = 55 Ω in parallel to obtain the total resistance.

Rt = 1
1/Rs2 + 1/Rs3

= 1 = 16.8 Ω
1/24.25 Ω + 1/55 Ω

5.14 Find the total resistance for the resistor circuit shown in Figure P5.14.

Figure P5.14

Solution

At first, it may seem difficult to see how each resistor is connected in this circuit. Below, we
redraw the circuit in such a way that the series and parallel connections are more clearly
indicated. An inspection of this redrawn schematic clearly shows that it is electrically

182
equivalent to the schematic in Figure P5.14.

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 500 Ω , R2 = 3.3 kΩ , R3 = 150 Ω , R4 = 2.2 kΩ , R5 = 75 Ω , R6 = 300 Ω

R7 = 3 kΩ , R8 = 4.7 kΩ

After adding R2 and R3 in series, and R5 and R6 in series, the equivalent resistance are added
in parallel giving

Rp1 = 1
1/R2-3 + 1/R5-6

= 1 = 338.2 Ω
1/3450 Ω + 1/375 Ω

Adding Rp1 in series with R1 and R4, we have

Rs1 = Rp1 + R1 + R4

= 338.2 Ω + 500 Ω + 2200 kΩ = 3038.2 Ω

After adding R7 and R8 in series, we obtain the total resistance by adding Rs1 in parallel with
the R7-8 equivalent resistance.

Rt = 1
1/R7-8 + 1/Rs1
= 1 = 2179 Ω
1/7700 Ω + 1/3038.2 Ω

183
5.15 Find the total resistance for the resistor circuit shown in Figure P5.15.

Figure P5.15
Solution

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 62 Ω , R2 = 200 Ω , R3 = 47 Ω , R4 = 225 Ω , R5 = 30 Ω , R6 = 75 Ω

R7 = 1.2 kΩ , R8 = 650 Ω , R9 = 50 Ω , R10 = 675 Ω , R11 = 250 Ω

R12 = 330 Ω , R13 = 90 Ω

We begin by adding resistors R1 through R6 in series, which yields

Rs1 = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 + R6

= 62 Ω + 200 Ω + 47 Ω + 225 Ω + 30 Ω + 75 Ω = 639 Ω

We then add R7 and R8 in series, which yields

Rs2 = R7 + R8

= 1200 Ω + 650 Ω = 1850 Ω

Next, we add Rs1 and Rs1 in parallel.

184
 Rp1 = 1
1/Rs1 + 1/Rs2

= 1 = 475 Ω
1/639 Ω + 1/1850 Ω

Adding R9, R10, R11 and Rp1 in series, we have

Rs3 = R9 + R10 + R11 + Rp1

= 50 Ω + 675 Ω + 250 Ω + 475 Ω = 1450 Ω

We then add R12 in parallel with Rs3, which yields

Rp2 = 1
1/R12 + 1/Rs3

= 1 = 269 Ω
1/330 Ω + 1/1450 Ω

Finally, the total resistance is obtained by adding R13 and Rp2 in series.

Rt = R13 + Rp2

= 90 Ω + 269 Ω = 359 Ω

5.16 For the resistor circuit shown in Figure P5.16, what resistance must resistor R1 have to give
a total resistance of 100 Ω?

Figure P5.16

Solution

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

185
 R2 = 16 Ω , R3 = 180 Ω , R4 = 22 Ω , R5 = 75 Ω

Resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series, and this equivalent resistor is connected in
parallel with R3, which combination is connected in series with R4. Thus, the relation for the
total resistance is

Rt = 1 + R4 + R5
1 + 1
R1 + R2 R3
The total resistance is Rt = 100 Ω. Substituting known values of all resistors into the above
relation and solving for R1, we obtain

R1 = 85 Ω

5.17 For the resistor circuit shown in Figure P5.17, what resistance must resistor R3 have to give
a total resistance of 500 Ω?

