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Hippocamelus antisensis (Artiodactyla: Cervidae)

Article  in  Mammalian Species · October 2013

DOI: 10.1644/901.1

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 45(901):49–59

Hippocamelus antisensis (Artiodactyla: Cervidae)

JAVIER BARRIO

División de Mastozoologı́a, CORBIDI, Santa Rita 105, of. 2, Lima 33, Peru; [email protected]

Abstract: Hippocamelus antisensis (d’Orbigny, 1834) is a cervid commonly called taruca or taruka and is 1 of 2 species in the
genus Hippocamelus. It is a medium-sized, dimorphic ungulate with characteristic facial markings. It lives at high altitude
along steep slopes composed of rocky areas with sparse vegetation in the central Andes. It is widely distributed but limited in
population size, considered ‘‘Vulnerable’’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and
is represented poorly in zoos. It is illegally hunted throughout its distribution, and is affected by anthropogenic activities.

Key words: deer, ruminant, South America, taruca, taruka, ungulate

Ó 2 October 2013 American Society of Mammalogists

Synonymies completed 10 January 2010
DOI: 10.1644/901.1 www.mammalogy.org

Creagroceros Fitzinger, 1874:348. Replacement name for

Hippocamelus Leuckart, 1816 Furcifer Wagner, 1844.
Cariacus: Brooke, 1878:923. Part, not Cariacus Lesson,
Equus: Molina, 1782:320. Not Equus Linnaeus, 1758.
Camelus: Treviranus, 1803:179. Not Camelus Linnaeus, 1842.
1758. Mazama: Lydekker, 1898:243. Part, not Mazama Rafin-
Hippocamelus Leuckart, 1816:23. Type species Hippocame- esque, 1817:363.
lus dubius Leuckart, 1816 (¼ Equus bisulcus Molina, Odocoileus: Dabbene, 1911:293. Part, not Odocoileus Rafin-
1782), by monotypy. esque, 1832.
Auchenia: Hamilton-Smith, 1827:300. Part, not Auchenia
Illiger, 1811; preoccupied by Auchenia Thunberg, 1789
(coleopteran beetle).
Cervus: d’Orbigny in Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and de Blain-
ville, 1834:91, footnote. Not Cervus Linnaeus, 1758.
Cervequus Lesson, 1842:173. Type species Cervus andicus
Lesson, 1842 (¼ Equus bisulcus Molina, 1782), by
monotypy; proposed as a subgenus of Cervus Linnaeus,
1758.
Furcifer: Wagner, 1844:384. Type species Cervus antisiensis
Wagner, 1844 (¼ Cervus antisensis d’Orbigny in
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and de Blainville, 1834:91,
footnote); proposed as a subgenus of Cervus Linnaeus,
1758; preoccupied by Furcifer Fitzinger, 1843 (Chamae-
leonidae).
Capreolus Gray, 1849:64. Part, not Capreolus Gray, 1821.
Furcifer: Gray, 1850:68. First use as genus.
Anomalocera: Gray, 1869a:385. Type species Anomalocera
huamel Gray, 1869a; preoccupied by Anomalocera
Templeton, 1837 (copepod crustacean).
Xenelaphus Gray, 1869b:498, figure. Replacement name for
Anomalocera Gray, 1869a.
Huamela Gray, 1872b:445. Type species Huamela leucotis Fig. 1.—An adult male Hippocamelus antisensis after casting
Gray, 1872b (¼ Capreolus leucotis Gray, 1849), by antlers, from 5 km ENE Putre, Chile, October 2010. Used with
monotypy. permission of the photographer G. Schreiber.
50 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 45(901)—Hippocamelus antisensis

CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order Artiodactyla, suborder credited d’Orbigny for the name in a footnote. The quote
Ruminantia, family Cervidae, subfamily Capreolinae. The identifies the origin as ‘‘versant oriental des Cordillières’’
genus Hippocamelus includes 2 species: H. antisensis and H. and superficially describes the hair. A comprehensive
bisulcus (Grubb 2005). description was given subsequently by Pucheran (1844),
who also credited d’Orbigny as the author. Based on
Articles 23.1 and 50.1.1 of the International Code of
Hippocamelus antisensis (d’Orbigny, 1834) Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on
Taruca Zoological Nomenclature 1999), I concur with the original
authorship by d’Orbigny as commonly treated, not by
Cervus Antisensis d’Orbigny in Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and de Blainville (1834) or by
de Blainville, 1834:91, footnote. Type locality ‘‘versant Pucheran (1844). However, the negligible note on the
oriental des Cordillières;’’ restricted to Andes near La location and hair might exclude its availability under Article
Paz, Cochabamba and Chuquisaca, Bolivia, by d’Or- 12.3 of the Code, until the description by Pucheran (1844). If
bigny and Gervais (1847:28). Pucheran (1844) is credited as the author based on his
Cervus antisiensis Pucheran, 1844:328. Incorrect subsequent description, the species will be called antisiensis and not
spelling of Cervus antisensis d’Orbigny, 1834. antisensis.
Cervus (Furcifer) antisiensis: Wagner, 1844:384. Name Cervequus was mentioned as a group of Cervus by
combination and incorrect subsequent spelling of Lesson (1842), but for the purposes of synonymy it is
Cervus antisensis d’Orbigny, 1834. assumed as a subgenus, as was treated by Cabrera (1961).
Anomalocera huamel Gray, 1869a:384. Type locality ‘‘Tinta, The genus Huamela (Gray 1872b) was more extensively
South Peru.’’ described in Gray (1873a), which was depicted in Cabrera
Xenelaphus huamel Gray, 1869b:498 (¼ Anomalocera hua- (1961) as the description date. The genus Xenelaphus
mel). Name combination on new genus. (Gray 1869b) was described as a replacement for Anom-
Xenelaphus leucotis: Gray, 1872a:89. Part, not Capreolus alocera, which was preoccupied, but the explanation for
leucotis Gray, 1849. the replacement was not mentioned until 1872 (Gray
Xenelaphus anomalocera Gray, 1872b:445. Replacement 1872a). The species received 5 different names between
name for Xenelaphus leucotis Gray, 1872a:89. 1869 and 1873 (Gray 1869a, 1869b, 1872a, 1872b, 1873b),
Xenelaphus chilensis: Gray, 1873b:161. Not Cervus chilensis despite it representing only the original Cervus antisensis
Gay and Gervais, 1846. (Sclater 1873). Xenelaphus leucotis included the 2 species of
Creagroceros antisiensis: Fitzinger, 1874:358. Name combi- Hippocamelus in the species’ account by Gray (1872a).
nation and incorrect subsequent spelling of Cervus Preliminary genetic data on Hippocamelus, based on the
antisensis d’Orbigny, 1834. cytochrome-b gene, separate the 2 species into different
Furcifer chilensis: Gray, 1874:332. Name combination. Not genera (Duarte et al. 2008; J. C. Marin, in litt.). If the split is
Cervus chilensis Gay and Gervais, 1846. definitive, the scientific name would become Xenelaphus
Cariacus antisiensis: Brooke, 1878:924. Name combination antisensis.
and incorrect subsequent spelling of Cervus antisensis
d’Orbigny, 1834.
Furcifer antisensis: Nehring, 1895:9. Name combination. DIAGNOSIS
Mazama antisiensis: Lyddeker, 1898:295, plate 23. Name
combination and incorrect subsequent spelling of The genus Hippocamelus can be distinguished from other
Cervus antisensis d’Orbigny, 1834. South American deer species by the antlers, which divide
Hippocamelus antisiensis: Elliot, 1907:52. Incorrect subse- only once, near the base. Hippocamelus antisensis (Fig. 1)
quent spelling of Cervus antisensis d’Orbigny, 1834. differs from H. bisulcus (the guemal or huemul), with which
Odocoileus antisensis: Dabbene, 1911:293. Name combina- it is allopatric, by a lighter and less-uniform coloration,
tion. white on the ventral surface of the neck, white on the inner
Hippocamelus antisensis: Lydekker, 1915:196. First use of side of the legs, a larger white area on the buttocks and tail,
current name combination. and a darker rump. Antler branching usually begins closer
to the base of the antlers in H. antisensis than in H. bisulcus,
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Context as for genus, no subspe- and the black pattern on the face in most individuals is more
cies are recognized. conspicuous and there is a greater amount of white on the
muzzle. H. antisensis can be distinguished from the
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. The original and 1st mention of sympatric Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) by the
the species was done by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and de antlers, dark underside, and distinctive color characteristics
Blainville (1834) and not by d’Orbigny. In the publication described above. The white-tailed deer usually has light-
they report d’Orbigny’s voyage to South America and colored oculars, which are lacking in H. antisensis.
45(901)—Hippocamelus antisensis MAMMALIAN SPECIES 51

