History of Photography (Important personalities and dates)

 In this lesson you will be knowing who the important personalities in photography.
ARISTOTLE
 A famous Greek philosopher who invented the first pin hole camera that was later known as the CAMERA
OBSCURA "Italian word for DARKROOM CHAMBER which is literally translated as darkened fox.
 He was the one who succeeded in recording the principle mat light entering through a small hole procedures
image or figure.
AL MAZEN
 An Arabian scholar who found out that light entering small hole in the wall or shuttered window of a
darkened room cast an upside town picture of the scene outside onto the opposite wall.
 He was considered to test one who invented the camera.
JEAN BAPTIST FORTA
 An artist and scientist who in his pseudoscience magic had made the camera obscura and replaced the hole
with the lens which made the image brighter and sharper.
 He was the stone who introduced the lens.
JOHANN HEINRICH SCHULZE
 A German (Science anatomist) discovered the silver nitrate when he exposed it to light it turns purple.
 He got interested in his finding and that fair later; he discovered that the evening action was not due to hear
but light.
 He finally concluded that silver nitrate is sensitive to light and capable of producing Images.
THOMAS WEDGEWOOD
 He discovered that silver chloride is more sensitive than silver nitrate and thus, more capable of recording
and producing images.
JOSEPH NICEPHORE NIEPCE
 in 1816, near Chalon sur sone France, he experimented by combining photosensitive materials with
Lithography to facilitate his endeavor in printmaking.
 By 1822, he claimed some success achieving he called "point de vue (smart images made by the camera
obscura with more than 8 hours exposure)
 He took the world's very first photograph called "HELIOGRAPHY."
LOUISE JACQUES MANDE DAGUERRE
 A Parisian painter and theatre designer who continued the effort of Niepce to perfect a photographic
process.
 He invented the Principle For silver plate photograph and using the Daguerre type that produces one of a
kind picture on metal which was presented French scientific academy.
 He invented the DAGUERRED TYPE in Pans
MATHEW BRADY
 When the American Civil war broke out, he was able to preserve the scene with the use of a camera
WILLIAM HENRY FOX TALBOT
 He is the father of MODERN PHOTOGRAPHY
 He invented the CALOTYPE to produce a negative picture on paper, the lights on the image were recorded
as darks as lights.
 He Presented it before the royal family of England.
JOHN W. HERSCHEL
 He coined the word PHOTOGRAPHY.
 He then suggested negative and positive in the following years.
 He pointed out images with a solution of HYPOSULFITE of SODA (HYPO or SODIUM thiosulfate) which he
had discovered in 1819.
FREDERICK SCOTT ARCHER
 He pioneered the wet colodian process which took place of collotype known as colodian type process.
DANIEL BARBARO
 He is an Italian who encouraged the use of the camera obscura for artistic endeavors also introduced the
use of LENS in the camera.
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
 An English philosopher, Mathematician and physicist who discovered and proved that the strongest light is
white light,
 He defended his theory by allowing a white light (sunlight) to pass through a prism that refracting and
diffracting the light into its component parts.
MAXILL (1863)
 He discovered that the different effects with this application when colored photography was discovered.
MADDAOX (1884)
 He successfully introduced the plate with gelatine.
 The roll film came and new brands of cameras with different lenses and mechanism were placed on the
market.
ANDRE ADOLPHE EUGÈNE DISDERF
 He popularized the small cheap portrait of anyone who could afford a picture of himself or herself.
NADAR
 He took the first aerial photographs of Paris from a free balloon in 1858.
SIR WILLAM ABNEY
 He Discovered the use of HYDROQUINONE developing agent in 1880 England.
GEORGE EASTMAN
 Was an American entrepreneur founded the Eastman Kodak Company and helped to bring the photographic
use at roll film into the mainstream?
 He is the founder of the buddha co, who introduced the use of roll firm into the made of celluloid materials
for used of portable camera all materials for use by a portable camera.
PEONGENT (1895)
 Discord x-ray photography which later become the basis of RADIOGRAPH by the doctor measuring the
heartbeat and see the other structure of the body.
DEVID OCTAVIMUS HILL AND ROBERT ADAMSON
 Both used photographic portraits in painting.