Figure P5.17

Solution

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 190 Ω , R2 = 434 Ω , R4 = 125 Ω , R5 = 60 Ω

Resistors R3, R4 and R5 are connected in series, and this combination is connected in parallel
with R2, which combination is connected in series with R1. Thus, the relation for the total
resistance is

Rt = 1 + R1
1 + 1
R3 + R4 + R5 R2

186
 The total resistance is Rt = 500 Ω. Substituting known values of all resistors into the above
relation and solving for R3, we obtain

R3 = 900 Ω

Ohm’s law

5.18 Precision resistors are resistors whose resistance is known within a tolerance of ±1% or less.
These resistors are typically used in current sensing applications. In this application, a
precision resistor with a very low resistance is connected in a circuit where a measurement
of current is desired. Because the resistance is low, the resistor does not significantly affect
the electrical attributes of the circuit. Current is measured, not by using an ammeter, but by
placing a voltmeter across the resistor. By knowing the resistance of the resistor, the current
can be readily calculated using Ohm’s law. Furthermore, by a judicious selection of the
resistance of the resistor, the voltmeter can be made to read the current directly. If the
voltmeter is to read current directly, what should the resistance of the precision resistor be?

Solution

Ohm’s law is

V = RI

If a voltmeter connected across the precision resistor is to read current directly, the resistance
of the resistor should be R = 1 Ω. Hence, we would have

V = ( 1 Ω) I = I

If a resistance of 1 Ω is too large for the application at hand, a smaller resistance could be
used. For example, precision resistors are typically available in resistance values of 0.1 Ω
and 0.01 Ω. Using these values, the voltmeter would read 0.1 V and 0.01 V, respectively,
per 1 A of current. Thus, the current is easily obtained by multiplying the voltage by the
appropriate factor of ten.

5.19 A 82-Ω power resistor carries a current of 300 mA. What is the voltage across the resistor?
What is the power dissipation? If power resistors are available in power ratings of 1, 2, 5,
and 10 W, which power rating should probably be selected?

Solution

The voltage across the resistor is obtained using Ohm’s law.

V = RI

187
 = (82 Ω)(0.300 A) = 24.6 V

The power dissipated by the resistor is

P = I2R

= (0.300 A)2(82 Ω) = 7.38 W

A 10-W power rating should be selected because it is slightly larger than the actual power
dissipation. A 5-W power resistor will probably overheat.

5.20 Borrow an ohmmeter from your instructor or the electrical engineering department at your
school. Measure the resistance of a 40-W incandescent lightbulb. What is the resistance?
If this type of lightbulb operates on 110 V, what is the current through the filament? Is the
resistance of the lightbulb the same as your measured value when the filament is hot?

(Student choice)

5.21 A 22-Ω resistor with a tolerance of ±5 percent carries a current of 325 mA. What is the
range of voltage drop across the resistor? What is the range of power dissipation by the
resistor?

Solution

The tolerance of the resistor is ±5 percent. Thus, the variation of resistance is

0.05 × 22 Ω = 1.1 Ω

so the range of resistances is

20.9 Ω < R < 23.1 Ω

The low value of voltage drop is

V1 = R I =(20.9 Ω) (0.325 A) = 6.79 V

and the high value is

V1 = RI =(23.1 Ω)(0.325 A) = 7.51 V

The low value of power dissipation is

P = I2R = (0.325 A)2(20.9 Ω) = 2.21 W

188
 and the high value is

P = I2R = (0.325 A)2(23.1 Ω) = 2.44 W

5.22 Electrical resistance for a wire of any size can be calculated using the relation:

where R = resistance (Ω), ρ = resistivity (Ω⋅cm), L = wire length (cm), and A = wire cross

sectional area (cm2). Nichrome wire has a resistivity of ρ = 112 μΩ⋅cm. For a 10-m length

of 16-gage (diameter = 1.291 mm) nichrome wire, find the resistance. If a current of 4 A
flows in the wire, find the voltage drop and power dissipation.

