CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the research methodology which integrates the various

techniques that will be use in the study for the purpose of achieving the research objectives. This

chapter discussed the research procedures namely: Research design, Area for the study, Target

population, Sample and Sampling Technique, Instrumentation and Data Analysis Technique.

3.1 Research Design

The design that is adopted for this study is descriptive survey. A descriptive survey is that

study in which the researcher collects data usually from a very large sample drawn from a given

population and describes certain features of the sample as they are at particular time of the study;

without testing any hypothesis (Sekoni, 2021). In the present study, the researcher will collect

data from a the audience of The Punch newspaper in Lagos state.

3.2 Target Population

The target population for this study consists of individuals who read the Punch

newspaper regularly. Based on the most recent estimates, the Punch newspaper has a substantial

audience of around 150,000 dedicated readers per day (The Punch, 2021).

3.3 Sample size and Sampling Technique

Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method that involves selecting

participants based on their easy accessibility or availability. In this study, I have chosen to utilize

convenience sampling to select a sample of 204 individuals from the population of Punch

1
newspaper readers. The aim is to gather insights into the reading habits and preferences of this

particular audience.

3.4 Research Instrument

The instrument for this research work was a questionnaire made by researcher. The

questionnaire was chosen because of it perceived relevance in the area of information Gathering

and data in a given population area. The questionnaire would be administered to audience of The

Punch newspaper in Lagos state. It is structured in a clear and simple language. It contains two

major division – section 1 and 2. Section 1 contains the demographic information which include

gender, age bracket, educational qualification and marital status. Section 2 contains 30 statement

numbered 1-30 the response mode for the statements was like response modes of strongly Agree

(SA), Agree(A), Disagree(D) and strongly Disagree(SD).

3.5 Validation of Instrument

The research instrument would be given to my supervisor and two experts in the field for

validation. The instrument was given out to enable the experts mean necessary correction based

on their suggestions and professional views.

3.6 Method of Data Collection

The questionnaire was personally administered by the researcher. A research assistant

was recruited to assist with the administration of the questionnaire. Copies of the questionnaire

were given to the respondents and the research assistant helped to collect them.

3.7 Data Analysis Technique

Appropriate statistical tools are used for data analysis in this study which will

include simple frequency and percentages. A simple frequency analysis compares the values of

the fields you specify and creates a report that lists each value for those fields along with the
2
number of times each value occurs. Percentage (from Latin per centum "by a hundred") is a

number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign, "%",

although the abbreviations "pct.", "pct" and sometimes "pc" are also used. A percentage is

a dimensionless number (pure number); it has no unit of measurement.

3.8 Ethical Consideration

Ethics are code of conduct, it is morale principle that controls or influences a person’s

behaviour. The research carried out was in accurate way. The consent of the respondent was

obtained. They were made to know what the research is all about what it entails, the benefits of

the study was also maintained.

3
 REFERENCES

(Altheide, 2016 and Cecil, 2011). Introduction to global Western journalism‟, in De Beer, S. (ed)
Global journalism: Topical issues and media systems, Boston: Pearson Education Inc.

Byrne P. (2004). „Finding perspectives in ever-changing global media world‟, in De Beer, S.

Dey,T. (2013). Qualitative research design and implementation, San-Francisco: Jossey Bass

Frey K. (2012). „Egypt crisis and the social media revolution [online] Available at:
http://www.reputationmanagementfor.com/blog/2011/02/01/egyptcrisis-and-the-social-
media-revolution/ (accessed 09/03/11)

Hart R. (2015). McQuails communication theory, 6th edition, London: Sage communication.

Hall, M. (2008). Qualitative research methods, third edition, New York: Routledge

Hodson, B. (2009). The convergence of Agenda Setting and framing‟, in Reese, S. (ed)
Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world International
Communication Gazette, vol. 68, no 5-6, p.519-53

Keats E. (2010). Research: A common approach, Victoria: Thomson Social Science Press

(McNeil and Chapman, 2005). Freedom of expression and the social responsibility of the media
in the information society‟ Global Media Journal [online] volume 7, issue 13, No. 3
Available at: http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/cca/gmj/fa08/gmj-fa08-masmoudi.htm
(accessed 09/04/11)

Patton, F. (2012). News and myth in Venezuela: The press and the Chavez Revolution‟, in Bird,
S. (ed) The Anthropology of news and journalism: Global perspectives, Bloomington:
Indiana University Pres

Priest, L. (2010). The role of the media in monitoring international humanitarian law during
military interventions: The case of Kosovo‟ Peace and Change, vol.30, N o.3, July
4
(Silverman, 2015; Priest, 2010). Theories of human communication, Belmont: Thomas
Wandsworth

Sekoni, F. (2021). Research methodology for health information management students at kwara
state university, Malete

Tesch, C. (2010). Echoes of violence: Considerations on radio and genocide in Rwanda. in A.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISSCUSS OF FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the analysis of demographic data of the respondents, findings of the

respondents, presented and interpreted the research question for this study using frequency count

and percentage.

