Microwave and Antennas

ELC3510

Department of Electronics Engineering

Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU

Course Outcomes
1. Understand basic concepts of µwave engineering.

2. Model the microwave devices using S-parameters.

3. Learn the theory and working of µwave tubes and solid-state devices.

4. Identify the different types of antennas and understand their working.

5. Carry out analysis of different types of antennas.

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU

Syllabus
Unit I: Microwave Components

Unit II: Microwave Amplifiers and Oscillators

Unit III: Microwave Semiconductor Devices and Antennas

Unit IV: Antenna Design

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU

Introduction
✓Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation
with wavelengths ranging from about one meter to one millimeter;
with frequencies between 300 MHz (1 m) and 300 GHz (1 mm).
✓Different sources define different frequency ranges as
microwaves; the above broad definition includes
both UHF and EHF (millimeter wave) bands.
✓A more common definition in radio engineering is the range
between 1 and 100 GHz (wavelengths between 0.3 m and 3 mm).
✓Frequencies in the microwave range are often referred to by
their IEEE radar band designations: S, C, X, Ku, K, or Ka band or by
similar NATO or EU designations.

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU

✓prefix micro-in microwave is not meant to suggest a wavelength in
the micrometer range.
✓Rather, it indicates that microwaves are "small" (having shorter
wavelengths), compared to the radio waves used prior to microwave
technology.
✓The boundaries between far infrared, terahertz radiation,
microwaves, and ultra-high-frequency radio waves are fairly arbitrary
and are used variously between different fields of study.
✓Microwaves travel by line-of-sight; unlike lower frequency radio
waves they do not diffract around hills, follow the earth's surface
as ground waves, or reflect from the ionosphere.
✓so terrestrial microwave communication links are limited by the visual horizon to
about 40 miles.

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU
Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU
Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU
 ADVANTAGES OF MICROWAVES

Advantages of Microwaves
Large Bandwidth: The Bandwidth of Microwaves is larger than the common
low frequency radio waves. Thus more information can be transmitted using
Microwaves. It is very good advantage, because of this, Microwaves are used
for Point to Point Communications.

Better Directivity: At Microwave Frequencies, there are better directive

properties. This is due to the relation that As Frequency Increases, Wavelength
decreases and as Wavelength decreases Directivity Increases and Beam width
decreases. So it is easier to design and fabricate high gain antenna in
Microwaves.
Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU
Small Size Antenna: Microwaves allows to decrease the size of antenna. The
antenna size can be smaller as the size of antenna is inversely proportional to the
transmitted frequency. Thus in Microwaves, we have waves of much higher
frequencies and hence the higher the frequency, the smaller the size of antenna.
Low Power Consumption: The power required to transmit a high frequency signal
is lesser than the power required in transmission of low frequency signals. As
Microwaves have high frequency thus requires very less power.
Effect Of Fading: The effect of fading is minimized by using Line of Sight
propagation technique at Microwave Frequencies. While at low frequency signals,
the layers around the earth causes fading of the signal.
Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU
APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVES

APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVES
There are many Industrial, Scientific, Medical and Domestic Applications of
Microwaves. The great example of Application of Microwaves is 'Microwave Oven'
which we uses in our daily life.

Following are the other main application areas of Microwaves:

✓Communication

✓Remote Sensing

✓Heating

✓Medical Science
Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU
Communication: Microwave is used in broadcasting and telecommunication
transmissions.
✓ As described above, they have shorter wavelengths and allows to use smaller
antennas. The cellular networks like GSM, also uses Microwave frequencies of
range 1.8 to 1.9 GHz for communication.
✓ Microwaves are also used for transmitting and receiving a signal from earth to
satellite and from satellite to earth.
✓ Military or Army also makes use of Microwaves in their
communication system. They uses X or Ku band for their communication.

Remote Sensing: Most of you may be familiar with this Application. The most
common application of Microwave is its use in RADAR and SONAR.
✓ RADAR is used to detect an object by using a transmitter and receiver to detect its
position and velocity. Radiometry is also one of the Remote Sensing Applications.