Solution

The cross sectional area of the wire is

A = πD2/4 = π(1.291 × 10−3 m)2/4

= 1.309 × 10−6 m2 = 0.01309 cm2

so the resistance is
−6
⋅ × 103 cm)
R = (112 × 10 Ω cm)(1

0.01309 cm2

= 8.56 Ω

The voltage drop is

V = R I =(8.56 Ω)(4 A) = 34.2 V

and the power dissipation is

P = I2R = (4 A)2(8.56 Ω) = 137 W

189
Simple DC circuits

5.23 Problem statement

A simple DC circuit consists of a 12-V independent voltage source and three resistors as
shown in Figure P5.23. Find (a) the current, (b) the voltage across each resistor and (c) the
power dissipated by each resistor.

Figure P5.23

Diagram

The diagram for this problem is the schematic diagram shown in Figure P5.23.

Assumptions

1. The voltage source is ideal.

2. The resistance of the connecting wires is negligible.
3. The resistance of the resistors are constant.

Governing equations

Total resistance (series): Rt = R1 + R2 + R3

Ohm’s law: V = RI

Power dissipation: P = I2R

Calculations

(a) The resistors are connected in series, so the current through each resistor is the same.
The total resistance is

190
 Rt = R1 + R2 + R3

= 39 Ω + 10 Ω + 82 Ω = 131 Ω

Using Ohm’s law, the current through each resistor is

I = V
Rt

= 24 V = 0.183 A = 183 mA
131 Ω

(b) Now that the current is known, the voltage across each resistor can be found using
Ohm’s law.

V1 = R1I

= (39 Ω)(0.183 A) = 7.14 V

V2 = R2I

= (10 Ω)(0.183 A) = 1.83 V

V3 = R3I

= (82 Ω)(0.183 A) = 15.0 V

(c) The power dissipated as heat by each resistor is

P1 = I2 R1

= (0.183 A)2(39 Ω) = 1.31 W

P2 = I2 R2

= (0.183 A)2(10 Ω) = 0.335 W

P3 = I2 R3

= (0.183 A)2(82 Ω) = 2.75 W

191
 Solution check

No errors are detected.

Discussion

Note that the sum of the voltage drops across the resistors equals the voltage of the ideal
voltage source (within numerical roundoff), as required by Kirchhoff’s voltage law.

5.24 Problem statement

Four resistors are connected in parallel across a 200-mA independent current source as
shown in Figure P5.24. What is the voltage across the resistors and the current in each
resistor?

Figure P5.24

Diagram

The diagram for this problem is the schematic diagram shown in Figure P5.24.

Assumptions

1. The current source is ideal.

2. The resistance of the connecting wires is negligible.
3. The resistances of the resistors are constant.

Governing equations

Total resistance (parallel): 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ...

Ohm’s law: V = RI

Calculations

Because the resistors are connected in parallel across the current source, the voltage across

192
each resistor is the same. This voltage can be found by finding the total resistance and then
applying Ohm’s law. The total resistance is

Rt = 1
1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4

= 1 = 39.74 Ω
1/80 Ω + 1/1000 Ω + 1/100 Ω + 1/600 Ω

Hence, the voltage across the resistors is

V = Rt I

= (39.74 Ω)(0.200 A) = 7.947 V = 7.95 V

Using Ohm’s law again, the current in each resistor is

I1 = V
R1
= 7.947 V = 0.0993 A = 99.3 mA
80 Ω

I2 = V
R2
= 7.947 V = 0.007947 A = 7.95 mA
1000 Ω

I3 = V
R3
= 7.947 V = 0.07947 A = 79.5 mA
100 Ω

I4 = V
R4
= 7.947 V = 0.01325 A = 13.3 mA
600 Ω

Solution check

No errors are detected.

193
 Discussion

The sum of the currents in each resistor equals the total current supplied by the independent
current source.