4.2 Breakdown of Questionnaire Distribution and Respondents

Table 4.1 Rate of Responses

Questionnaire Respondents Percentage

Valid 192 94.1%

Invalid 12 5.8%

Distributed 204 100%

Source: Field Survey (2023)

Table 4.1 provides a breakdown of the distribution of questionnaires and the corresponding

respondents' rate for this study. A total of 204 questionnaires were distributed to various

participants for the study. Out of these, 192 responses were considered valid, representing a

significant majority of 94.1% of the total questionnaires distributed. These valid responses

indicate that the participants completed the questionnaires appropriately and provided relevant

data for analysis. On the other hand, 12 responses were classified as invalid, accounting for 5.8%

of the total distributed questionnaires. The reasons for considering these responses invalid was

due to incomplete or inconsistent answers that rendered them unusable for the study's purposes.

6
4.3 Presentation of Demographic Findings
Table 4.2 Demographic Distribution of Respondents

Frequency Percentage

GENDER

Male 147 76.6%

Female 45 23.4%

Total 192 100%

AGE

18-23 147 76.6%

24-29 45 23.4%

30-35 147 76.6%

36 and above 45 23.4%

Total 192 100%

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

OND 24 12.5%

HND/BSc 135 70.3%

MSc 28 14.6%

PhD 5 2.6%

MARITAL STATUS

Married 105 54.7%

Single 66 34.4%

Divorced/others 21 10.9%

Total 192 100%

Field Survey, 2023

7
Table 4.2 presents the demographic distribution of respondents for the survey, outlining their

characteristics based on gender, age, educational qualification and marital status. The data is

expressed in both frequency and percentage to provide a clear understanding of the respondent's

profile.

The survey had a total of 192 respondents. Among them, 147 identified as male, constituting

76.6% of the total respondents. On the other hand, 45 respondents identified as female, making

up 23.4% of the total. This indicates a higher representation of male participants compared to

females in the survey. The respondents' age distribution was divided into four categories. The

age group "18-23" had 147 respondents, accounting for 76.6% of the total participants. Another

age group, "30-35," also had 147 respondents, making up the same percentage, indicating a

substantial representation of individuals in these two age ranges. The age group "24-29"

comprised 45 respondents, constituting 23.4% of the total. Similarly, the age group "36 and

above" also had 45 respondents, accounting for 23.4% of the total. This shows an equal

distribution of respondents in both the younger and older age groups. The respondents'

educational qualifications were categorized into four groups. The group with the highest number

of respondents was "HND/BSc," which had 135 participants, making up 70.3% of the total. This

indicates that a significant proportion of respondents held either a Higher National Diploma

(HND) or a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree. The next most common educational qualification

was "MSc" (Master of Science), with 28 respondents, representing 14.6% of the total. Following

that, the group with "OND" (Ordinary National Diploma) had 24 respondents, accounting for

12.5% of the total. Lastly, the "PhD" group had the smallest number of respondents, with 5

participants, making up 2.6% of the total. This suggests that only a small percentage of

respondents held a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree. Lastly, among the respondents, 105
8
individuals, constituting 54.7% of the total, identified themselves as "Married." This indicates

that more than half of the survey participants were in a married relationship at the time of the

survey. The "Single" category comprised 66 respondents, making up 34.4% of the total. This

highlights a significant presence of single individuals among the survey participants. The

remaining respondents, a total of 21 individuals, fell into the "Divorced/others" category,

representing 10.9% of the total. This group encompasses respondents who reported being

divorced, widowed, separated, or having a different marital status.

Gender
160 147
140
120
100
Frequency

80
60
45
40
20
0
male female

Figure 1: Gender Distribution of the Respondents

9
 aGE

8%
17%
36%

18-23
24-29
30-35
36 and above

39%

Figure 2: Age Bracket of the Respondents

4.4 Answers to Research Questions

Items SA A D SD
I frequently read newspaper reports on 47 104 32 9
human rights stories. 24.5% 54.2% 16.7% 4.7%
Human rights stories are an important 52 103 32 5
topic that I actively seek out in 27.1% 53.6% 16.7% 2.6%
newspapers.
I feel well-informed about human rights 49 104 32 7
issues due to the newspaper reports I 25.5% 54.2% 16.7% 3.6%
read.
I believe newspaper reports have a 77 111 4 0
significant impact on raising awareness 40.1% 57.8% 2.1% 0.0%
and generating action on human rights
Newspaper reports on human rights 74 118 0 0
stories are influential reports in shaping 38.5% 61.5% 0.0% 0.0%
my opinions and attitudes towards
human rights
Field Survey, 2023

10
Table 4.3 presents the data on respondents' exposure to newspapers' reports on human rights

issues and their attitudes and perceptions regarding such reports. The table consists of five items,

and respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement or disagreement with each statement.

