Digital

Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Those who wish to succeed must ask

the right preliminary questions.
- Aristotle

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

2.1 Elements of Visual Perception 34

2.2 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 42
2.3 Image Sensing and Acquisition 45
2.4 Image Sampling and Quantization 52
2.5 Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels 66
2.6 Linear and Nonlinear Operations 70

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

1
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Elements of Visual Perception

Structure of the
Human Eye

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Structure of the Human Eye

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

2
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Image Formation in the Eye

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Mach bands phenomenon

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Simultaneous contrast

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Optical illusions

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Visible Spectrum C=fλ
Ε∝ f
700 nm 400 nm

Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

5
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Image Sensing and

Acquisition

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Image Acquisition Using a Single Sensor

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

6
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Image Acquisition
Using Sensor Strips

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Image Acquisition Using Sensor Arrays

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

7
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Camera Geometry

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
ImageSampling
Image 2nd ed.
and ed.
Quantization
www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Basic Concepts
in
Sampling and
Quantization

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

8
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Result of Sampling and Quantization

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Representing Digital Images

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

9
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

NxN pixels x k bits

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Spatial Resolution

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

10
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Spatial Resolution

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Gray-Level
Resolution

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

11
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Gray-Level
Resolution

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Images with various levels of details

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

12
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Zooming and Shrinking Digital Images

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels

Neighbors of a Pixel
Adjacency, Connectivity, Regions, and Boundaries

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

13
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Two points in an image are 'connected' if a path can be found for which
the value of the image function is the same all along the path.

P1 connected to P2
P3 connected to P4
P1
P1 not connected to P3 or P4
P2 P2 not connected to P3 or P4
P4 P3 not connected to P1 or P2
P3 P4 not connected to P1 or P2

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Alternate distance metrics for digital images

j m j m j m

i i i

n n n

Euclidean Distance City Block Distance Chessboard Distance

= (i-n) 2 + (j-m) 2 = |i-n| + |j-m| = max[ |i-n|, |j-m| ]

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

14