Electrical & Electronic Engineering Programme Area

Faculty of Engineering

Module Coordinator : Dr Ang Swee Peng

Module Title : Power System 1

Module Code : EE4203
Number of Credits : 10
Level : 4
Semester : 7
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Module Learning Outcome (LO)

 POWER SYSTEMS 1

CHAPTER 1
BASIC OF POWER SYSTEM
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

A Simple Generator
The fundamental structure of a simple generator is shown in the diagram which consists of
lines of field produced by the main pole (N-S). The coil is rotated externally by prime mover
in the direction shown, an alternating e.m.f of one cycle is induced across the coil (terminals
1-4) when the coil completes one rotation.
Right-hand rule
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Single-phase System
In Brunei Darussalam, majority of the residential consumers employed a 3-phase
system rather than a single-phase system which is very rare.

1-phase supply e(t )  Eˆ  sin  t 

e.m.f induced
Ê
t
0
Prime  2
mover

 Eˆ
Synchronous generator In r.m.s, E 0o  E 0o
2
Single-phase equivalent circuit:
IA RA jXs

Where: RA = armature resistance

Xs = synchronous reactance
E  E 0o
 POWER SYSTEMS 1
e( t )  Eˆ  sin  t 
RA jXs i(t )  Iˆ  sin  t   
i(t )  Iˆ  sin  t   

e(t )  Eˆ  sin  t  vL (t )  VˆL  sin  t  t

0  2


Instantaneous power: VˆL  Iˆ

pL t   p1(t )  P2 t     cos   cos  2t    
pL  vL t   i t  2  2000

100 Hz
 
 VˆL  sin  t   Iˆ  sin  t     p1 t  
VˆL  Iˆ
 cos 
1500

 VL  I sin  t   sin  t   
ˆ ˆ 2 1000

1
Using: sin A sin B   cos  A  B   cos  A  B  
500

2 0
Therefore:
VˆL  Iˆ -500

pL  t    cos   cos  2t    

2 
VˆL  Iˆ
-1000
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

p2  t     cos  2t   
2
Problems: The instantaneous power oscillates at 2f (double frequency) and this
will cause flickering in lamp, humming in fluorescent starter, vibration in motor &
transformer.
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

1.2 THE THREE PHASE SYSTEM

 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Three-phase System
The three-phase voltage waveforms, i.e. the A phase, B phase and C phase, produce
from the synchronous generator are displaced by 120o with each other.
400

3-phase supply eA eB eC
200

0
Prime
mover -2 0 0

Synchronous generator -4 0 0
0 0 .0 1 0 .0 2 0 .0 3 0 .0 4

Instantaneous three-phase voltages: rms Phasor diagram:  rad/s

ECN
eAN (t )  Eˆ AN  sin  t  EAN  EAN 0o

 EBN  sin  t  120o  EBN  EBN   120o

120o
eBN (t ) 120o E AN
120o
eCN (t )  Eˆ CN  sin  t  120o  ECN  ECN   120o
EBN
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Armature Circuit
The armature winding of a three-phase synchronous generator can be connected in
either star (wye) or delta configuration. However, it is common to find the winding in
wye because the line-to-line voltage is higher for a given phase voltage.
Delta-connected Armature Wye-connected Armature

A A

VCA VAB VAB

N VCA

B B

VBC VBC
C C

I L  3  I p EL  E p EL  3  E p I L  I p
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Wye/Star/Y-Connected Armature Winding

Phase current IA
Line A
IAN Line current

EAN  EAN 0o

Phase
voltage

EAB
A’ Neutral current IN
N
ECA
EBN  EBN   120
B’ o
C’

ICN IB
ECN  ECN   240o IBN
Line B
Line current
IC EBC
Line C
Line current
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Three-phase voltages
400

eAN eBN eCN

200

-2 0 0

-4 0 0
0 0 .0 1 0 .0 2 0 .0 3 0 .0 4

If the neutral is connected, the system is called:

Wye-connected, three-phase, four wire generator

If a conductor is not connected from the neutral point to the load, the system is called:

Wye-connected, three-phase, three wire generator

 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Phase Voltages,
From the diagram, the voltage across the
conductors w.r.t neutral is called the phase
voltage which are defined as: Wye/Star/Y-connected Generator
EAN , EBN and ECN
Line voltages,
The voltage across the line conductors is
called the line voltage which are defined as:
EAB , EBC and ECA
Where: EAB  EAN  EBN
EBC  EBN  ECN
ECA  ECN  EAN
Phase Currents,
By inspection from the diagram,
Line current = Phase current In general:

IA  IAN IB  IBN IC  ICN IL = I p

 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Phase sequence,
The phase sequence is the order in which the phasors representing the phase
voltages pass through a fixed point on the phasor diagram.
The phase sequence is,
 rad/s
C ECN
Phase sequence

CABCABCAB Fixed point

120o
120o A
The phase sequence is ABC, it can also 120o E AN
be written as CAB or BCA
That is the reason that we write,
EBN
EAN  EAN 0o EAN  EP 0o B
Note: E p  magnitude of phase voltage
EBN  EBN   120 o
EBN  EP   120o