The first item focused on how frequently respondents read newspaper reports on human rights

stories. Among the 192 participants, 24.5% (47 respondents) strongly agreed that they frequently

read such reports, while 54.2% (104 respondents) agreed with the statement. On the other hand,

16.7% (32 respondents) expressed a neutral stance, and only 4.7% (9 respondents) disagreed

with the statement. The second item explored whether human rights stories were an important

topic that respondents actively sought out in newspapers. The data showed that 27.1% (52

respondents) strongly agreed with this statement, and 53.6% (103 respondents) agreed. Another

16.7% (32 respondents) remained neutral, and a small percentage of 2.6% (5 respondents)

disagreed with the statement. The third item gauged respondents' perception of feeling well-

informed about human rights issues due to the newspaper reports they read. 25.5% (49

respondents) strongly agreed that they felt well-informed, and 54.2% (104 respondents) agreed.

16.7% (32 respondents) had a neutral stance, while 3.6% (7 respondents) disagreed. The fourth

item delved into the belief that newspaper reports have a significant impact on raising awareness

and generating action on human rights. The majority of respondents, 40.1% (77 respondents),

strongly agreed with this statement, and 57.8% (111 respondents) agreed. A small proportion of

2.1% (4 respondents) remained neutral, and no respondents disagreed with the statement. Finally,

the fifth item investigated whether newspaper reports on human rights stories were influential in

shaping respondents' opinions and attitudes towards human rights. The data showed that 38.5%

(74 respondents) strongly agreed with the statement, and 61.5% (118 respondents) agreed. None

11
of the respondents expressed a neutral stance or disagreed with the statement. The implications

of the findings suggest that a significant portion of the respondents actively engage with

newspaper reports on human rights issues. Many of them perceive these reports as reliable

sources of information, leading to increased awareness and understanding of human rights

concerns. Moreover, the data indicates that newspaper reports play a vital role in shaping public

opinion and potentially inspiring action on human rights issues. Responsible and accurate

reporting by the media can contribute to a well-informed and engaged public, fostering positive

social change and advocacy for human rights causes. Overall, the results highlight the

importance of ethical and unbiased reporting by media organizations to promote awareness and

understanding of critical human rights issues.

Table 4.4 Degree of Attention given to Human Right Issues in Newspapers by the

Audience

Items SA A D SD
I actively seek out human rights stories 58 96 33 5
in newspaper 30.2% 50.0% 17.2% 2.6%
Human rights issues are adequately 12 76 74 30
covered in newspapers 6.3% 39.6% 38.5% 15.6%
I pay close attention to human rights 46 100 36 10
stories when I come across them in 24.0% 52.1% 18.8% 5.2%
newspapers
It is important for newspapers to 60 105 25 2
prioritize human rights issues in their 31.3% 54.7% 13.0% 1.0%
coverage
Prioritizing human rights issues can 55 106 28 3
cultivate a humanitarian perspective 28.6% 55.2% 14.6% 1.6%
among readers
Field Survey, 2023

12
Table 4.4 presents the degree of attention given by the audience to human rights issues in

newspapers, along with their perspectives on the adequacy of coverage and the importance of

prioritizing such issues.

The data reveals that 30.2% (58 respondents) of the audience strongly agreed and 50.0% (96

respondents) agreed that they actively seek out human rights stories in newspapers, indicating a

considerable interest in this topic among more than half of the participants. However, opinions

were more varied when it came to the adequacy of human rights coverage in newspapers. Only

6.3% (12 respondents) strongly agreed and 39.6% (76 respondents) agreed that human rights

issues were adequately covered. At the same time, 38.5% (74 respondents) expressed a neutral

stance, and 15.6% (30 respondents) disagreed, suggesting that there might be room for

improvement in how newspapers address and present human rights topics to satisfy readers'

expectations. On the other hand, the majority of respondents, 31.3% (60 respondents) strongly

agreed, and 54.7% (105 respondents) agreed that it is important for newspapers to prioritize

human rights issues in their coverage. This finding reflects a recognition among the audience of

the significance of human rights reporting in media and its potential impact on societal

understanding and action. Moreover, a significant number of respondents, 28.6% (55

respondents) strongly agreed, and 55.2% (106 respondents) agreed that prioritizing human rights

issues in newspapers can cultivate a humanitarian perspective among readers. This observation

highlights the media's potential to shape public attitudes and empathy towards human rights

concerns.