GENERAL CHARACTERS

Hippocamelus antisensis is sexually dimorphic; head

coloration and antlers only on males are the main
differences. In general, H. antisensis is a medium-sized,
heavy-built deer where males are larger than females and
have thicker necks (see ‘‘Form and Function’’) because of
greater muscular development (Pearson 1951; Roe and Rees
1976; Barrio 2010). The pelage is coarse and the body
coloration is mostly sandy-gray (Figs. 1 and 2; Barrio 2010).
Antlers are bifurcated once near the base and the posterior
tine is larger. Fawns are unspotted (Nowak 1991; Barrio
2010).
The face has distinctive black markings, which differ
among individuals (Roe and Rees 1976; Merkt 1985; Nowak
1991; Barrio 1999, 2010). The black on the face of males Fig. 2.—Male, female, and 5-month-old female fawn Hippocamelus
usually includes a black area behind the narial patch and a antisensis, from a group of 11 individuals, in Huacullani, Puno,
distinctive Y or V on the forehead throughout the rostral Peru, July 1997. H. antisensis is most commonly found in groups.
band (Figs. 1 and 2). However, in some individuals the dark
areas are minimal or are lacking (Barrio 2010). The DISTRIBUTION
extension of white and black on the muzzle is variable
among individuals, but always includes a white narial patch Hippocamelus antisensis is distributed along the high
that may extend as a band around the nose (Barrio 2010). Andes, from west-central Peru southward to northwestern
Females tend to show a dark brown area on the forehead, Argentina with a small distribution in northeastern Chile
and frequently have a black line at each side of it, above the (Fig. 4; Grimwood 1969; Thornback and Jenkins 1982;
eyes (Fig. 2; Barrio 2010). The underside of the head is white Merkt 1985; Barrio 2010). Along the Andes, the distribution
from the mental patch to the buccal patch (Barrio 2010). H. of H. antisensis displays a gradual decrease in elevation from
antisensis has a very large preorbital gland (Barrio 2010). north to south, because its habitat is located at lower
Ears are long and pointed and similar in color to the back of elevations with increasing latitude. H. antisensis is found at
the neck; the inside of the ears are grayish brown with buff, elevations of 3,500–5,000 m in the highlands of Peru and
long hairs (Barrio 2010). H. antisensis is white on the ventral Bolivia (Pearson 1951; Grimwood 1969; Jungius 1974; Roe
surface of the neck from the gular patch to the beginning of and Rees 1976; Merkt 1985; Barrio 1999, 2010), at 2,500–
the chest, the front legs throughout the inner side, both sides 4,000 m in northern Chile (Sielfeld et al. 1988), and at 2,000–
at the distal area near the hooves, extensively on the ventral 3,000 m in the southern extreme of its distribution (Cajal
side of the rump patch, the underside and most of the tail, 1983). The distribution in Peru and Chile is mostly
and the genital area (Fig. 1; Pucheran 1852; Roe and Rees continuous but limited to mountains with rocky areas, with
1976; Barrio 2010). The ventral portion of the thoracic– some populations of H. antisensis occurring near areas of
abdominal area is dark brown (Pucheran 1852; Barrio 2010). high human density (Barrio 2010). Populations are heavily
The dorsum is dark near the rump, and the upper side of the fragmented throughout the high eastern Andes of Bolivia
base of the tail varies from dark brown to black. H. and northwestern Argentina (Barrio and Ferreyra 2008).
antisensis has tarsal glands on the inner side of the legs, at Hippocamelus antisensis has never occurred in Ecuador
the same height of the calcaneum. (Barrio 2010), even though Ecuador is mentioned in several
The anterior part of the frontal of the skull is flat and publications as part of its former distribution (e.g., Pine et
almost in a single plane with the nasal bones (Fig. 3). Mean al. 1979; Geist 1998; Wemmer 1998; Grubb 2005). The
cranial measurements (mm; ranges and sample size in presence of H. antisensis in Ecuador is based on question-
parentheses) of adult male H. antisensis were: maximum able records. One specimen in Museo Argentino de Ciencias
length 254.2 (248.1–263.6, n ¼ 4); condylobasal length 234.9 Naturales (MACN, Buenos Aires, Argentina) and another
(230.0–244.7, n ¼ 3); condyle–premolar length 127.2 (118.0– in Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH, Chicago,
137.8, n ¼ 7); breadth of braincase 70.5 (68.1–75.6, n ¼ 11); Illinois) were recorded as coming from Ecuador (Voss 2003),
maximum zygomatic breadth 95.8 (89.7–102.6, n ¼ 11). but both specimens have disappeared and it is not possible
Cranial measurements of 1 adult female skull were: to verify the species identification. The specimen in MACN
maximum length 243.1, condylobasal length 226.0; con- was a skull purchased along with a group of skins from
dyle–premolar length 124.4; breadth of braincase 68.8; other species and from multiple locations (Tirira 2007;
maximum zygomatic breadth 94.8. Barrio 2010). Two specimens deposited in the Museo
52 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 45(901)—Hippocamelus antisensis

Fig. 4.—Distribution of Hippocamelus antisensis in South America.