IMPORTANT DATES
16th century - Italian scholars used the camera as a drawing apparatus.
 Instead of using darkroom, they used a box with a lens and placed a mirror.
17th century - CAMERA OBSCURA was built in with a convex lens.
1800 -Thomas Wedgewood and Humphey Davy Produced Photographs.
1839 - The Birthyear of modem Photography, the year when the science of photography became public knowledge.
1848 - Abel Niepce de saint Victor introduced a process of negatives on glass using albumen as binding medium
1850 - The year when Photography was already well developed.
 It was used as an art concerned with landscape, portraiture and architectural presentation.
1935 - The Year when colored film, Sensitized Materials and different brands of cameras came in different types and
model sold in the market.
1859 - in the United States one of the earliest applied Forensic Science was photography it was used to demonstrate
evidence in a California case enlarged photographs of signatures were presented in court case involving forgery.
1861 - James Clark Maxwell research on colors.
1864 - Odelbercht firt advocated the use of photography for the identification of criminals and the documentation of
evidence and crime scenes
 Later, every major police force in ENGLAND and the United States Has "Rogues Gallery"
1882 - Alphonse Bertillon who initiated anthropometric measurements for personal identification was also involved in
various means documentation by photography which developed into a fine science for criminalistics when he
photographed crime scenes and formulated a technique of contract photography to demonstrate erasures on
documents.
1885 - Gelatine emulsion printing paper was commercially introduced based films in 1889
1890 - fully corrected lenses were introduced.
1902 - Dr. Reis, a German scientist contributed heavily to the use of photography in forensic science and the world's
earliest crime laboratory that serviced the academic community and the Swiss police.
1906 - A plate was placed in the market that could reproduce all colors in equivalent shades of gray.
1907 - Lummiere Color Process was Introduced a panchromatic film was used but with blue green and red filter.
1910 - Victor Baltazard developed a method of photographic comparison of bullets and cartridge cases which acts as
an early foundation of the field of ballistics
1947- Edwin H Land introduced "Polaroid" the one step photography.
1960 - Laser was invented making possible HOLOGRAMS 3D pictures.
1970 - Colored photography has matured as an artistic medium especially in the work of levit and William Eggleston
1988 - Arrival of true digital cameras