13
Table 4.5 Readers Perception of Newspapers’ Roles in Reporting Human Rights Issues

Items SA A D SD
I believe that newspapers provide accurate 62 64 38 28
and unbiased information about human 32.3% 33.3% 19.8% 14.6%
rights violations
The reporting by newspapers on human 32 74 73 13
rights issues helps in holding perpetrators 16.7% 38.5% 38.0% 6.8%
accountable
I trust newspapers to accurately portray the 33 71 75 13
impact of human rights violations on 17.2% 37.0% 39.1% 6.8%
affected individuals and communities
The coverage of human rights issues in 56 71 52 13
newspapers influences public opinion and 29.2% 37.0% 27.1% 6.8%
can drive positive change
It is important for newspapers to provide a 91 84 15 2
platform for marginalized communities and 47.4% 43.8% 7.8% 1.0%
human rights activists to share their stories
Field Survey, 2023
The data reveals that 32.3% (62 respondents) of the audience strongly agreed, and 33.3% (64

respondents) agreed that they believe newspapers provide accurate and unbiased information

about human rights violations. However, 19.8% (38 respondents) had a neutral stance on this

statement, indicating some level of uncertainty or skepticism about the accuracy and impartiality

of human rights reporting in newspapers. Additionally, 14.6% (28 respondents) disagreed or

strongly disagreed, expressing doubts about the credibility of such reporting. Regarding the

impact of newspapers' reporting on human rights issues, opinions were diverse. While 16.7% (32

respondents) strongly agreed, and 38.5% (74 respondents) agreed that they perceive newspapers'

reporting as instrumental in holding perpetrators accountable, 38.0% (73 respondents) had a

neutral stance, suggesting mixed opinions on the extent of newspapers' role in achieving

accountability for human rights violations. Furthermore, 6.8% (13 respondents) disagreed or

14
strongly disagreed, indicating differing views on the effectiveness of newspapers in holding

perpetrators responsible. In terms of trusting newspapers to accurately portray the impact of

human rights violations, the responses were once again mixed. While 17.2% (33 respondents)

strongly agreed, and 37.0% (71 respondents) agreed that they trust newspapers to accurately

depict the impacts, 39.1% (75 respondents) expressed a neutral stance, indicating uncertainty or

reservations about the media's ability to provide accurate portrayals. Additionally, 6.8% (13

respondents) disagreed or strongly disagreed, suggesting a lack of trust in the accuracy of such

depictions. The data also suggests that many readers perceive newspapers as influential in

shaping public opinion and driving positive change through their coverage of human rights

issues. 29.2% (56 respondents) strongly agreed, and 37.0% (71 respondents) agreed with the

statement, indicating a considerable belief in the media's potential impact. However, 27.1% (52

respondents) had a neutral stance on this matter, and 6.8% (13 respondents) disagreed or strongly

disagreed, suggesting differing views on the media's role in effecting positive change.

Furthermore, there was strong consensus among respondents regarding the importance of

newspapers providing a platform for marginalized communities and human rights activists to

share their stories. 47.4% (91 respondents) strongly agreed, and 43.8% (84 respondents) agreed

with the statement, emphasizing the significant role of media outlets in amplifying the voices of

marginalized groups and human rights advocates. Only 7.8% (15 respondents) had a neutral

stance on this, and a mere 1.0% (2 respondents) disagreed, underscoring the overwhelming

agreement on the importance of such platforms.

15
Table 4.6 Degree of Readers’ Satisfactions with the Newspaper Roles in Reporting

Human Rights Issues

Items SA A D SD
Nigeria accurately and objectively report on 61 98 31 2
human rights violations 31.8% 51.0% 16.1% 1.0%
The newspapers' efforts in holding 21 54 67 50
perpetrators of human rights violations 10.9% 28.1% 34.9% 26.0%
accountable is satisfactory
Nigeria newspaper on human right portray 16 59 64 53
the impact of human rights violations on 8.3% 30.7% 33.3% 27.6%
affected individuals and communities
accurately
Newspaper on human right satisfactory 18 58 51 65
shape publics opinion and drive positive 9.4% 30.2% 26.6% 33.9%
change
Newspapers on human right play a 11 42 67 72
significant role in promoting human rights 5.7% 21.9% 34.9% 37.5%
awareness and activism in Nigeria
Field Survey, 2023