The striped area in Bolivia indicates an area where the distribution
is assumed but has not been properly determined.

tentatively identified as Hippocamelus from the 3rd inter-

glacial period from Punin, Ecuador (Hoffstetter 1986).
However, all these records have been considered question-
able or doubtful (Hoffstetter 1986; Tirira 2007; Barrio
2010).

FOSSIL RECORD

Fossil remains of the genus Hippocamelus have been

excavated from the plains of Argentina, Uruguay, and
southeastern Brazil (Castellanos 1944; de Paula Couto 1953,
1979; Rusconi 1967). The remains are from the Pleistocene,
Fig. 3.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view dating around 0.5–1.5 million years ago, and have been
of mandible of adult female Hippocamelus antisensis (Museo
identified as Hippocamelus sulcatus. Fossils from Pernam-
Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, specimen 53.60). Greatest
buco, northeastern Brazil, were dated at around 1.8 million
length of skull is 243 mm.
years ago; these fossils, however, may not actually belong to
Hippocamelus antisensis (Magalhães et al. 1992). The fossils
Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid, Spain, were
mentioned were found at lowlands and their assignment to
authentic records from Ecuador, because the collector, the the genus is based solely on the shape of the antlers, and
collection site, and the year were identified (Voss 2003); may or may not correspond to the evolutionary line of the
however, both specimens also were lost and there is no way species. Fossils described as H. percultus from Tarija,
to verify if the records actually corresponded to specimens southeastern Bolivian Andes, in layers placed at late
of H. antisensis. Another record was an antler fragment Pleistocene around 20,000–40,000 years ago (Coltorti et al.
45(901)—Hippocamelus antisensis MAMMALIAN SPECIES 53

2007) are probably part of the evolutionary line of H. Most males have canines (Fig. 5), as corroborated by the
antisensis (Frailey et al. 1980; Hoffstetter 1986). The layers type specimen (Pucheran 1852), 4 skulls examined from
were wrongly dated in the 1980s as either 0.5–0.9 million northern Argentina (Samaniego 1988), 1 museum specimen
years ago or 0.20–0.25 million years ago (Hoffstetter 1986). from MACN, 1 museum specimen from Museo de Historia
Fossil remains from H. antisensis have been recovered from Natural de la Universidad San Marcos (MUSM, Lima,
caves inhabited by humans around 7,000 years ago in the Peru), and 2 specimens from FMNH. One aberrant male
central Andes of Peru (Wheeler et al. 1976; Wheeler 1984; skull with 1-tine antlers and a long cranium, from FMNH,
Hoffstetter 1986). Fossils of H. antisensis have not been had no canines. The female skull examined at MACN
recovered from older layers (. 9,000 years ago) in the same lacked canines, as did the female skull revised by Pucheran
caves, where the extinct genus Agalmaceros was found (1852). However, 1 of 2 juvenile female skulls in FMNH has
(Wheeler et al. 1976; Wheeler 1984; Hoffstetter 1986). It is canines, and Roe and Rees (1976) reported canines were
possible that the more specialized Agalmaceros precluded H. present in some females.
antisensis from entering the high Andes until the former
disappeared because of climate change alone or in combi-
nation with human actions. ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION

Reproduction of Hippocamelus antisensis is seasonal,

FORM AND FUNCTION with births occurring from January through March, peaking
in February in the midst of the rainy season (Merkt 1985,
Males are larger than females (Pearson 1951; Barrio 1987; Geist 1998; Barrio 1999, 2010), although April has
2010). Some males are clearly larger than others, a been mentioned for the southern populations (N. Ferreyra,
characteristic observed in mixed-sex groups that include in litt.). Plant growth is at its maximum at the end of the
several males (Pucheran 1852; Barrio 1999), and based on rainy season in the Andes (Barrio 2010), so that reproduc-
knowledge of other deer species it could be assumed that tive seasonality appears to function so that parturition
those males are older or are the ones that most likely sire occurs close to the period of greatest food availability
most offspring (Clutton-Brock and Albon 1989; Kruuk et al. (Merkt 1987; Clutton-Brock and Albon 1989). Peak of the
1999; McElligott et al. 2001). The adult body mass is 46–60 rutting season occurs in June at the middle of the dry season
kg and shoulder height is 69–80 cm, with the smaller heights (Roe and Rees 1976; Merkt 1985; Sielfeld et al. 1988; Barrio
and weights corresponding to females (Pearson 1951; Roe 2010). Interactions between sexes are initiated by the male,
and Rees 1976; Barrio 2010). Other body measurements and either the female retreats or the male mounts the female
(cm) are head to body length: 138–146 for males (n ¼ 3) and (Merkt 1987; Barrio 2010). Gestation period is around 240
128–130 for females (n ¼ 2); tail length: 12.5–13.0 for males days (Merkt 1987). A single fawn is usually born, which
and 11.0–12.0 for females; ear length 15.0–16.5 for males remains hidden inside rocky areas during its 1st month
and 14.0–15.0 for females (Pearson 1951). (Barrio 2010). Twins have been observed once in captivity
The cover hairs throughout the body are hard, thick, and once in the wild in the humid puna of the highlands of
and hollow, and are banded (Pucheran 1852; Barrio 2010). the eastern Andes (Barrio 2006). Out-of-season fawns are
The 1st one-half to two-thirds toward the base of the hair is occasionally seen (Merkt 1987; Barrio 1999), which is not
white, and the sequence of colors that follow in the distal that uncommon in deer displaying marked seasonal
one-half are brown, white, and dark brown on the tip reproduction (Sadleir 1987).
(Pucheran 1844). The cover hair is all white in the white The antler cycle is synchronized and seasonal (Merkt
portions of the body (Pucheran 1844, 1852). The animal also 1987). Most males drop their antlers around September, are
has white curly wool hidden by the cover hairs (Barrio in velvet by December (Merkt 1987; Sielfeld et al. 1988), and
2010). have clean antlers by February (Merkt 1987). A captive H.
The antlers are bifurcated near the base, with the tines of antisensis injured while growing its antlers ended up with
each antler placed one in front of the other (Pucheran 1852). deformed antlers; however, the same individual developed
The posterior branch grows almost straight upward after an normal antlers the next year.
initial bend and is usually longer than the front branch that
curves backward. From the base of the pedicle to the apex of
the posterior tine the antlers measure up to 33.5 cm ECOLOGY
(Samaniego 1988), with a mean of 27.4 cm (n ¼ 12 [Pearson
1951; Samaniego 1988]; museum data gathered by the Population characteristics.—Hippocamelus antisensis is a
author) including only nondeformed antlers from adults. gregarious species (Fig. 2), but solitary individuals are not
Dentition of adults is typical of Cervidae (i 0/3, c 0/1, p 3/3, uncommon. Observed group sizes vary widely among and
m 3/3, total 32) except for the presence of upper canines in within areas, and throughout the year, with the largest
adult males and some females that results in a total of 34. published group size being 31 individuals (Merkt 1987). The
54 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 45(901)—Hippocamelus antisensis

areas, which would suggest that the distribution of H.