5.25 Problem statement

Two power resistors, a 39-Ω fixed carbon resistor and a variable wire-wound resistor, are
connected in series with a 100-V independent voltage source as shown in Figure P5.25. One
terminal of the variable resistor is a slider that contacts the wire windings as it moves along
the resistor. The maximum resistance of the variable resistor is 470 Ω. If 30 percent of the
resistor’s windings carry current, find (a) the current, (b) the voltage across the variable
resistor, and (c) the power dissipated by both resistors.

Figure P5.25

Diagram

The diagram for this problem is the schematic diagram shown in Figure P5.25.

Assumptions

1. The voltage source is ideal.

2. The resistance of the connecting wires is negligible.
3. The resistance of the 39-Ω resistor is constant.
4. The resistance of the variable resistor varies linearly with slider position.

Governing equations

Total resistance (series): Rt = R1 + R2

Ohm’s law: V = RI

194
Power dissipation: P = I2 R

Calculations

(a) We let R1 = 39 Ω, and by assumption 4, the resistance of the variable resistor is

R2 = 0.30(470 Ω) = 141 Ω

Thus, the total resistance is

Rt = R1 + R2

= 39 Ω + 141 Ω = 180 Ω

and the current is

I=V
Rt
= 100 V = 0.556 A = 556 mA
180 Ω

(b) The voltage across the variable resistor is

V2 = R2 I

= (141 Ω)(0.556 A) = 78.4 V

(c) The power dissipated by the fixed and variable resistors, respectively, are

P1 = I2 R1

= (0.556 A)2(39 Ω) = 12.1 W

P2 = I2 R2

= (0.556 A)2(141 Ω) = 43.6 W

Solution check

No errors are detected.

195
 Discussion

Variable resistors are used in applications where a manual variation of resistance is desired.
A common example is a volume control in audio systems.

Kirchhoff’s laws

5.26 Problem statement

A 50-V independent voltage source supplies power to three resistors in the DC circuit shown
in Figure P5.26. For each resistor, find the voltage drop and current.

Figure P5.26

Diagram

In the schematic diagram below, the currents entering and leaving a node are shown.

Assumptions

1. The voltage source is ideal.

2. The resistance of the connecting wires is negligible.
3. The resistances of the resistors are constant.

196
Governing equations

Ohm’s law: V = RI

Kirchhoff’s current law: ∑ Iin = 0

Kirchhoff’s voltage law: ∑V=0

Calculations

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 22 Ω , R2 = 75 Ω , R3 = 333 Ω

Appling KCL to the node, we have

∑ Iin = 0 = I1 − I2 − I3

Using Ohm’s law, we can write the above relation as

V1 = V2 + V3
R1 R2 R3

The voltage across R2 and R3 is the same. Thus, we rewrite the relation above as

V1 = V2 ( 1 + 1 )
R1 R2 R3

Writing KVL for the loop shown in the diagram, we have

∑ V = 0 = 50 − V1 − V2

Hence, KCL may be expressed as

50 − V2 = V2 ( 1 + 1 )

R1 R2 R3

Solving for V2, we have

V2 = V3 = 36.78 V = 36.8 V

The voltage across R1 is

197
 V1 = 50 − V2 = 50 V − 36.78 V = 13.22 V = 13.2 V

Now that the voltage drops are known, the currents can be found using Ohm’s law.

I1 = V1
R1
= 13.22 V = 0.601 A
22 Ω

I2 = V2
R2
= 36.78 V = 0.490 A
75 Ω

I3 = V3
R3
= 36.78 V = 0.111 A
333 Ω

Solution check

No errors are detected.

Discussion

The current, I1, that flows through the ideal voltage source and resistor R1 can be found by
first finding the total resistance and then using Ohm’s law. The total resistance is

Rt = 1 + R1 = 83.2 Ω
1/R2 + 1/R3

Thus,

I1 = V/Rt = 50 V/83.2 A = 0.601 A

198
5.27 Problem statement

For the DC circuit shown in Figure P5.27, find the voltage across each resistor and the
current in each resistor.