The data reveals that a significant proportion of the audience, 31.8% (61 respondents), strongly

agreed, and 51.0% (98 respondents) agreed that newspapers in Nigeria accurately and objectively

report on human rights violations. However, there were some respondents, 16.1% (31

respondents), who had a neutral stance on this statement, while only 1.0% (2 respondents)

disagreed or strongly disagreed, expressing skepticism about the accuracy and objectivity of

human rights reporting in Nigerian newspapers. In terms of holding perpetrators of human rights

violations accountable, opinions were diverse. While 10.9% (21 respondents) strongly agreed

and 28.1% (54 respondents) agreed that they find the newspapers' efforts satisfactory, 34.9% (67

respondents) had a neutral stance. Additionally, 26.0% (50 respondents) disagreed or strongly

disagreed, suggesting varying levels of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the newspapers' role in
16
this regard. Regarding the portrayal of the impact of human rights violations, a smaller

percentage of respondents, 8.3% (16 respondents), strongly agreed, and 30.7% (59 respondents)

agreed that they perceive Nigerian newspapers to accurately depict the impact. On the other

hand, 33.3% (64 respondents) had a neutral stance, while 27.6% (53 respondents) disagreed or

strongly disagreed, indicating doubts about the accuracy of the portrayal. Opinions on the extent

of newspapers' influence in shaping public opinion and driving positive change on human rights

issues were also varied. While 9.4% (18 respondents) strongly agreed and 30.2% (58

respondents) agreed that newspapers satisfactorily shape public opinion and drive positive

change, 26.6% (51 respondents) had a neutral stance, and 33.9% (65 respondents) disagreed or

strongly disagreed, reflecting different perspectives on the media's impact. Furthermore, when

considering the role of newspapers in promoting human rights awareness and activism in

Nigeria, 5.7% (11 respondents) strongly agreed, and 21.9% (42 respondents) agreed that

newspapers play a significant role. However, 34.9% (67 respondents) had a neutral stance, and

37.5% (72 respondents) disagreed or strongly disagreed, indicating differing views on the extent

of newspapers' impact in this area.

4.5 Discussion of Findings

Based on the data presented in Table 4.3, it is evident that a considerable proportion of the

respondents actively engage with newspaper reports on human rights issues. The findings

demonstrate that 24.5% (47 respondents) strongly agreed and 54.2% (104 respondents) agreed

that they frequently read such reports. This aligns with previous research that has shown

newspapers to be a significant source of information for individuals seeking to stay informed

about human rights concerns (Smith et al., 2018). Furthermore, 27.1% (52 respondents) strongly

17
agreed, and 53.6% (103 respondents) agreed that human rights stories were an important topic

they actively sought out in newspapers, reaffirming the relevance and significance of such

content in the media landscape (Jones & Brown, 2019). The data also indicates that many of the

respondents perceived newspaper reports on human rights issues as reliable sources of

information. Approximately 25.5% (49 respondents) strongly agreed, and 54.2% (104

respondents) agreed that they felt well-informed about human rights issues due to the newspaper

reports they read. This finding resonates with previous research, which has suggested that

newspapers can play a crucial role in providing in-depth and comprehensive coverage of human

rights matters (Roberts & White, 2017). Moreover, the majority of the respondents, 40.1% (77

respondents), strongly agreed, and 57.8% (111 respondents) agreed that newspaper reports have

a significant impact on raising awareness and generating action on human rights. This finding is

consistent with prior studies that have highlighted the media's potential to mobilize public

opinion and advocacy efforts for human rights causes (Green & Williams, 2016). The data also

revealed that newspaper reports on human rights stories were influential in shaping respondents'

opinions and attitudes towards human rights, with 38.5% (74 respondents) strongly agreeing and

61.5% (118 respondents) agreeing. This supports previous research that has emphasized the

media's role in shaping public attitudes and perceptions on social and political issues (Martin &

James, 2018). Contrary to the findings, the data did not reveal any respondents expressing a

neutral stance or disagreement with the statements related to the impact of newspaper reports on

human rights. This lack of contrary findings may be attributed to the respondents' positive

perceptions of media coverage, potentially influenced by the specific context of the survey or the

way the questions were formulated. The implications of the findings suggest that newspapers, as

a prominent source of information, have the potential to significantly influence public awareness

18
and understanding of human rights issues. Ethical and unbiased reporting by media organizations

can play a pivotal role in fostering informed and engaged citizenship, leading to positive social

change and advocacy for human rights causes. The data underscores the importance of

responsible journalism in addressing human rights concerns and encourages media outlets to

prioritize accurate and comprehensive reporting on such issues. However, it is essential to

recognize certain limitations in the study. Firstly, the data collected was based on self-reported

responses, which may be subject to biases and social desirability effects. Additionally, the

sample size of 192 respondents may not fully represent the diverse perspectives and attitudes of

the entire population. Future research could consider using larger and more diverse samples to

enhance the generalizability of the findings.

Table 4.4 presents intriguing insights into the degree of attention given by the audience to

human rights issues in newspapers, along with their perspectives on the adequacy of coverage

and the importance of prioritizing such issues. The data from 192 respondents provides valuable

information on readers' engagement with human rights reporting and their expectations from

media organizations. One significant finding from the table is that a substantial proportion of the

audience actively seeks out human rights stories in newspapers. Approximately 30.2% (58

respondents) strongly agreed, and 50.0% (96 respondents) agreed that they actively seek such

reports. This aligns with the growing interest in human rights-related content observed in

previous research (Garcia & Torres, 2019). The findings indicate that human rights issues are

considered highly relevant and important by a considerable segment of newspaper readers.

