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2 A B AM and DSB

- Linear modulation involves impressing the message signal linearly onto the amplitude of the carrier signal. This includes amplitude modulation (AM) techniques like DSB-SC, AM, and SSB (1 sentence) - DSB-SC AM involves multiplying the message signal with the carrier signal, which shifts the message spectrum by the carrier frequency and introduces phase offset. The bandwidth is doubled. (1 sentence) - Conventional AM adds a carrier component in addition to the DSB spectrum. It has the advantage of being easy to demodulate. Power is split between the carrier and modulated signal. (1 sentence)

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
48 views22 pages

2 A B AM and DSB

- Linear modulation involves impressing the message signal linearly onto the amplitude of the carrier signal. This includes amplitude modulation (AM) techniques like DSB-SC, AM, and SSB (1 sentence) - DSB-SC AM involves multiplying the message signal with the carrier signal, which shifts the message spectrum by the carrier frequency and introduces phase offset. The bandwidth is doubled. (1 sentence) - Conventional AM adds a carrier component in addition to the DSB spectrum. It has the advantage of being easy to demodulate. Power is split between the carrier and modulated signal. (1 sentence)

Uploaded by

Farah Khatab
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2.

LINEAR MODULATION
A: DSB-SC
B: AM
CONTINUOUS WAVE (CW)
MODULATION
• Denote m(t) as the analog signal to be transmitted.
• The message signal m(t) is transmitted through the
communication channel by putting it on a carrier signal of the
form
c(t )  Ac cos(2f ct  c )

carrier amplitude carrier frequency carrier phase

• The signal m(t) modulates the carrier signal c(t) in three


forms
– Amplitude Modulation (AM)
– Frequency Modulation (FM)
– Phase Modulation (PM)
Linear and Exponential Modulation
• Writing c(t) in the exponential form:
j ( 2f c t c )
c(t )  Re[ Ac e ]
• CW Modulation can be classified as:
– Linear Modulation, or,
– Exponential Modulation.
Ac(cos(2 pi fc t + phi) + j sin(2 pi fc t + phi))
• Linear modulation includes:
– Conventional Amplitude Modulation, AM
– Double-Side Band Suppressed Carrie AM, DSB-SC
– Single-Side Band AM, SSB
– Vestigial Side Band AM, VSB

• Exponential modulation includes:


– Frequency Modulation, FM
– Phase Modulation, PM
1. LINEAR MODULATION

• The message signal x(t) is impressed linearly on the amplitude


of the carrier signal c(t).

• Linear modulation includes:


– Conventional Amplitude Modulation, AM
– Double-Side Band Suppressed Carrie AM, DSB-SC
– Single-Side Band AM, SSB
– Vestigial Side Band AM, VSB
1A. Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier AM, DSB-SC
• A double-sideband, suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) AM signal
is obtained by multiplying the message signal x(t) with the
carrier signal c(t).
• DSB-SC AM signal is expressed as:

u(t )  x(t )c(t )  Ac x(t ) cos(2f ct  c )


• The spectrum of the modulated signal can be obtained by
taking the Fourier transform of u(t).

U ( f )  F x(t ) F Ac cos(2f c t  c ) 
 X ( f )  e 
A j c
c
 ( f  f c )  e  j  ( f  f c )
c

2

Ac
2

X ( f  f c ) e j c  X ( f  f c ) e  j c 
DSB-SC Signal in frequency Domain
|X(f)| (f)

upper sideband
upper sideband
lower sideband

Bandwidth: B=2W
DSB-SC Signal in time Domain

u(t)

????????
• The magnitude of the spectrum of the message signal x(t) has
been translated or shifted in frequency by an amount f c

• The phase of the message signal has been translated in


frequency and offset by the carrier phase c

• The bandwidth of the AM signal is 2W, where W is the


bandwidth of x(t).

• The upper (lower) sideband of U(f) contains all the frequency


content of the message signal X(f).