Figure P5.27

Diagram

In the schematic diagram below, the currents entering and leaving nodes are shown.

Assumptions

1. The voltage source is ideal.

2. The resistance of the connecting wires is negligible.
3. The resistances of the resistors are constant.

Governing equations

Ohm’s law: V = RI

Kirchhoff’s current law: ∑ Iin = 0

199
Kirchhoff’s voltage law: ∑V=0

Calculations

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 5 Ω , R2 = 10 Ω , R3 = 50 Ω , R4 = 33 Ω

Applying KCL to node 1, we have

∑ Iin = 0 = I1 − I2 − I3

and applying KCL to node 2, we have

∑ Iin = 0 = I3 − I4 − I5

Resistors R2, R3 and R4 are connected in parallel, so the voltage across across each resistor
is V2. Hence, writing the currents in terms of Ohm’s law, we have

I1 = V1/R1 , I2 = V2/R2 , I4 = V2/R3 , I5 = V2/R4

Writing KVL for the loop shown in the diagram, we have

∑ V = 0 = 30 − V1 − V2

Solving these relations for V2, the voltage across the resistors in parallel,

V2 = 17.1 V

Solving for the currents,

I1 = 2.57 A , I2 = 1.71 A , I3 = 0.862 A , I4 = 0.343 A , I5 = 0.519 A

and the voltage across R1 is

V1 = R1I1 = (5 Ω)(2.57 A) = 12.9 V

Solution check

No errors are detected.

200
 Discussion

As a check of our solution, we see that the sum of the voltages equals the voltage of the
independent voltage source, V = V1 + V2 = 12.9 V + 17.1 V = 30 V. A check of the currents
at the nodes also shows that our solution is correct.

5.28 Problem statement

For the DC circuit shown in Figure P5.28, find the voltage across each resistor and the
current in each resistor. Find the power dissipations in the 20-Ω and 100-Ω resistors.

Figure P5.28

Diagram

In the schematic diagram below, the currents entering and leaving a node are shown.

Figure P5.26

201
Assumptions

1. The voltage source is ideal.

2. The resistance of the connecting wires is negligible.
3. The resistances of the resistors are constant.

Governing equations

Ohm’s law: V = RI

Kirchhoff’s current law: ∑ Iin = 0

Kirchhoff’s voltage law: ∑V=0

Calculations

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 20 Ω , R2 = 500 Ω , R3 = 100 Ω , R4 = 75 Ω

Appling KCL to the node, we have

∑ Iin = 0 = I1 − I2 − I3
Using Ohm’s law, we can write the above relation as

V1 = Va + V3
R1 R2 + R3 R4

where V1 is the voltage across R1, Va is the voltage across the first resistor branch and V4 is
the voltage across R4. The voltage across (R2 + R3) and R4 is the same, so we rewrite the
relation above as

V1 = Va ( 1 + 1 )
R1 R2 + R3 R4

Writing KVL for the loop shown in the diagram, we have

∑ V = 0 = 40 − V1 − Va

Hence, KCL may be expressed as

40 − Va = Va ( 1 + 1)

R1 R2 + R3 R4
202
Solving for Va, we have

Va = V4 = 30.769 V = 30.8 V

The voltage across R1 is

V1 = 40 − Va = 40 V − 30.769 V = 9.231 V = 9.23 V

Now that the voltage drops are known, the currents can be found using Ohm’s law.

I1 = V1
R1
= 9.231 V = 0.462 A
20 Ω

I2 = Va
R2 + R3

= 30.769 V = 0.05128 A = 51.3 mA

500 Ω + 100 Ω

I3 = V4
R4
= 30.769 V = 0.410 A
75 Ω

Now that I2 is know, we can find the voltage across R2 and R3 individually.