antisensis might be linked to displacement by human
activities (Barrio 1999). In a study in southern Peru, human
activities only included alpaca grazing (Merkt 1987), which
did not seem to influence space use by H. antisensis.
Hippocamelus antisensis occurs as dispersed populations
with thin contact areas among them (Barrio 2010), a
distribution explained by the specialized habitat it uses
(Jungius 1974; Roe and Rees 1976; Merkt 1985; Barrio 1999,
2004). H. antisensis uses a determined space or home range,
associating in groups in which home ranges of individuals
periodically overlap (Merkt 1987; Barrio 2010) because of
the nature of the large, loose group units (Barrio 1999). The
groups may not be stable during daily activities, because
groups may merge. The groups change composition over
periods of a few days; however, because individuals
maintain a stable home range, at least seasonally, the
associations always occur with specific individuals so that on
Fig. 5.—Portion of a skull of a male Hippocamelus antisensis a larger scale they form cohesive population units (Merkt
showing the canine fossa, without the tooth, on the joint between 1987; Barrio 1999). The area covered by those units ranged
maxilla and premaxillary bones (Museo Argentino de Ciencias from 5.0 km2 to 23.1 km2 in a 900-km2 study area (Barrio
Naturales, specimen 53.62). 1999). The groups move widely around their home ranges,
disappearing from small areas for several days and even
density of the species was estimated as 0.15 animals/km2 in weeks (Sielfeld et al. 1988). Groups make elevational
an area with a healthy population, considering all available movements during the day, ascending in the late morning
habitats, and around 1 animals/km2 when including only the and descending in the late afternoon and night (Sielfeld et al.
area used by the species (Barrio 1999). Densities are much 1999); the author has observed elevation changes ranging
lower in human-modified and hunted areas or in the extreme from around 200 to 500 m.
southern or northern portions of the distribution (Barrio Bedding areas and trails are well marked (Sielfeld et al.
2010). 1988; Barrio 2004). However, H. antisensis moves in a wide-
Space use.—Across the distribution of Hippocamelus open pattern when feeding, with individuals walking along
antisensis, the climate varies from wet on the eastern limit different paths, almost in parallel (Barrio 2010). Groups
(Jungius 1974; Barrio 2004; Núñez 2005) to dry on the west have been observed eating while moving several kilometers
(Sielfeld et al. 1988; Barrio 1999) and south of the range (Sielfeld et al. 1988); females often lead groups (Roe and
(Cajal 1983; Regidor and Rosati 2001). The main habitat Rees 1976; Sielfeld et al. 1988; Barrio 1999), whereas males
type used is characterized by rock and cliff-like outcrops will be the last in the group (Sielfeld et al. 1988).
amid grassland vegetation on mountain slopes (Fig. 2), with Diet.—Hippocamelus antisensis feeds primarily on small
sparse soft and leafy vegetation and nearby water sources dicotyledon plants that grow near the ground instead of the
(Jungius 1974; Roe and Rees 1976; Merkt 1985; Samaniego abundant Andean bunch-grasses (Roe and Rees 1976;
1988; Barrio 1999, 2004, 2010). The species has been Asociación Peruana para la Conservación de la Naturaleza
observed in dense shrubbery near rivers and inside high- 1996; Barrio 1999; Gazzolo 2006). Primary species eaten at
altitude Polylepis forests (Barrio 2010). In several sections the northern extreme of the distribution were Werneria
along its distribution, populations of H. antisensis live in nubigena (Asteraceae), Gentianella (Gentianaceae), Puya
fragmented portions of the range (Cajal 1983; Barrio 1999). (Bromeliaceae), Ranunculus weberbaueri and R. aff. kraptia
H. antisensis typically remains close to the crops that it (Ranunculaceae), Valeriana pilosa (Valerianaceae), and
frequently consumes, resting on slopes in nearby mountains Lycopodium (Lycopodiaceae—Asociación Peruana para la
(Sielfeld et al. 1988). Conservación de la Naturaleza 1996). In another study in
Hippocamelus antisensis shares its habitat with white- the northern extreme of the distribution, 6 of 11 species
tailed deer and domestic stock such as alpaca (Vicugna being eaten by H. antisensis in Rio Abiseo National Park in
pacos), llamas (Lama glama), sheep (Ovis aries), and cattle 2001 were monocotyledons: 4 Poaceae (at least a
(Bos taurus), which, especially the latter, might displace H. Calamagrostis), 1 Juncaceae (Luzula), and 1 Iridaceae.
antisensis from areas outside rocky outcrops (Regidor and Among dicotyledon species, 2 were the same as
Rosati 2001; Barrio 2004, 2006). Based on habitat used by determined by Asociación Peruana para la Conservación
H. antisensis there seem to be large unoccupied available de la Naturaleza (1996): W. nubigena and V. pilosa, the other
45(901)—Hippocamelus antisensis MAMMALIAN SPECIES 55