• u(t) does not contain carrier components - u(t) is called a


suppressed-carrier signal (DSB-SC AM signal)
• To compute power content of DSB-SC signal, we first evaluate the time-average
autocorrelation function of the signal u(t)

1 T /2
Ru ( )  lim  u (t )u (t   )dt
T  T T / 2 ????
• Which can be shown to be given by:

A2c
Ru ( )  Rx ( ) cos(2f c )
2
• Taking Fourier transform of both sides:

 Ac2  Ac2
Su ( f )  F  Rx ( ) cos(2f c )  S x ( f  f c )  S x ( f  f c )
2  4
• The power spectral density of the DSB-SC signal is the power spectral density of
the message shifted upward and downward by and scaled byf c
Ac2 / 4
• The power of the modulated signal Ac2 Ac2
P u  Ru (0)  Rx (0)  Px
• where is the power of the message signal
2 2
• Px  Rx (0)
1B. Conventional Amplitude Modulation, AM
• A conventional AM signal consists of a large carrier
component in addition to the double sideband AM
modulated signal. The transmitted signal can be expressed
as

u(t )  Ac [1  x(t )] cos(2f ct  c )


with condition x(t )  1
u(t) has two components;

Ac x (t ) cos(2f ct  c ) : DSB AM signal


and
Ac cos(2f ct  c ) : carrier component
• AM has the advantage: of being easy to demodulate
• It is convenient to express x(t) as x(t )  mxn (t )
xn (tis) normalized such that
where
max xn (t )  1
t
The above equation can be done by using
x(t )
xn (t ) 
max x(t )
t

• The scale factor, m, is called the modulation index. The


modulated signal can be expressed as

u(t )  Ac [1  mxn (t )] cos(2f ct )


Overmodulated (m > 1)
• The spectrum of the amplitude modulated signal u(t) is

U ( f )  F [mxn (t )]  F [ Ac cos(2f c t  c )]  F [ Ac cos(2f c t  c )]

 mX n ( f ) 
2

Ac jc
e  ( f  f c )  e  j c  ( f  f c ) 

Ac jc
2
 
e  ( f  f c )  e  j c  ( f  f c )


2

Ac jc
e mX n ( f  f c )  e jc  ( f  f c )


 e  jc mX n ( f  f c )  e  jc  ( f  f c )

• The spectrum of a conventional AM signal occupies bandwidth twice


the bandwidth of the message signal.
Spectrum of Amplitude Modulation

Bandwidth: B=2W
• Example: Single Tone Modulation.
• Suppose that the modulating signal xn (t
is )a sinusoid of the form
xn (t )  cos(2f mt ) f m  f c
Determine the DSB AM signal, its upper and lower sidebands, and its spectrum,
assuming a modulation index of m.

• Solution: The conventional AM signal

u(t )  Ac [1 ma cos(2f mt )] cos(2f ct  c )


Acm
a
 Ac cos(2f c t  c )  cos(2 ( f c  f m )t  c )
2
lower sidebandcomponent

Ac am
 cos(2 ( f c  f m )t  c )
2
uppersidebandcomponent
• The spectrum of the DSB AM signal

U( f ) 
2

Ac jc

e  ( f  f c )  e  jc  ( f  f c )


Ac m jc
4

e  ( f  f c  f m )  e  jc  ( f  f c  f m ) 

Ac m jc
4

e  ( f  f c  f m )  e  jc  ( f  f c  f m ) 

m m m m

Spectrum of a single tone AM Signal


Power of AM Signals:
• We have already proved in the DSB-SC case, the power in
the modulated signal is

Ac2 Ac2 2
Pu  Px  m Pxn ......... DSB  SC
2 2

• For the conventional AM

Ac2 Ac2 2
Pu   m Pxn ...... AM
2 2

Carrier power Message power


Implementation of AM Modulators
 Power-Law Modulation

generate a product of
the m(t) with the
carrier

Block diagram of power-law AM modulator


PROVE FOR A SQUARE LAW DEVICE!
 Switching Modulator.
 vi (t ), C (t )  0
vo ( t )  
 0, C (t )  0

passing vo(t) through a bandpass filter with the


center frequency f = fc and the bandwidth 2W , we
get the AM signal.

PROVE!
Balanced Modulator for DSB-SC.

Care must be taken to select modulators with approximately


identical characteristics so that the carrier component cancels
out at the summing junction.
Ring Modulator For DSB-SC

vo (t )  m(t )c(t )

The switching of
the diodes is
controlled by a
carrier wave of
frequency fc,

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