Table of contents

1.1 Introduction to Database Management System

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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Data
• Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be interpreted to have meaning.
• Data are values from which the information or meaning is extracted by the users and used in decision
making purposes.
• Observation and recording are done to produce data.
• Data by itself is not significant
• Data doesn’t depends on information.

• For example, a collection of numbers (e.g., 25, 30, 27, 22) without any context or labeling is data.

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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Information
• Information is the processed data. When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given
context so as to make it useful, it is called information.
• Processing of data could be in the form of addition, subtracting, comparison, sorting, rearrangement etc.
• Information adds meaning to the data and makes the data more reliable and applicable.
• Analysis of data are done to obtain information.
• Information is significant.
• Information depends on data.
• For example, temperature readings for four days: 25°C, 30°C, 27°C, 22°C"), is information that provides
a clearer understanding of the data.

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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Data vs Information

Source:
https://portal.abuad.ed
u.ng/lecturer/document
s/1554208765DATA_A
ND_INFORMATION.pd
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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Knowledge
• It is the understanding, insights, and awareness gained from the processed information.
• Knowledge represents the ability to connect information to real-world experiences, concepts, and
principles.
• For example, with the information from the table below, knowledge might involve recognizing that Sarah
performed the best on the test, while John scored the lowest, and that there might be a need to provide
additional support to John.

Source:
https://chat.openai.com/

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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Database
• A collection of stored operational data used by the application systems of some particular enterprise.
• Database is organized shared collection of logically related data in a systematic manner , that is stored to
meet the requirement of different users of an organization, institution , government bodies that can be
easily accessed, managed and updated.
• Database is actually a place where related piece of information is stored and various operation can be
performed on it.
• Database can me maintained manually or through electronic devices such as : digital diaries, Mobile
phones, Computers etc.
• The database are generally stored in the form of database tables.
• The table is set of elements or values that is organized in the form of rows and columns.
• The column is called as fields (attributes) and the row is called as records(tuples).
• A table has specific number of columns but may have multiple number of rows.

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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Database

Source: Er. Niraj KC; WRC

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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Characteristics of Database
The data in a database should have the following features:
1) Organized/Related: It should be well organized and related.
2) Shared: Data in a database are shared among different users and applications.
3) Validity/integrity/Correctness: Data should be correct with respect to the real world entity that they
represent.
4) Consistency: Whenever more than one data element in a database represents related real world values,
the values should be consistent with respect to the relationship.
5) Security: Data should be protected from unauthorized access.
6) Non-redundancy: No two data items in a database should represent the same real world entity.
7) Easily Accessible: It should be available when and where it is needed i.e. it should be easily
accessible.
8) Recoverable: It should be recoverable in case of damage.
9) Flexible to change: It should be flexible to change.

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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Database Management System (DBMS)
• A DBMS is a software (or a collection of programs) that enables users to create, store, modify, and extract
information from database as per the requirements.
• A DBMS is a tool, that is used to perform any kind of operation on data in database.
• It has multi-user access and is designed to fulfill the need of small and large enterprises.
• Some DBMS examples: MY SQL, Oracle, System 2000, MS Excess, MY SQL Server, etc

Users of DBMS
a. Application Programmers
b. Database Administrators
c. End-Users

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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Database Management System (DBMS)
Users of DBMS
a. Application Programmers
• The Application programmers write programs in various programming languages to interact with
databases.

b. Database Administrators
• Database Admin is responsible for managing the entire DBMS system. He/She is called Database admin
or DBA.

c. End-Users
• The end users are the people who interact with the database management system.
• They conduct various operations on databases like retrieving, updating, deleting, etc.

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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Components of DBMS
1. Software
2. Hardware
3. Data
4. Procedures
5. Database Access Language

Software
• It is the main component of a DBMS.
• It is the set of programs used to handle the database and to control and manage the overall computerized
database.
• Various softwares of Database Management System are Oracle, Microsoft access, SQL server, Postgresql
etc.

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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Components of DBMS
Hardware
• Hardware consists of a set of physical electronic devices such as computers (together with associated I/O devices
like disk drives), storage devices, I/O channels, electromechanical devices that make interface between computers
and the real world systems etc, and so on.
• It is impossible to implement the DBMS without the hardware devices.

Data
• Data is the most important component of the DBMS.
• The main purpose of DBMS is to process the data.
• In DBMS, databases are defined, constructed and then data is stored, updated and retrieved to and from the
databases.
• The database contains both the actual (or operational) data and the metadata (data about data or description about
data).

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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Components of DBMS
Procedures
• Procedures refer to the instructions and rules that help to design the database and to use the DBMS.
• The users that operate and manage the DBMS require documented procedures on hot use or run the database
management system. These may include.
1. Procedure to install the new DBMS.
2. To log on to the DBMS.
3. To use the DBMS or application program.
4. To make backup copies of database.
5. To change the structure of database.
6. To generate the reports of data retrieved from database.

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 1.1 Introduction to Database Management System
Components of DBMS
Database Access Language
• The database access language is used to access the data to and from the database.
• The users use the database access language to enter new data, change the existing data in database and to retrieve
required data from databases.
• The user write a set of appropriate commands in a database access language and submits these to the DBMS. The
DBMS translates the user commands and sends it to a specific part of the DBMS called the Database Jet Engine.
The database engine generates a set of results according to the commands submitted by user, converts these into a
user readable form called an Inquiry Report and then displays them on the screen.
• The most popular database access language is SQL (Structured Query Language).
• Relational databases are required to have a database query language.

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 ASSIGNMENT
1. Difference between data and information

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 References
• Data and Information; https://portal.abuad.edu.ng/lecturer/documents/1554208765DATA_AND_INFORMATION.pdf

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