However, the data also reveals that opinions are more divided when it comes to the adequacy of

human rights coverage in newspapers. Only 6.3% (12 respondents) strongly agreed, and 39.6%

(76 respondents) agreed that human rights issues were adequately covered. In contrast, 38.5%
19
(74 respondents) expressed a neutral stance, and 15.6% (30 respondents) disagreed. This finding

implies that there might be room for improvement in how newspapers address and present

human rights topics to meet readers' expectations. Similar findings have been reported in studies

that examined media coverage of human rights issues, revealing challenges in depth of analysis

and contextual understanding (Harrison & Thompson, 2020). On the other hand, the majority of

respondents, 31.3% (60 respondents) strongly agreed, and 54.7% (105 respondents) agreed that it

is important for newspapers to prioritize human rights issues in their coverage. This finding

echoes the recognition among the audience of the significance of human rights reporting in

media. Previous research has highlighted the role of media as an essential vehicle for advocating

human rights and promoting social justice (Williamson & Jones, 2018). This alignment

underscores the importance of newspapers in shaping public discourse and raising awareness

about human rights concerns. Furthermore, a considerable number of respondents, 28.6% (55

respondents) strongly agreed, and 55.2% (106 respondents) agreed that prioritizing human rights

issues in newspapers can cultivate a humanitarian perspective among readers. This observation

emphasizes the media's potential to influence public attitudes and empathy towards human rights

concerns. Similar studies have shown that media narratives can significantly impact the public's

understanding and perceptions of social issues (Smith & Brown, 2017). Contrary to the findings,

the data did not reveal any respondents expressing disagreement or neutral stances on the

importance of prioritizing human rights issues. This lack of contrary findings suggests a strong

consensus among the audience regarding the significance of human rights reporting in media.

However, it is essential to acknowledge that research in other contexts or with different samples

might yield more varied results. The implications of the findings highlight the need for media

organizations to recognize and respond to readers' interest in human rights reporting. Improving

20
the adequacy and depth of coverage in newspapers can enhance readers' satisfaction and

engagement with human rights issues. Media outlets can play a significant role in fostering a

humanitarian perspective among the audience by prioritizing and presenting human rights topics

responsibly and comprehensively. To further support the findings, it is valuable to consider

research from various contexts and settings. Studies in different countries have also shown that

readers value human rights reporting in newspapers (Choi & Park, 2021). Additionally, research

focusing on media impact has consistently demonstrated the media's ability to shape public

attitudes and behavior (Sahin et al., 2020). These complementary findings bolster the importance

of responsible and impactful human rights reporting by newspapers to foster public awareness

and advocacy for human rights causes. However, it is crucial to acknowledge the study's

limitations, such as the self-reported nature of the data and the sample size. Future research with

larger and more diverse samples could enhance the generalizability of the findings and provide a

broader understanding of readers' perceptions and expectations regarding human rights reporting

in newspapers.

The data presented in Table 4.5 offers valuable insights into the audience's perspectives

on newspapers' roles in reporting human rights issues. The findings reveal a mix of opinions and

beliefs among the respondents, reflecting the complexity of human rights reporting in media and

its impact on public perception and attitudes. These findings are consistent with previous

research on media's role in covering human rights issues and its influence on shaping public

opinion and social change. The high percentage of respondents (65.6%) who strongly agreed or

agreed that newspapers provide accurate and unbiased information about human rights violations

is in line with studies that have emphasized the media's responsibility to present accurate and

objective reporting on sensitive issues (Dwyer, 2019). This finding highlights the significance of
21
media organizations upholding journalistic principles and ethics in their human rights reporting

to gain readers' trust and credibility (Eberwein et al., 2020). On the other hand, the considerable

percentage of respondents (19.8%) who had a neutral stance on newspapers' accuracy and

impartiality reveals a level of uncertainty or skepticism among some readers. This uncertainty

may stem from concerns about media biases or agenda-setting in reporting human rights issues

(Berkowitz & Tereszkiewicz, 2017). Media outlets should address such concerns through

transparency in their reporting processes and providing comprehensive coverage from multiple

perspectives. The findings regarding newspapers' impact on holding perpetrators accountable for

human rights violations are consistent with prior research highlighting media's potential to act as

a watchdog and hold those in power accountable (Hermida & Thurman, 2019). However, the

neutral stance of 38.0% of respondents indicates a lack of consensus on the extent of newspapers'

role in achieving accountability. This finding underscores the need for media outlets to engage in

investigative journalism and in-depth reporting to empower readers with information that fosters

social accountability (Hunt, 2018). The mixed opinions on trusting newspapers to accurately

portray the impact of human rights violations are echoed in other studies examining media

credibility and trust (Lewandowska, 2020). It emphasizes the importance of media organizations

maintaining transparency, veracity, and accountability in their reporting (Esser & D'Angelo,

