The Cosine and Sine Functions 693 Lesson 10-6 Lesson 10-6 BIG IDEA The graphs of the

cosine and
sine functions are sine waves with period 2π. Remember that when (1, 0) is rotated θ degrees around the
origin, its image is the point (cos θ, sin θ). The correspondence θ → cos θ is the cosine function, with domain
the set of real numbers. The values of this function are the fi rst coordinates of the images of (1, 0) under
rotations about the origin. Similarly, the correspondence θ → sin θ is the sine function. The values of this
function are the second coordinates of the images of (1, 0) under Rθ. A Graph of the Cosine Function To
imagine the graph of y = cos θ as θ increases from 0, think of a point moving around the unit circle
counterclockwise from (1, 0). As the point moves halfway around the circle, its fi rst coordinate decreases
sActivity provides more detail. MATERIALS calculator Set a calculator to degree mode. Step 1 Make a table of
values of cos θ for values of θ in the interval 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°, in increments of 15°. You will need 25 rows, not 10
as shown at the right. Round the cosines to the nearest hundredth. The fi rst few pairs in the table are shown.
Step 2 Graph the points you found in Step 1. Plot θ on the horizontal axis and cos θ on the vertical axis.
Connect the points with a smooth curve. Step 3 Describe two patterns you notice in your graph. Step 4 What
is the largest value that cos θ can have? What is the smallest value that cos θ can have? y x (1, 0) (cos θ, sin θ)
θ y x (1, 0) (cos θ, sin θ) θ Activity Vocabulary periodic function, period sine wave sinusoidal The Cosine and
Sine Functions θ cos θ 0° 1.00 15° 0.97 30° 0.87 45° 0.71 60° ? 75° ? 90° ? 345° ? 360° ? Mental Math Which
is longer? a. the side of a regular octagon or its shortest diagonal b. the leg opposite a 40° angle in a right
triangle or the other leg c. the diagonal of a square or the diameter of a circle inscribed in it d. the diagonal of
a square or the diameter of a circle circumscribed around it SMP_SEAA_C10L06_693-699.indd 693 12/2/08
4:47:59 PM 694 Basic Ideas of Trigonometry Chapter 10 Recall that as θ takes on values greater than 360°, cos
θ repeats its values. So the graph of y = cos θ repeats every 360°. Below is a graph of this function when –360°
≤ θ ≤ 720°. y y = cos θ θ 360˚ 270˚ 180˚ 90˚ 0.5 1 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚ 450˚ 540˚ 630˚ 720˚ 0.5 1 The Graph of
the Sine Function The graph of the sine function is constructed by a similar process, using the second
coordinate of the rotation image of (1, 0) as the dependent variable. For instance, R60(1, 0) = ( __1 2 , ___ √3
2 ) , so sin 60° = ___ √3 2 and the point ( 60°, ___ √3 2 ) is on the graph of the sine function. Below is a graph
of y = sin θ. Notice that the graph of the sine function looks congruent to the graph of the cosine function. y
0.5 1 y = sin θ θ 360˚ 270˚ 180˚ 90˚ 0.5 1 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚ 450˚ 540˚ 630˚ 720˚ Properties of the Sine and
Cosine Functions A function is a periodic function if its graph can be mapped onto itself by a horizontal
translation. Algebraically, this means that a function f is periodic if there is a positive number p such that f(x +
p) = f(x) for all values of x. The smallest positive number p with this property is called the period of the
function. Both the sine and cosine functions are periodic because their values repeat every 360°. That is, for
all θ, sin(θ + 360°) = sin θ and cos(θ + 360°) = cos θ. This means that under a horizontal translation of
magnitude 360°, the graph of y = sin θ coincides with itself. Similarly, under this translation, the graph of y =
cos θ coincides with itself. Notice that each of these functions has range {y| –1 ≤ y ≤ 1}. Also, each function
has infi nitely many x-intercepts, but still only one y-intercept. These and other properties of sine and cosine
functions are summarized in the table on the next page. SMP_SEAA_C10L06_693-699.indd 694 12/2/08
4:48:04 PM The Cosine and Sine Functions 695 Lesson 10-6 Cosine Function Sine Function Domain set of all
real numbers set of all real numbers Range {y | –1 ≤ y ≤ 1} {y | –1 ≤ y ≤ 1} x-intercepts odd multiples of 90° {…,
–90°, 90°, 270°, 450°, …} even multiples of 90° {…, –180°, 0°, 180°, 360°, …} Period 360° 360° y-intercept 1 0
The graph of the cosine function can be mapped onto the graph of the sine function by a horizontal
translation of 90°. So the graphs of y = cos θ and y = sin θ are congruent. Both graphs are called sine waves.
