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Differential Equation - Formula Sheet - MathonGo

1. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative, and the degree is the degree of the highest derivative polynomial. A differential equation of order m and degree p has the form (dm y/dxm)p + ... = 0. 2. A differential equation can be formed by differentiating an equation relating independent and dependent variables with respect to the independent variable to eliminate arbitrary constants. 3. The general solution of a differential equation contains the maximum number of arbitrary constants equal to the order of the equation. A particular solution results from the general solution by giving specific values to the constants.

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5K views4 pages

Differential Equation - Formula Sheet - MathonGo

1. The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative, and the degree is the degree of the highest derivative polynomial. A differential equation of order m and degree p has the form (dm y/dxm)p + ... = 0. 2. A differential equation can be formed by differentiating an equation relating independent and dependent variables with respect to the independent variable to eliminate arbitrary constants. 3. The general solution of a differential equation contains the maximum number of arbitrary constants equal to the order of the equation. A particular solution results from the general solution by giving specific values to the constants.

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Mamta
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1. ORDER AND DEGREE OF A D.E.

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential coefficient
occurring in it.
The degree of a differential equation which can be written as a polynomial in the
derivatives is the degree of the derivative of the highest order occurring in it, after it has
been expressed in a form free from radicals \& fractions so far as derivatives are
concerned, thus the differential equation :
p q
dmy  d m−1 ( y ) 
f ( x, y )  m  +  ( x, y )  m −1 
+. = 0 is of order m & degree p .
 dx   dx 
Note that in the differential equation e y " − xy "+ y = 0 order is three but degree doesn't
exist.

2. FORMATION OF A D.E.
If an equation in independent and dependent variables having some arbitrary constant is
given, then a differential equation is obtained as follows:
(a) Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. the independent variable (say x ) as many
times as the number of arbitrary constants in it.
(b) Eliminate the arbitrary constants.
The eliminant is the required differential equation.
Note:
A differential equation represents a family of curves all satisfying some common
properties. This can be considered as the geometrical interpretation of the differential
equation.

3. GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLN.


The solution of a differential equation which contains a number of independent arbitrary
constants equal to the order of the differential equation is called the GENERAL
SOLUTION (OR COMPLETE INTEGRAL OR COMPLETE PRIMITIVE). A solution
obtainable from the general solution by giving particular values to the constants is called
a PARTICULAR SOLUTION.

4. ELEMENTARY TYPES OF FIRST ORDER/DEGREE D.E.


(a) Variables separable:
TYPE-1:
If the differential equation can be expressed as ; f ( x)dx + g ( y )dy = 0 then this is said to
be variable - separable type.
A general solution of this is given by  f ( x)dx +  g ( y)dy = c ; where c is the arbitrary
dy
constant. Consider the example = e x− y + x 2  e− y .
dx
TYPE-2:
Sometimes transformation to the polar co-ordinates facilitates separation of variables. In
this connection it is convenient to remember the following differentials. If x = r cos  ,
y = r sin  then,
(i) xdx + ydy = rdr
(ii) dx 2 + dy 2 = dr 2 + r 2 d 2
(iii) xdy − ydx = r 2  d
If x = r sec  & y = r tan  then xdx − ydy = rdr and xdy − ydx = r 2 sec  d .
TYPE-3:
dy
= f (ax + by + c), b  0
dx
To solve this, substitute t = ax + by + c . Then the equation reduces to separable type in
the variable t and x which can be solved.
dy
(Consider the example ( x + y ) 2 = a2
dx
(b) Homogeneous equations:
dy f ( x, y )
A differential equation of the form = , where f ( x, y ) & ( x, y ) are
dx  ( x, y )
homogeneous functions of x &y and of the same degree, is called HOMOGENEOUS.
dy x
This equation may also be reduced to the form = g   & is solved by putting y = vx
dx  y
so that the dependent variable y is changed to another variable v , where v is some
unknown function, the differential equation is transformed to an equation with variables
dy y ( x + y )
separable. Consider the example + =0
dx x2
(c) Equations reducible to the homogeneous form:
dy a1 x + b1 y + c1 a a
If = ; where a1b2 − a2 b1  0 , i.e. 1  2 then the substitution
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2 b1 b2
x = u + h, y = v + k
transform this equation to a homogeneous type in the new variables u and v where h
and k are arbitrary constants to be chosen so as to make the given equation homogeneous.
(i) If a1b2 − a2 b1 = 0 , then a substitution u = a1 x + b1 y transforms the differential
equation to an equation with variables separable.
(ii) If b1 + a2 = 0 , then a simple cross multiplication and substituting d ( xy ) for
xdy + ydx & integrating term by term yields the result easily.
dy x − 2 y + 5 dy 2 x + 3 y − 1 dy 2x − y + 1
Consider the examples = ; = & =
dx 2 x + y − 1 dx 4 x + 6 y − 5 dx 6 x − 5 y + 4
(iii) In an equation of the form : yf ( xy )dx + xg ( xy ) dy = 0 the variables can be separated
by the substitution xy = v .

5. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS


A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable & its differential
coefficients occur in the first degree only and are not multiplied together.
The nth order linear differential equation is of the form;
dn y d n −1 y
a0 ( x) + a ( x ) + + an ( x) . y =  ( x ) , where a0 ( x), a1 ( x)  an ( x) are called
dx n −1
1
dx n
the coefficients of the differential equation.
(a) Linear differential equations of first order:
dy
The most general form of a linear differential equations of first order is + Py = Q ,
dx
where P & Q are functions of x .

To solve such an equation multiply both sides by e  .


Pdx

Then the solution of this equation will be ye  =  Qe 


Pdx Pdx
dx + c

(b) Equations reducible to linear form:


dy
The equation + Py = Q  y n where P &Q are function, of x , is reducible to the linear
dx
form by dividing it by y n &z then substituting y − n +1 = Z . Consider the example
(x y
3 2
)
+ xy dx = dy .

dy
The equation + Py = Qy n is called BERNOUL'S EQUATION.
dx

6. TRAJECTORIES
A curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves according to a given law
is called a Trajectory of the given family.
Orthogonal trajectories:
A curve making at each of its points a right angle with the curve of the family passing
through that point is called an orthogonal trajectory of that family.
We set up the differential equation of the given family of curves. Let it be of the form
F ( x, y, y ') = 0 The differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories is of the form
 −1 
F  x, y ,  = 0
 y' 
The general integral of this equation 1 ( x, y, C ) = 0 gives the family of orthogonal
trajectories.
7. EXACT DIFFERENTIALS
xdy − ydx  y
(i) xdy + ydx = d ( xy ) (ii) = d 
x
2
x
ydx − xdy x xdy + ydx
(iii) 2
= d  (iv) = d (ln xy )
y  y xy
dx + dy xdy − ydx  y
(v) = d (ln( x + y )) (vi) = d  ln 
x+ y xy  x
ydx − xdy  x xdy − ydx  y
(vii) = d n  (viii) = d  tan −1 
xy  y x +y
2 2
 x

 1  xdy + ydx  ex  ye x dx − e x dy
(xi) d  −  = (xii) d  =
 xy  x2 y 2  y  y2

 ey  xe y dy − e y dx
(xiii) d  =
 x  x2

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