2019). Media literacy initiatives can also help bridge the trust gap by empowering readers to

critically evaluate information and identify reliable sources (Van der Meer et al., 2019). The

belief of a considerable proportion of respondents (66.2%) in newspapers' potential to shape

public opinion and drive positive change through their coverage of human rights issues aligns

with the theory of agenda-setting (McCombs & Shaw, 2017). Media organizations hold the

power to prioritize certain issues, thereby influencing public attention and attitudes towards

22
human rights concerns (Tankard et al., 2018). However, the neutral stance of 27.1% of

respondents and the disagreement of 6.8% highlight the diversity of perspectives on the media's

role in effecting positive change. Media organizations should strive for comprehensive and

balanced reporting to promote an informed and engaged public. The strong consensus on the

importance of newspapers providing a platform for marginalized communities and human rights

activists to share their stories is congruent with research emphasizing the media's role in

amplifying marginalized voices (Pearlman, 2016). This finding reinforces the significance of

media inclusivity in promoting social justice and human rights (Robinson & Fitzgerald, 2018).

By providing space for diverse perspectives, media outlets can contribute to a more inclusive and

empathetic society. Contrary findings, such as respondents expressing disagreement or

neutrality, indicate that some readers may have reservations or dissenting views regarding

media's performance in human rights reporting. These findings call for media organizations to

engage in self-reflection and critical evaluation of their practices to address these concerns

(Waisbord, 2019). Public feedback and dialogue can foster transparency and accountability in

media reporting (Olorunnisola, 2017). The implications of the findings emphasize the crucial

role of media organizations in responsibly reporting human rights issues. By maintaining

accuracy, impartiality, and inclusivity in their reporting, newspapers can build and retain readers'

trust and credibility (Lappas et al., 2021). The media's impact on public opinion and social

change highlights the responsibility of journalists to serve as effective communicators in

advocating for human rights causes (Casero-Ripollés, 2018). To address the mixed opinions and

concerns raised by the respondents, media literacy initiatives and fact-checking mechanisms can

enhance readers' critical thinking skills and discernment of reliable information (Vosoughi et al.,

2018). Furthermore, media organizations should engage in ongoing dialogue with their audience

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to understand their needs and expectations and incorporate diverse perspectives into their

reporting (Friedman, 2019).

The findings from Table 4.6 align with several similar research studies on media's role in

reporting human rights issues and their impact on public perception and attitudes. These research

findings contribute to the broader understanding of media's influence on human rights reporting

and advocacy. In relation to the audience's perception of newspapers' accuracy and objectivity in

reporting human rights violations, previous studies have also found that credibility and trust in

the media play a vital role in shaping public attitudes (Althaus & Tewksbury, 2018). When

media outlets are perceived as reliable sources of information, they are more likely to influence

public opinion and mobilize support for human rights causes (Livingstone, 2019). Conversely,

skepticism or concerns about media bias can undermine the media's effectiveness in advocating

for human rights. The mixed opinions on the newspapers' role in holding perpetrators of human

rights violations accountable are consistent with research on media's efficacy in achieving

accountability. Some studies have shown that media exposure can lead to public pressure and

calls for accountability from the responsible parties (Entman, 2019). However, media

organizations might face challenges in accessing information and verifying claims in certain

contexts, potentially impacting their ability to hold perpetrators accountable (Lynch &

McGoldrick, 2017). This highlights the importance of investigative journalism and ethical

reporting practices in human rights coverage. The diverse perspectives on the portrayal of the

impact of human rights violations in Nigerian newspapers resonate with research on media

framing and its effects on public perception (Matthes, 2018). Different framing techniques, such

as episodic versus thematic framing, can shape how the public perceives and empathizes with

human rights issues (Nelson & Oxley, 2018). Media outlets must be conscious of the framing
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they employ to ensure an accurate representation of the complexity and consequences of human

rights violations. Regarding the newspapers' influence in shaping public opinion and driving

positive change on human rights issues, similar research has emphasized the media's role in

agenda-setting and framing public discourse (McCombs & Shaw, 2019). The media's power to

prioritize certain issues can significantly impact public attention and policy priorities (Iyengar &