Introduction to Photography
 Photography is an invaluable id to modern day scientific crime detection and investigation as well as crime
prevention, perhaps it could be stated that without photography our law enforcement officer in the so-called
modern day scientific crime detection would still be lagging a hundred years.
TWO (2) MAIN TOPICS
 This are the two main topics divided into this parts.
 (TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHY and FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPY
Technical Photography
1. Technical Concepts and principles which includes characteristics of photographic rays, the use of camera,
lenses, filters, structures of film and photographic papers, chemical processing and others. Forensic
Photography Covers investigative photography, preparation of mug file and crime scene photography.
CONCEPT OF PHOTOGRAPHY
2. Photography, Its Concept Photography is the production of visible images by using the action of light on a
scientist and material. The word Photography was Derived From two Greek terms PHOTO which means light
and GRAPHY which means to write. Thus, Literally PHOTOGRAPHY means to draw with light in photography,
the light writes when it strikes a minute crystal of light, sensitive surfaces films and photographic papers) a
mechanical device (camera) and chemical processing film development and printing as a process
photography is the method of using light to produce identical image of an object that can be preserved
permanently by employing.
a) Camera use to regulate absorb and filter light.
b) film and any sensitized material to record light.
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
 The Science which deals with the study of the principles of photography and the preparation of photographic
evidence and its application to police work
Types of Photography
1. Forensic Photography- the process of photographing crime scene or any other objects for court presentation.
2. Photomicrography - photographing of objects directly enlarged on the negative and magnified from 1-9 times.
3. Infrared photography- the art or process of photographing or recording unseen objects by means of infrared
light.
4. UV photography- the art or process or recording unseen objects by means of ultraviolet light or filters.
5. Micrography- a very small photograph as encountered in microfilming or with use of microfilm.
6. Spectrograph- a process used in determining the kind of metals submitted for examination.
7. X-RAY photography- The process of photographing or recording internal structure of the body.
OTHER TYPE OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY- APPLIED TO THE TECHNIQUE WHEREBY EXPOSURES ARE MADE WITH
ILLUMINATION FROM ONE OR MORE PHOTOGRAPH
2. MUG SHOT PHOTOGRAPHY- IT IS USUALLY USED FOR PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION WHICH IS THE
FIRST USE OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN POLICE WORK
3. THERMO PHOTOGRAPHY- A KIND OF PHOTOGRAPHY WHEREIN WE USE LASER BEAM RADIATION
USING LASER BEAM FILM
4. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY- A KIND OF PHOTOGRAPHY APPLIED FOR PHOTO MAPPING
5. UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY-PHOTOGRAPHING THINGS UNDER WATE
Objectives of police photography
1. To produce a pictorial record of everything pertaining to the crime
2. To help in keeping the police officer's memory accurately as possible as to where he finds things.
3. To help in securing and obtaining confession, disposition and information relating to the case.
IMPORTANCE OF FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Small objects but of great importance in a crime committed may escape in the first phase of examination by
the investigator but maybe seen and recorded on the photograph.
2. A good photograph of the scene is a permanent record which is always available especially in court
presentation, in court proceedings, fiscals and defense lawyers have generally never visited the scene of the
crime.
As a general rule, take many photographs of the crime scene and select the best.
3. Used as an aid by the investigators to describe in court some of the details of the crime scene they have
investigated several months ago, the small details and extract locations of objects.
4. To assist the investigators in using photographic equipment and techniques in their effort to solve crimes.
Uses of photography in police work
1. Identification- this is very first use of photography in police work, it is used to identify criminals, missing
persons, lost property, licenses and civilian or personnel fingerprint identification.
2. Communication and micro-film files- investigative report files, accident files, transmission of photos (wire
photos) photographic supplements to reports with modern day electro photography machines.
3. Evidence- Crime Scenes, traffic accidents, homicides, suicides, fires, objects of evidence latent fingerprints,
evidential traces can frequently be improved by contrast control by magnification or by invisible radiation.
4. Offender detection- surveillance, burglar traps, confessions, re-enactments of crime.
5. Court Exhibits-Demonstration Enlargements, Individual photos, projection slides, motion pictures
6. Reproduction or Copying- Questionable checks and documents, evidential papers, photographs, official
records, and notices.
7. Personnel Training- Photographs and films relating to police tactics, investigation techniques, mob control and
catastrophe situation.
8. Crime and Fire Prevention Hazard- Lectures, security clearance detection devices. photos of hazardous fire
conditions made when prevention inspections are made.
9. Public Relations- Film Pertaining to safety programs, juvenile delinquency, traffic education, public cooperation
and civil defense.
PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. A photograph is the mechanical result of photography.
2. To produce a photograph, light is needed aside from sensitized materials.
3. Lights reflected or radiated by a subject must reach the sensitized materials while all other lights must be
excluded.
4. The exclusion of all unwanted and unnecessary lights is achieved by placing the sensitized material inside the
camera.
5. The amount of light on the sensitized material after exposure is not immediately visible to the eyes.
6. To make the formed image visible, it must undergo the developing process.
7. The visual effect that results from the chemical processing is dependent on the quantity and quality of the
exposed light.
 8. More light will yield an opaque or black shade on the sensitized material after development.
9. too little light will produce a transparent or white shade.
10. the varying shade of gray will finally form the complete image.