Definition of Sine Wave A sine wave is a graph that can be mapped onto the graph of the sine function s: θ →
sin θ by any composite of translations, scale changes, or refl ections. Because the graph of the cosine function
c: θ → cos θ is a translation image of the graph of s: θ → sin θ, its graph is a sine wave. Situations that lead to
sine waves are said to be sinusoidal. Example The Great Ferris Wheel built in 1893 for the Columbian
Exposition in Chicago had a 125-foot radius and a center that stood 140 feet off the ground. A ride on the
wheel took about 20 minutes and allowed the rider to reach the top of the wheel twice. Assume that a ride
began at the bottom of the wheel and did not stop. Which sine wave below models the rider’s height h off the
ground t minutes after the ride began? Explain your choice. (continued on next page) 250 125 h(ft) t(min) 250
125 5 10 15 20 Graph A 250 125 h(ft) t(min) 250 125 5 15 20 Graph B 250 125 h(ft) t(min) 250 125 5 10 15 20
Graph C 10 250 125 h(ft) t(min) 250 125 5 10 15 20 Graph A 250 125 h(ft) t(min) 250 125 5 15 20 Graph B 250
125 h(ft) t(min) 250 125 5 10 15 20 Graph C 10 SMP_SEAA_C10L06_693-699.indd 695 12/2/08 4:48:06 PM
696 Basic Ideas of Trigonometry Chapter 10 Solution Find the minimum and maximum height of a ride on the
Ferris wheel. The minimum height is the difference between the height of the center of the wheel and its
radius, or 140 ft - 125 ft = 15 ft. The maximum height is then 250 ft + 15 ft = 265 ft, the diameter of the wheel
plus the wheel’s height off the ground. Find when the minimum and maximum height of a ride occurred. The
maximum height occurred twice in 20 minutes. A complete revolution took 10 minutes, so, the rider is 15 feet
high at t = 0, 10, and 20 minutes. Without stops, the rider reached the top at t = 5 and 15 minutes. So, graph C
is the correct graph. Sine waves occur frequently in nature: in ocean waves, sound waves, and light waves.
Also, the graph of average daily temperatures for a specifi c location over the year often approximates a sine
wave. The voltages associated with alternating current (AC), the type used in electrical transmission lines,
have sinusoidal graphs. Sine waves can be converted to electrical signals and then viewed on an oscilloscope.
Questions COVERING THE IDEAS 1. What function maps θ onto the fi rst coordinate of the image of (1, 0)
under Rθ? 2. What function maps θ onto the second coordinate of the image of (1, 0) under Rθ? In 3–5,
consider the cosine function. 3. a. Fill in the Blanks As θ increases from 0° to 90°, cos θ decreases from ? to ? .