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU

Heating: You all are familiar with this application. We uses Microwave Oven
to bake and cook food. It is very convenient electronic machine which
performs the heating task very cleanly and in a very less time.

Medical Science: Microwave's heating properties are also used in Medical

Science. Microwave also have Medical Applications such as it is used in
diagnosis and various therapies. There are also some other applications of
heating property of microwave such as Drying, Precooking and Moisture
Leveling.

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU

Waveguides
➢A hollow metallic tube of the uniform cross section for transmitting
electromagnetic waves by successive reflections from the inner walls of the tube
is called as a Waveguide.
➢Microwaves propagate through microwave circuits, components and devices,
which act as a part of Microwave transmission lines, broadly called as
Waveguides.
➢A waveguide is generally preferred in microwave communications. A waveguide
is a special form of a transmission line, which is a hollow metal tube. Unlike the
transmission line, the waveguide has no center conductor.
Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU
Advantages of Waveguides
✓ Waveguides are easy to manufacture.
✓ They can handle very large power (in kilowatts).
✓ Power loss is very negligible in waveguides.
✓ They offer very low loss (low value of alpha-attenuation).
✓ The microwave energy when travels through the waveguide, experiences lower
losses than a coaxial cable.

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU

Types of Waveguides
There are five types of waveguides. They are:

➢ Rectangular waveguide

➢ Circular waveguide

➢ Elliptical waveguide

➢ Single ridged waveguide

➢ Double ridged waveguide

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU
Difference between transmission lines and Waveguides
Transmission Lines Waveguides
Supports TEM wave Cannot support TEM wave
Only the frequencies that are
All frequencies can pass
greater than cut-off frequency
through
can pass through
Two conductor transmission One conductor transmission

Wave travels through

Reflections are less reflections from the walls of
waveguide
It has characteristic impedance It has wave impedance
Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU
Propagation of waves is Propagation of waves is
according to "Circuit theory" according to "Field theory"

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU

✓ Rectangular waveguides are the one of the earliest type of the transmission
lines.
✓ They are used in many applications. A lot of components such as isolators,
detectors, attenuators, couplers and slotted lines are available for various
standard waveguide bands between 1 GHz to above 220 GHz.
✓ A rectangular waveguide supports TM and TE modes but not TEM waves
because we cannot define a unique voltage since there is only one conductor in
a rectangular waveguide.

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU

✓ A rectangular waveguide does not allow propagation below some certain
frequency. This frequency is called the cut-off frequency.
Here, we will discuss TM mode rectangular waveguides and TE mode rectangular
waveguides separately.

Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU

Waveguide modes
Looking at waveguide theory it is possible it calculate there are a number of formats
in which an electromagnetic wave can propagate within the waveguide. These
different types of waves correspond to the different elements within an
electromagnetic wave.
TE mode: This waveguide mode is dependent upon the transverse electric waves,
also sometimes called H waves, characterized by the fact that the electric vector (E)
being always perpendicular to the direction of propagation. In TE wave only the E
field is purely transverse to the direction of propagation and the magnetic field is
not purely transverse
i.e. Ez=0,Hz ≠ 0
Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU
TM mode: Transverse magnetic waves, also called E waves are characterised by the fact
that the magnetic vector (H vector) is always perpendicular to the direction of
propagation. In TE wave only the H field is purely transverse to the direction of
propagation and the Electric field is not purely transverse
i.e. Ez ≠ 0,Hz=0
TEM mode: The Transverse electromagnetic wave cannot be propagated within a
waveguide, but is included for completeness. It is the mode that is commonly used within
coaxial and open wire feeders. The TEM wave is characterised by the fact that both the
electric vector (E vector) and the magnetic vector (H vector) are perpendicular to the
direction of propagation. In this, neither electric nor magnetic fields are purely transverse
to the direction of propagation. i.e. Ez ≠ 0, Hz ≠ 0
Dr. Mohd Asifuddola, Deptt. of Electronics Engg. AMU