PART 1: THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM

THE COLORS OF LIGHT IN VISIBLE SPECTRUM
The Visible spectrum – Wavelength in Nanometers
- 400 (ultra) Violet
- 450 Blue
- 500 Cyan
- 550 Green
- 600 Yellow
- 650 Orange
- 700 Red
- 750 Infra
Visible Spectrum- a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum where the visible light is found, the portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum that affects the human sense of sight. Visible light includes all those radiations having
wavelength ranging from 400-700 mu (complex boardism)
COLORS
1) Primary Colors Approximate Wavelength
- Red (Longest Wavelength) 700 mu
- Blue 450 mu
- Green 550 mu
2) Complementary Colors
- Magenta (Shortest Wavelength) 400 mu
- Cyan 500 mu
- Yellow 590 mu
3) Neutral Colors
- Gray
- White
- Black
COLOR MIXING
1. Color Addition
R+B+G=W
R+B=M M+Y=W
R+G=Y M+C=W
B+G=C Y+C=W
2. Color Subtraction
W-R=C W-C=R C-G=B
W-B=Y W-Y=B Y-G=R
W-G=M W-M=G Y-R=G
OPTICS - Is the study of light. it is concerned with the nature of light and the way it behaves in optical instruments.
Light is a form energy and so an object may only produce light when there is energy present. A red- hot piece of
metal receives energy in the form of heat and converts some of it into red light.
MEDIUMS OF LIGHTS
Objects that influence the intensity of light as they may reflect absorb or transmit mediums of light may be classified
as:
TRANSPARENT OBJECTS- Mediums that merely slow down the speed of light but allow to pas freely in other
respects, transmit 90% or more of the incident.
light.
TRANSLUCENT OBJECTS-Mediums that allow light to pass through in such a way that the outline of the source of
light is not clearly visible, transmit 50%
or less of the incident light.
OPAQUE- A medium that diverts or absorbs light, but does not allow light to pass through, they absorb most of the
light while reflecting some of it.
THE RAT LAW
When incident light hits a medium, three things might happen, the light maybe:
A. Reflected- is when light bounces off an object. If the surface is smooth and shiny, like glass, water or polished
metal, the light will reflect at the same angle as it hit.
the surface. This is called specular reflection.
B. Absorbed- is a process by which light is absorbed and converted into energy. An example of this process is
photosynthesis in plants. If they are
complementary, light is absorbed. If they are not complementary, then the light passes through the object or gets
reflected.
C. Transmitted- is the moving of electromagnetic waves (whether visible light, radio waves, ultraviolet, etc.) through a
material. This transmission can be reduced, or
stopped, when light is reflected off the surface or absorbed by the molecules in the material.
PART 2: WHAT IS LIGHT?
INTERFERENCE- Any phenomenon having a periodic disturbance of some sort and travels outward from a source is
called a wave. To understand how energy can travel in waves, "think of a wooden log floating in the ocean, light
maybe visualized as such as the high points are called crest while the low points called troughs. The distance
between two successive crests and troughs is called a wavelength. -When waves meet or interfere, they reinforce
one another (crest form a higher crest than either) at some points and annul one another (crest of one wave interfere
with the trough of the other) an other point. -The crest of one wave meets the trough of another wave. the
phenomenon is called annulment of
DIFFRACTION- Light in space and not within the gravitational field of any objects travels in a straight line. The
bending of light around an object gives rise to the phenomenon called diffraction. This phenomenon is responsible for
the partial illumination of object parts not directly in the path of the light.
Sources of Light
a. Natural Light Source
1. Moon and Stars – It is when the sun sets, day turns into night, and it becomes dark. The night sky has the moon
and innumerable stars.
However, despite their brightness the moon and the stars can hardly keep the darkness away. The moon actually has
no light of its own, it reflects the light.
2. Sunlight – The most popular and mostly used light source of photographers. It is free and no need to be
transported. But it is not always there where we want it. It is uncontrollable but can be controlled using the camera
controls (shutter speed & aperture opening).
B. ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES
Light sources of this category are man-made and are divided into the continuous radiation and the short duration.
Continuous radiation, those that can give
illumination continuously, short Duration and it gives a brief flash of light produced by a burning metallic wire (flash
bulb) or an electrical discharge through a gas –
filled tube (electronic flash). There are different classifications.
Forensic Light Sources
1. UV Lamp – This refers to some units are portable battery operated and are easily carried and can meet the rugged
and rigorous demand for field work.
2. LASER – This refers to Light Amplification through Simulated Emission of Radiation. By illuminating certain items
with LASER, they would fluoresce or could be made to stand out in sharp contrast from their background. This was
especially significant in locating dried biological items.
3. Alternative Light Source (ALS) - This refers to far more expensive alternative to forensic LASER. It uses a variety
of band pass filters to provide a high intensity beam of non – coherent light.
Part 3: The Camera
WHAT IS A CAMERA?
Camera – This refers to:
1. A Light tight box- chambered to the aperture enclosed in a shutter at the opposite end of which is the place where
the sensitized material is located.
(Delizo, 2015)
2. A mechanical device that is used to form and record the rays of light (as reflected by the object) on the film inside
the light tight box. (Pallista, 2019)
3. A light tight (proof) box with a means of forming the image (Lens or Pinhole), with a means of holding sensitized
material at one end
(Film Holder); and with a means of controlling the amount of light needed to affect the film at the other end (Shutter).
(Pallista, 2019)
EARLY FORMS OF CAMERA
1. Pinhole Camera – This refers to a simple design and construction, usually home – made consisting of a box
having a small aperture functioning as a lens at one end, the image being projected on the film at the other end.
2. Box Camera – This refers to a simple camera that is little more than a pinhole camera, the pinhole is replaced by
the lens to enable the photographer gather lighter to be recorded.
3. Camera Obscura – This refers to a darkened chamber or small building in which images of outside objects are
projected onto a flat surface by a convex lens in aperture. Later, the term referred to a darkened boxlike device in
which images of external objects, received through an aperture, as with a convex lens, are exhibited in their natural
colors on a surface.