b. Fill in the Blanks As θ increases from 90° to 180°, cos θ decreases from ? to ? . c. As θ increases from 180° to
270°, does the value of cos θ increase or decrease? 4. Name two points on the graph of the function when θ >
360°. 5. How many solutions are there to the equation cos θ = 0.5 if –720° ≤ θ ≤ 720°? In 6–8, consider the
sine function. 6. Explain why its period is 360°. 7. Name all θ-intercepts between –360° and 360°. 8. How
many solutions are there to the equation sin θ = 2 if –720° ≤ θ ≤ 720°? 140 ft 125 ft An oscilloscope can be
used to test electronic equipment. SMP_SEAA_C10L06_693-699.indd 696 12/2/08 4:48:13 PM The Cosine and
Sine Functions 697 Lesson 10-6 In 9–11, true or false. 9. The graph of the cosine function is called a cosine
wave. 10. The graph of the sine function is the image of the graph of the cosine function under a horizontal
translation of 180°. 11. The ranges of the sine and cosine function are identical. 12. Refer to the Example. a.
Describe the Ferris Wheel ride shown by graph A. b. Why does graph B not describe a Ferris Wheel ride?
APPLYING THE MATHEMATICS 13. Use the graphs of the sine and cosine functions. a. Find two values of θ ,
one positive and one negative, such that cos θ > sin θ. b. Name two values of θ for which cos θ = sin θ. 14.
Consider these situations leading to periodic functions. What is the period? a. days of the week b. the ones
digit in the successive integers in base 10 In 15–18, part of a function is graphed. Does the function appear to
be periodic? If so, what is the period? If not, why not? 15. 16. 17. 18. SMP_SEAA_C10L06_693-699.indd 697
12/2/08 4:48:37 PM 698 Basic Ideas of Trigonometry Chapter 10 19. Below is a table of average monthly high
temperatures T (all in degrees Fahrenheit) for Phoenix, Arizona. a. Explain why these data could be modeled
by a sine wave. b. Estimate the domain and range of a sinusoidal function that models these data. 20. a.
Graph y = sin x and y = sin(180° - x). b. What identity is suggested by the graphs? 21. a. Graph the function
with equation y = sin x + cos x. Does this appear to be a periodic function? If so, what is its period? b. What
are the domain and range of this function? REVIEW 22. Multiple Choice Which of the following is equal to sin
(–45°)? (Lesson 10-5) A sin 45° B sin 135° C sin 405° D sin 675° In 23 and 24, give the exact value without using
a calculator. (Lesson 10-4) 23. cos 270° 24. tan 180° 25. On Mars, the height h in meters of a thrown object at
time t seconds is given by h = –1.86t 2 + v0t + h0. A space traveler standing on a 47-meter high Martian cliff
tosses a rock straight up with an initial velocity of 15 ___ m sec . (Lessons 6-7, 6-4) a. Write an equation to
describe the height of the rock at time t. b. Graph your equation in Part a. c. What is the maximum height of
the rock to the nearest meter? d. To the nearest tenth of a second, when does the rock hit the Martian
ground? Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 66 70 75 84 93 103 105 103 99 88 75 66
Cape Verde juts out from the walls of Victoria Crater on Mars. SMP_SEAA_C10L06_693-699.indd 698 12/2/08
4:48:47 PM The Cosine and Sine Functions 699 Lesson 10-6 In 26 and 27, A = –72 –27 8 3 . 26. a. Find det A. b.
Does A–1 exist? If so, fi nd it. If not, explain why it does not exist. (Lesson 5-5) 27. a. Find an equation for the
line through the two points represented by matrix A. b. What kind of variation is described by the answer to
Part a? (Lessons 4-1, 3-4, 2-1) 28. Approximate QW to the nearest hundredth. (Lesson 4-4) y x 40 40 20 40 20
40 20 0 20 Q = (30, 10) W = (20, 30) EXPLORATION 29. Oscilloscopes can be used to display sound waves.
Search the Internet to fi nd some sites that simulate oscilloscope output for different sounds. Do additional
research about sound waves and report on the following. a. the oscilloscope patterns for at least two sound
waves (for example, whistling a tune, middle C on the piano) b. the meaning of frequency and amplitude of a
sound wave c. the effect on sound tone as a result of changes in amplitude and frequency
SMP_SEAA_C10L06_693-699.indd 699 12/2/08 4:48:50 PM