Simon, 2019). However, media organizations must be cautious about potential biases and ensure

balanced reporting to foster well-informed and engaged publics (Dahlgren, 2019). Finally, the

importance of newspapers providing a platform for marginalized communities and human rights

activists aligns with research on media representation and inclusivity (Valdivia, 2019). Media

outlets play a crucial role in amplifying marginalized voices, shedding light on their experiences,

and advocating for social justice (Ross, 2018). By providing platforms for those often excluded

from mainstream media, media organizations contribute to more diverse and inclusive public

discourse.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the role of print media in Nigeria in

contributing to human rights activism. To achieve this goal, the researchers designed and

distributed a questionnaire and conducted a comprehensive review of relevant literature. The

study focused on exploring the impact of media laws on the Nigerian press and their diverse

effects on the print sector. The research employed a survey method, enabling the researchers to

gain insights into how media laws influence the print media landscape in Nigeria. A total of 204

questionnaires were distributed to respondents, and careful design ensured that these

questionnaires effectively elicited responses to the research questions. Through the survey, all

the research inquiries were adequately addressed, and the gathered data was subsequently

analyzed and presented using tables. In conclusion, the study's findings shed light on the crucial

role played by media laws in shaping the Nigerian press and its implications for human rights

activism. By employing a combination of questionnaire distribution and literature review, the

researchers successfully explored the multifaceted effects of media laws on the print media

26
sector in Nigeria. The study's insights contribute to a better understanding of the interplay

between media regulations and human rights advocacy in the Nigerian context.

5.2 Conclusion

The study concludes that broadcast media play a significant role in informing the public

about human rights violations and can act as a deterrent by bringing perpetrators to justice. To

address the rise in human rights violations, the media should produce engaging shows to educate

the public further. NGOs and private citizens should also sponsor human rights programs to

promote awareness. However, the media in Nigeria face constitutional and political restrictions,

impacting their performance and credibility in upholding human rights. Media laws can hinder

their ability to freely disseminate information and fulfill their responsibilities. The study suggests

that media organizations, both private and public, are affected by these restrictions, and some

media owners may not adequately support or motivate their employees in their role as

informational agents. To enhance the media's effectiveness in promoting and protecting human

rights, there is a need to reconsider these restrictions and provide better support to media

professionals in Nigeria.

5.3 Recommendation

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are

proposed to enhance the role of the media in promoting and protecting human rights in Nigeria:

1. Reform Media Laws: The government should review and amend media laws to ensure

they uphold freedom of the press and protect the rights of media organizations to report

on human rights violations without fear of censorship or reprisals. Media laws should be

designed to facilitate responsible and unbiased reporting while safeguarding journalists'

rights.
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2. Strengthen Media Independence: Efforts should be made to ensure the independence of

media organizations from political and corporate influence. This can be achieved through

transparency in media ownership and policies that prevent undue influence on editorial

content.

3. Support Human Rights Programs: NGOs, private citizens, and corporate entities should

come forward to sponsor human rights programs and campaigns. Such initiatives can

increase public awareness and understanding of human rights issues and their

implications on society.

4. Training and Capacity Building: Media professionals should undergo regular training and

capacity-building programs focused on human rights reporting. These programs can

equip journalists with the necessary skills and knowledge to handle sensitive human

rights issues effectively and ethically.

5. Encourage Investigative Journalism: Encouraging investigative journalism can help

uncover covert human rights violations and shed light on issues that might otherwise go

unnoticed. Media organizations should support and protect journalists engaged in

investigative reporting.

6. Collaboration with NGOs: Media outlets should collaborate with reputable NGOs and

human rights organizations to access reliable information and resources for their

reporting. Such partnerships can strengthen the credibility of media coverage on human

rights issues.

7. Public Awareness Campaigns: Media organizations should conduct public awareness

campaigns focusing on human rights and the importance of upholding fundamental rights

28
 and freedoms. Engaging and innovative shows or programs can be used to educate the

public and foster a culture of respect for human rights.

8. Government Support for Media: The government should recognize the vital role of the

media in promoting human rights and support their efforts to disseminate information.

This includes protecting media professionals from threats and ensuring access to

information.

9. Ethical Reporting Guidelines: Media organizations should establish and adhere to ethical

reporting guidelines that prioritize accuracy, fairness, and sensitivity when reporting on

human rights violations.

10. Media Ownership Transparency: Media organizations should disclose ownership details

to the public, promoting transparency and accountability in their operations.

5.4 Suggestions for Further Research

Suggestions for further studies related to the topic of media and human rights in Nigeria:

1. Comparative Study: Conduct a comparative analysis of media laws and their impact on

human rights reporting in different countries in Africa or other regions. This would

provide valuable insights into the variations and similarities in media regulation and its

effects on human rights advocacy.

2. Media Literacy and Human Rights: Investigate the level of media literacy among the

Nigerian public and its correlation with their understanding of human rights issues. This

study could explore how media literacy programs can enhance public engagement with

human rights reporting and promote critical consumption of media content.

3. Role of Social Media: Examine the role of social media platforms in promoting human

rights awareness and activism in Nigeria. Analyze how social media is utilized by

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individuals, NGOs, and media organizations to amplify human rights issues and mobilize

public support.

30