B. Other types of Cameras (Delizo 2015)

1. Roll Film Camera – this refers to the cheapest and simplest to use.
a. Box Camera – This refers to the camera that is capable of turning out good results without too much effort.
b. Folding Camera – This refers to cameras lens is incorporated into the bellows which is slid back and forth along
a rail to change focus. The dark cloth covering the photographer and the box body of the camera blocks out
undesirable light, which might otherwise interfere with the picture.
c. Reflex Camera – This refers to camera that is used by professionals, including investigators, because of their
capabilities and very high performance.
c.1. Single Lens Reflex (SLR) 35mm – The term “single lens” means that only lens is used for both the scene and
taking photographs of it, thereby, preventing parallax. Parallax is the difference between what is seen through the
view finder and what is actually recorded on the film.
c.2. Twin Lens Reflex (TLR) – Two cameras in one. The upper half consists of a lens, mirrors and ground glass that
show the full image of the scene almost exactly as it will appear in the final contact print.
c.3. Miniature Camera – This refers to a precise instrument designed for small objects. This is best known as the
35mm camera which has an optical and mechanical standard which exceeds larger cameras.
C.3.1. German Leica – This refers to the first 35mm camera; it was designed to use motion picture film. The kinds of
German Leica.

Single Lens Reflex Camera

Other types and formats
1. Press Camera – This refers to camera that is used in commercial and news photography. The bellows can extend
two to three times their normal length.
2. View Camera – This refers to camera that is built somewhat like an accordion, with a lens at front, a ground –
glass viewing screen at the back and a flexible bellows in between.
3. Studio Camera – This refers to camera that is constructed similar to the view camera but is used primarily for
portraiture, copy work, small photography, and indoor photography.
4. Graphic Camera – This refers to view camera but smaller and designed to be folded up when not is used.

C. Main parts of a Camera (Pallista,2019)

1. Lens – A disc of transparent glass generally bounded by two special surfaces capable of forming an image.
2. Shutter – An adjustable mechanism that regulates the amount of light reaching the film by varying the length of
time. This is a control by which you can determine how long in time the lens will remain open for light to be recorded
on the film.
C.1. Types of Shutter
a. Blade or Between the Lens Shutter – It is made up of overlapping blades powered by a spring. Located between
the aperture and the lens or in between 1/500th of a second.

D. Basic parts of the Modern Camera (Sarmiento n.d)

1. Body or Light Tight Box – This refers to an enclosure devoid of light.
2. Lens or Pinhole – This refers to basic parts of camera necessary to focus rays of light that is reflected by the
subject unto the film.
3. Film Holder – This refers to basic parts of camera that is located at the opposite side/end of the lens of a camera,
necessary to hold firmly the sensitized material in the correct plane during exposure intervals.
4. Shutter – This refers to basic parts of camera that is often known to be the door of the camera; it controls, when
and how long will the light fall on the film.
5. Viewing System or Viewfinder – This refers to basic parts of camera that is used to determine what will be included
or covered in the picture serves as the viewing of all cameras. This will show the entire scene coverage that can be
recorded in the film inside the camera. It is usually attached on the top or side of the camera of viewing lens.