V2 = R2 I2

= (500 Ω)(0.05128 A) = 25.64 V = 25.6 V

V3 = R3 I2

= (100 Ω)(0.05128 A) = 5.128 V = 5.13 V

The power dissipations in the 20-Ω and 100-Ω resistors, respectively, are

P1 = I12 R1
= (0.462 A)2(20 Ω) = 4.26 W
203
 P3 = I22 R3

= (0.05128 A)2(100 Ω) = 0.263 W

Solution check

No errors are detected.

Discussion

As required by Kirchhoff’s current law, the sum of the currents in the two branches equals
the current that flows through the voltage source. Also, as required by Kirchhoff’s voltage
law, the algebraic sum of the voltages around each loop shown in the diagram is zero.

5.29 Problem statement

For the DC circuit shown in Figure P5.29, find the voltage across each resistor and the
current in each resistor.

Figure P5.29

204
Diagram

In the schematic diagram below, the currents entering and leaving a node are shown.

Assumptions

1. The voltage source is ideal.

2. The resistance of the connecting wires is negligible.
3. The resistances of the resistors are constant.

Governing equations

Ohm’s law: V = RI

Kirchhoff’s current law: ∑ Iin = 0

Kirchhoff’s voltage law: ∑V=0

Calculations

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 5 Ω , R2 = 33 Ω , R3 = 2 Ω , R4 = 3 Ω , R5 = 12 Ω

Appling KCL to the node, we have

∑ Iin = 0 = I1 − I2 − I3
Using Ohm’s law, we can write the above relation as

205
 V1 = V2 + Va
R1 R2 R3 + R4 + R5

where V1 is the voltage across R1, Va is the voltage across (R3 + R4 + R5) and V2 is the voltage
across R2. We can see that Va = V2 , so we rewrite the relation above as

V1 = Va ( 1 + 1 )
R1 R2 R 3 + R4 + R5

Writing KVL for the loop shown in the diagram, we have

∑ V = 0 = 24 − V1 − Va

Hence, KCL may be expressed as

24 − Va = Va ( 1 + 1 )

R1 R2 R3 + R4 + R5

Solving for Va, we have

Va = V2 = 16.6 V

The voltage across R1 is

V1 = 24 − Va = 24 V − 16.6 V = 7.40 V

Now that two of the voltage drops are known, the currents can be found using Ohm’s law.

I1 = V1
R1
= 7.40 V = 1.48 A
5Ω

I2 = V2
R2
= 16.6 V = 0.503 A
33 Ω

I3 = Va
R3 + R4 + R5

206
 = 16.6 V = 0.977 A
2 Ω + 3 Ω + 12 Ω

Now that I3 is know, we can find the voltages across R3, R4 and R5 individually.

V3 = R3 I3

= (2 Ω)(0.977 A) = 1.95 V

V4 = R4 I3

= (3 Ω)(0.977 A) = 2.93 V

V5 = R5 I3

= (12 Ω)(0.977 A) = 11.7 V

Solution check

No errors are detected.

Discussion

Current I1 flows through the voltage source as well as R1. The value of I1 can be easily
verified by finding the total resistance in the circuit and then using Ohm’s law. We have

Rt = 1 + R1 = 16 Ω
1/R2 + 1/(R3 + R4 + R5)

Thus, the total current, or I1, is

It = Vt
Rt

= 24 V = 1.50 A
16 Ω

207
5.30 Problem statement

For the DC circuit shown in Figure P5.30, find the voltage across each resistor and the
current in each resistor.

Figure P5.30

Diagram

In the schematic diagram below, the currents entering and leaving a node are shown.