ones being Lupinus (Fabaceae), Senecio (Asteraceae), and 1 can be used in either total counts or in a mark–recapture
unidentified. Data from microhistological analysis revealed framework. In both techniques, observers have to be close
.20 plants are eaten by H. antisensis in Huascaran National enough for clear observation of individuals and their facial
Park, central Andes of Peru, of which grass species markings.
composed about 60% of the diet during the rainy season Breeding in captivity might not be difficult, because 12
(Gazzolo 2006). Species that represented .4% of the births were recorded in the Berlin Zoo, Germany, from 1931
fragments were Poa gymnatha, Bromus villosissimus, to 1941 (Frädrich 1987), and at least 4 births were recorded
Calamagrostis, Trisetum spicatum, and Poa spicigera from 1995 to 1997 in a captive group, living freely in the
(Poaceae); Luzula racemosa and Distichia muscoides gardens of the main hospital at Puno, Peru. The group
(Juncaceae); W. nubigena and Senecio comosus started with 1 adult female and 1 adult male in 1994 (Barrio
(Asteraceae); and Ephedra americana (Ephedraceae, a 2010).
Gymnospermae—Gazzolo 2006). The percentage of grass
species consumed was much lower during the dry season (,
BEHAVIOR
30%—C. Gazzolo, in litt.). In southern Peru, the only wild
genus observed as being eaten was Ephedra (Ephedraceae:
Grouping behavior.—Hippocamelus antisensis lives primarily
Gymnospermae—Barrio 1999).
in mixed groups most of the year (Merkt 1987; Fig. 2).
Microhistological analyses identified 26 dicotyledon Composition and size of the groups vary widely throughout
genera from Parinacota, northern Chile (Sielfeld et al. the year, among groups, and even daily within a group,
1988). H. antisensis was observed feeding on Balbisisa guided by a fission–fusion system (Merkt 1987; Barrio 2010).
microphylla (Ledocarpaceae); Coreopsis suaveolens, Cherso- Larger groups, more than 30 individuals (Merkt 1987), are
doma jodopappa, and Ambrosia artemisioides (Asteraceae); not common; however, observations by locals indicated that
Chenopodium petiolare (Chenopodiaceae); and Nasella pubi- 30–50 individuals in a single group were frequent 50 years
flora (Gramineae: Poaceae) during April, after the rainy ago in Peru.
season (Sielfeld et al. 1988). Additionally, remains from Mixed groups are the largest throughout the year, and
Gramineae were identified only in pellets collected during usually are the most common group type (Merkt 1985).
the rainy season (Sielfeld et al. 1988). The species Senna Mixed groups are composed of adult males and females,
birostris (Caesalpinaceae) and Balbisisa microphylla were yearlings, and fawns, with small groups of 3 or 4 individuals
identified as the wild species more often consumed by H. usually containing 1 adult male (Merkt 1987; Barrio 1999).
antisensis in northern Chile (Sielfeld et al. 1988). Another Larger groups include several adult males, some of them
species widely consumed throughout the study area was evidently larger than the others (Barrio 1999, 2010). There
alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a cultivated species (Sielfeld et al. are also small all-male and all-female groups (Merkt 1987).
1988). Other cultivated species observed eaten by H. Solitary individuals are found throughout the year and are
antisensis include sprouts of potato (Solanum tuberosum) mostly males, except for the fawning season, but are
and barley (Hordeum vulgare—Barrio 1999). uncommon (Merkt 1987; Barrio 1999). Solitary individuals
Interspecific interactions.—Individual Hippocamelus tend to be more common in areas with higher human
antisensis have been observed by the author at less than influence, where solitary females also are frequently found.
200 m from alpaca herds, with no interactions between Females segregate themselves when it is time to give
species. Moreover, H. antisensis seemed to avoid getting birth, when they seek rocky outcrops (Merkt 1987).
closer to the herd, regardless of the absence of herders or Parturition results in changes in the size of groups with
dogs nearby. No interactions have been recorded between groups being smaller during fawning months (i.e., January–
H. antisensis and white-tailed deer, despite the fact that the April—Merkt 1987). From just before fawning through the
white-tailed deer uses similar habitat in the northern one- fawn’s 1st months, either male or female groups are most
half of the distribution of H. antisensis, which may be common (Merkt 1987). By the end of the rainy season
explained by differential use of elevation to avoid (April–May) lactating females and their fawns return to
competition (Barrio 2004). mixed groups (Merkt 1987).
Miscellaneous.—The use of standard census techniques and When a group flees, it either divides into smaller units or
estimates of population density are not easy given the runs in single file (Barrio 2010); the last individual leaving
rugged terrain that Hippocamelus antisensis inhabits. the area seems to be a male (Barrio 2010). On the few
However, the open terrain makes possible the estimation occasions when fawns were in a large family group, they ran
of total numbers by direct observation, combined with some behind an adult male and in front of another adult male
survey techniques such as the analysis of tracks and (Barrio 1999, 2010).
individual facial markings (Merkt 1987; Barrio 1999). All Reproductive behavior.—Large mixed-sex groups subdivide
H. antisensis have unique facial patterns that allow for into smaller groups within the larger group from June to
individual identification (Merkt 1985; Barrio 2010), which August, which is the primary breeding season (Merkt 1985;
56 MAMMALIAN SPECIES 45(901)—Hippocamelus antisensis