Assumptions

1. The current source is ideal.

2. The resistance of the connecting wires is negligible.
3. The resistances of the resistors are constant.

208
Governing equations

Ohm’s law: V = RI

Kirchhoff’s current law: ∑ Iin = 0

Calculations

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 5 Ω , R2 = 10 Ω , R3 = 50 Ω , R4 = 25 Ω , R5 = 5 Ω

Appling KCL to the node, we have

∑ Iin = 0 = I1 − I2 − I3

The current supplied by the ideal current source is known, so the relation above can be
written as

I1 = 0.5 A = I2 + I3

Using Ohm’s law, this relation can be expressed as

0.5 = Va + Vb

R2 + R3 R4 + R5
where Va and Vb are the voltages across (R2 + R3) and (R4 + R5), respectively. Because Va
= Vb, we can write

0.5 = Va ( 1 + 1 )
R2 + R3 R4 + R5

Solving for Va, we have

Va = Vb = 10.0 V

The current, I2, is

I2 = Va
R2 + R3

= 10.0 V = 0.1667 A = 0.167 A

10 Ω + 50 Ω

209
Thus,

I3 = I1 − I2

= 0.5 A − 0.1167 A = 0.333 A

Now that the currents are known, the voltages across each resistor can be found using Ohm’s
law.

V1 = R1 I1

= (5 Ω)(0.5 A) = 2.50 V

V2 = R2 I2

= (10 Ω)(0.1667 A) = 1.67 V

V3 = R3 I2

= (50 Ω)(0.1667 A) = 8.33 V

V4 = R4 I3

= (25 Ω)(0.3333 A) = 8.33 V

V5 = R5 I3

= (5 Ω)(0.3333 A) = 1.67 V

Solution check

No errors are detected.

Discussion

Note that we did not have to use Kirchhoff’s voltage law to analyze this circuit. Unlike the
circuits in previous problems, this circuit is powered by an ideal current source, not an ideal
voltage source.

210
5.31 Problem statement

For the DC circuit shown in Figure P5.31, find the voltage across each resistor and the
current in each resistor. Find the power dissipations in the 2-Ω, 5-Ω and 22-Ω resistors.

Figure P5.31

Diagram

In the schematic diagram below, the currents entering and leaving a node are shown.

Assumptions

1. The current source is ideal.

2. The resistance of the connecting wires is negligible.
3. The resistances of the resistors are constant.

211
Governing equations

Ohm’s law: V = RI

Kirchhoff’s current law: ∑ Iin = 0

Calculations

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 47 Ω , R2 = 2 Ω , R3 = 22 Ω , R4 = 16 Ω , R5 = 40 Ω , R6 = 5 Ω

Appling KCL to the node, we have

∑ Iin = 0 = I1 − I2 − I3

The current supplied by the ideal current source is known, so the relation above can be
written as

I1 = 0.150 A = I2 + I3

Using Ohm’s law, this relation can be expressed as

0.150 = V3 + Va
R3 R4 + R5 + R6
where Va is the voltages across (R4 + R5 + R6). Because Va = V3, we can write

0.150 = Va ( 1 + 1 )
R3 R4 + R5 + R6

Solving for Va, we have

Va = V3 = 2.43 V

The current, I2, is

I2 = V3
R3
= 2.43 V = 0.111 A
22 Ω

Thus,

212
 I3 = I1 − I2

= 0.150 A − 0.111 A = 0.0390 A

Now that the currents are known, the voltages across each resistor can be found using Ohm’s
law.

V1 = R1 I1

= (47 Ω)(0.150 A) = 7.05 V

V2 = R2 I1

= (2 Ω)(0.150 A) = 0.300 V

V4 = R4 I3

= (16 Ω)(0.0390 A) = 0.6240 V = 0.624 V

V5 = R5 I3

= (40 Ω)(0.0390 A) = 1.560 V = 1.56 V

V6 = R6 I3

= (5 Ω)(0.0390 A) = 0.1950 V = 0.195 V

The power dissipations are

P2 = I12 R2

= (0.150 A)2(2 Ω) = 0.0450 W = 45.0 mW

P3 = I22 R3

= (0.111 A)2(22 Ω) = 0.271 W = 271 mW

P6 = I32 R6

= (0.0390 A)2(5 Ω) = 7.61 × 10−3 W = 7.61 mW

Solution check

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 No errors are detected.

Discussion

Note that current, I1, passes through the current source as well as resistors R1 and R2 because
these circuit elements are connected in series.