Sielfeld et al. 1988). These smaller groups are composed of a The karyotype of the species is unknown. The diploid
male and several females, including juveniles of both sexes number (2n) of the other species of the genus, H. bisulcus, is
(Sielfeld et al. 1988). Males will defend females from other 70 (Spotorno et al. 1987); however, keep in mind that H.
approaching males (Sielfeld et al. 1988). Courtship was antisensis might belong to a separate genus.
observed as rutting activity from May to July (Merkt 1987;
Sielfeld et al. 1988) and occurs just prior to copulation (Roe
CONSERVATION
and Rees 1976; Merkt 1987; Sielfeld et al. 1988). Mounting
occurred just after courtship, and only lasted a couple of
Hippocamelus antisensis was considered as threatened by
seconds (Roe and Rees 1976). In the only detailed
hunting as early as the late 1960s (Grimwood 1969). The
description of a sexual interaction, the male approached a International Union for Conservation of Nature and
resting female with his head low and penis semierect, nosed Natural Resources currently defines H. antisensis in its
and licked the vulva, and heaved her hindquarters many endangered species list as ‘‘Vulnerable,’’ based on Interna-
times until the female stood up (Roe and Rees 1976). tional Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Subsequently, the female walked and urinated with her back Resources criteria C2a(i) E (Barrio and Ferreyra 2008). In
arched and the male used flehmen and the vomeronasal addition, based on its threatened status, the Convention on
organ to presumably detect chemical stimuli from International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
pheromones in the urine. The male followed the female and Flora lists H. antisensis in Appendix I (Barrio and
licking and nosing her vulva and lifting her hindquarters. Ferreyra 2008), meaning that the international trade of
Communication.—Nothing has been written on vocal specimens or parts is prohibited except when the purpose of
communication among individuals, or general the trade is not commercial.
vocalizations. Communication seems to rely on body Hippocamelus antisensis is considered to be ‘‘Vulnerable’’
language, like the previously described reproductive because of small population size and ongoing decline
behavior and further detailed in Roe and Rees (1976), and estimated from hunting and inferred from reduction of
on scent glands. Tarsal glands are used for communication habitat quality, and following a quantitative analysis on the
through scent. It is unknown if the glands are only used extinction probability of 1 subpopulation, assumed as an
during reproduction or throughout the year. indication of the scenario for the whole population (Barrio
Adult males exhibit dominant behavior toward younger and Ferreyra 2008). Additionally, the cumulative popula-
males. They show the white area on the underside of the tion in a large portion of the existing range between
head by lifting the head upward and backward with the chin Argentina and Bolivia possibly does not exceed 2,000
pointing to the sky while standing (Roe and Rees 1976). mature individuals (Barrio and Ferreyra 2008). A popula-
Males may additionally nod their head and raise the forelegs tion viability analysis on a healthy population in southern
1 at a time, or point their antlers toward the juveniles, while Peru indicated a high probability of extinction in 100 years
the neck stays in line with the back, even slowly walking (Barrio 2008); therefore, populations in Bolivia and
stiffly toward the juvenile (Roe and Rees 1976). This Argentina likely would face extinction. Threats to extinction
behavior might signify a threat for a possible strike with include competition with domestic stock, habitat destruc-
the forefeet while standing on the hind legs (Roe and Rees tion, illegal trophy hunting, and predation by domestic dogs
1976). Dominant or threatening behavior occurred during (Barrio 2006; Barrio and Ferreyra 2008).
the breeding season, and no similar observations have been Peru currently classifies H. antisensis as ‘‘Vulnerable’’
reported from other times of the year. following an assessment based on International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources criteria
(Ministerio de Agricultura, Perú 2004). In Bolivia, H.
GENETICS antisensis is protected by a hunting ban decree (Decreto de
Veda General Indefinida) and it is classified as ‘‘Endan-
A genetic analysis, including 1 Hippocamelus antisensis gered’’ in the Bolivian Red Book of threatened vertebrates
and 5 H. bisulcus, suggested that Hippocamelus does not (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Bolivia 2009). Chile
form a monophyletic group and represents 2 separate classifies H. antisensis as ‘‘Vulnerable’’ (Glade 1993; Galaz
radiations from unrelated lineages with high levels of 1998) and it is protected by the general Hunting Law
molecular and cytogenetic divergence (Duarte et al. 2008). (Servicio Agrı́cola y Ganadero 2001). In Argentina, H.
Other analyses, but still preliminary and with small sample antisensis is currently classified as ‘‘Endangered’’ (Fernandez
sizes, are confusing because some corroborate that each of et al. 1997; Diaz and Ojeda 2000) and was declared a
the species is more related to other South American species Natural Monument in 1996 by the Argentinean Congress
than to each other (e.g., J. C. Marin, in litt.), although 1 (Fernandez et al. 1997).
analysis indicates that both species are genetically closer to Hippocamelus antisensis occurs in several protected areas
each other than to other species. throughout its range (see Barrio 2010 for details). However,
45(901)—Hippocamelus antisensis MAMMALIAN SPECIES 57

the size of most of the protected areas is not large enough to BARRIO, J. 1999. Población y hábitat de la taruka en la Zona Reservada
Aymara-Lupaca, Perú. Pp. 453–460 in Manejo y conservación de
sustain a viable population, or the appropriate habitat is fauna silvestre en América Latina (T. Fang, O. Montenegro, and
marginal and small, so that few of those areas actually R. Bodmer, eds.). Editorial Instituto de Ecologı́a, La Paz, Bolivia.
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species at the highlands of Rio Abiseo National Park, Peru. Deer
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urgent that protected areas be established over what is left of BARRIO, J. 2006. Manejo no intencional de dos especies de cérvidos por
the species total range. exclusión de ganado en la parte alta del Parque Nacional Rı́o
Abiseo, Perú. Revista Electrónica Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en
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should consist of avoiding illegal practices for the benefit of FUNEP and IUCN, Jaboticabal, Brazil.
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