5.32 Problem statement

For the DC circuit shown in Figure P5.32, find the voltage across each resistor and the
current in each resistor.

Figure P5.32

Diagram

In the schematic diagram below, the currents entering and leaving a node are shown.

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Assumptions

1. The current source is ideal.

2. The resistance of the connecting wires is negligible.
3. The resistances of the resistors are constant.

Governing equations

Ohm’s law: V = RI

Kirchhoff’s current law: ∑ Iin = 0

Kirchhoff’s voltage law: ∑V=0

We assign the resistors the following variable names:

R1 = 7 Ω , R2 = 25 Ω , R3 = 5 Ω , R4 = 10 Ω , R5 = 3 Ω , R6 = 40 Ω

R7 = 2 Ω , R8 = 13 Ω , R9 = 1 Ω

Appling KCL to the node, we have

∑ Iin = 0 = I1 − I2 − I3 − I4
The current supplied by the ideal current source is known, so the relation above can be
written as

I1 = 0.200 A = I2 + I3 + I4

Using Ohm’s law, this relation can be expressed as

0.200 = Va + Vb + V8

R2 + R3 + R4 R5 + R6 R8
where Va and Vb are the voltages across resistors (R2 + R3 + R4) and (R5 + R6), respectively.

Noting that Vb = V8, we can write the above expression as

0.200 = Va + Vb ( 1 + 1)
R2 + R3 + R4 R5 + R6 R8

This relation contains 2 unknown quantities, Va and Vb. A second equation may be obtained
by using Kirchhoff’s voltage law for the loop shown in the diagram above. First, we must

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find the voltage across the ideal current source. This can be done by finding the total
resistance for the entire circuit and then using Ohm’s law to find the voltage across the
equivalent total resistor. Using the rules for combining resistors connected in series and
parallel, the total resistance for the circuit is

Rt = 17.22 Ω

Hence, the corresponding voltage is

Vs = Rt I1

= (17.22 Ω)(0.200 A) = 3.444 V

Applying KVL, we have

∑ V = 0 = Vs − V1 − Va − V9

Solving for Va, we obtain

Va = Vs − I1 R1 − I1 R9

= 3.444 V − (0.200 A)(7 Ω) − (0.200 A)(1 Ω) = 1.844 V

Now that Va is known, Vb may be found. The result is

Vb = 1.5363 V

Currents I2, I3 and I4 may now be found. They are

I2 = Va
R2 + R3 + R4
= 1.844 V = 0.0461 A = 46.1 mA
40 Ω

I3 = Vb
R5 + R6
= 1.5363 V = 0.0357 A = 35.7 mA
43 Ω

I4 = V8
R8

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 = 1.5363 V = 0.1182 A = 118 mA
13 Ω

The current in resistor R7 is

I3 + I4 = 0.0357 A + 0.118 A = 0.154 A = 154 mA.

Now that all currents are known, the voltages across each resistor can be found.

V1 = R1 I1

= (7 Ω)(0.200 A) = 1.40 V

V2 = R2 I2

= (25 Ω)(0.0461 A) = 1.15 V

V3 = R3 I2

= (5 Ω)(0.0461 A) = 0.231 V

V4 = R4 I2

= (10 Ω)(0.0461 A) = 0.461 V

V5 = R5 I3

= (3 Ω)(0.0357 A) = 0.107 V

V6 = R6 I3

= (40 Ω)(0.0357 A) = 1.43 V

V7 = R7 (I3 + I4)

= (2 Ω)(0.0357 A + 0.1182 A) = 0.308 V

V8 = R8 I4

= (13 Ω)(0.1182 A) = 1.54 V

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 V9 = R9 I1

= (1 Ω)(0.200 A) = 0.200 V

Solution check

No errors are detected.

Discussion

Note that the current that flows through R7 is (I3 + I4) because these currents combine after
leaving the second and third parallel branches. It should also be noted that the current that
flows through R9 is I1.

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