ECN  ECN   120o ECN  EP   120o or ECN  EP   240o

 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Phasor diagrams of Phase and Line Voltages  rad/s

From the phasor diagram,  E AN C
ECN E AB
EAB  EAN  EBN X
ECA  E BN
 E p 0  E p   120
o o
X
120o
 3  E p 30 o
120o 30o 60o
A
E AN
EBC  EBN  ECN
120o

 E p   120o  E p   120o E BN Length X,

X  E AN  cos 30o
 3  E p   90o B E AB  2  X
ECA  ECN  EAN  2  ERN  cos 30o
E BC
 E p   120  E p 0
o o
 3  Ep
 ECN
 3  E p   150o
For wye-connected generator, the
In general, EL  3  E p magnitude of line voltage is 3 times the
phase voltage
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Wye-connected generator with wye-connected load (Y-Y System)

3-phase wye-connected generator 3-phase wye-connected inductive load
A
IAN a Ian
IA
EAN Van

ZL
 ECA
EAB IN
ECN N n
Vcn
EBN IBN B IB Vbn Ibn
ICN Icn
EBC IC ZL = RL+ jXL
C c

b
Assume the load is balanced, the neutral current,
IN  IA  IB  IC  0
For a balanced 3-phase system, the circuit above can be modeled by its single-phase
equivalent circuit.
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Single-phase equivalent circuit

A
IAN a
IA
EAN ZL = RL+ jXL Van

N IN
n
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Example:
For the three-phase system of figure below. Assume the phase sequence is ABC.
(a)Construct a single-phase equivalent circuit of the three-phase system.
(b)Find the magnitude of per phase voltage at the terminal of the generator, EAN and draw its
three voltage phasors in part (b) with labelled EAN, EBN and ECN.
(c) Find the magnitude of the line voltage at the terminal of the generator, and draw the three
current phasors in (b).
(d) Find the magnitude of the per phase current, both phase and line and draw the three
current phasor on the phasor diagram.
(e) Verify that the phasor sum of the neutral current is equal to zero.

Given that,
Ep = 120 V
RL = 3 
XL = 4 
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Solution:
(a) Construct a single-phase equivalent circuit of the three-phase system.
A a
IAN IA

EAN  1200o V ZL = (3+ j4)  Van

N n
(b) Find the magnitude of per phase voltage at the terminal of the generator, EAN and draw its
three voltage phasors, labelled EAN, EBN and ECN. ECN
 rad/s
The magnitude of EAN = 120 V
Phase sequence
120o

CABCABCAB 120o E AN
120o 120 V

EAN  1200o V
EBN  120  120o V E BN Phasor diagram
ECN  120  120o V
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Solution:
(c) Find the magnitude of the line voltage at the terminal of the generator, and draw the three
voltage phasors extended in part (b). Phasor diagram
The magnitude of the line voltage,  rad/s
 E AN C
EL  3  E p E AB  207.85 V
ECN  120 V
 E BN
EL  3 120  207.85 V
ECA  207.85 V
120o
120o 30o A
From the phasor diagram, the phasor E  120 V
line voltages can be obtained as, 120o AN
E BN  120 V
EAB  207.85  30o V
EBC  207.85  90o V B
E BC  207.85 V
ECA  207.85  150o V

 ECN
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Solution:
(d) Find the magnitude of the per phase current, both phase and line and draw the three
current phasor on the phasor diagram. Phasor diagram
The magnitude of the phase current,  rad/s
 E AN
IL  I p C
ECN  120 V E AB  207.85 V
Vp 120 I C  24 A  E BN
IL  I p    24 A
ZL 32  42 
ECA  207.85 V 120o
Since the load is inductive, 30o
thereforethe current must lag the 120o A
I B  24 A   E AN  120 V
voltage across the load by an 120 o

angle, ,
E BN  120 V I A  24 A
Impedance diagram,
B
ZL

XL =4 Phasor line (phase)currents, E BC  207.85 V

RL =3 IA  24  53.13o A

 ECN
4 IB  24  173.13o A
  tan 1  53.13o
3 I  24  66.87 o A
C
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Solutions:
(e) Verify that the phasor sum of the neutral current is zero.
Phasor line (phase) currents, Phasor diagram
 rad/s
IA  24  53.13o A  E AN
C
ECN  120 V E AB  207.85 V
I C  24 A
IB  24  173.13o A E BN

ECA  207.85 V 120o
IC  24  66.87 A
o
120o
30o A
I B  24 A   E AN  120 V
120o
Phasor neutral current,
E BN  120 V I A  24 A
IN  IA  IB  IC
B
 24  53.13o  24  173.13o  24  66.87o
 0A E BC  207.85 V

For a balanced three-phase system, the

 ECN
current flows through the neutral conductor is
zero.
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Wye-connected generator with delta-connected load (Y- System)

3-phase wye-connected generator IA 3-phase delta-connected inductive load
A
IAN
a Iab
EAN
Vca Vab
EAB
N
ECA Ica
ECN
c ZL b
IBN B Vbc Ibc
EBN IB
ICN
 Per-phase
IC
Assume negligible
synchronous impedance C EBC impedance
ZL = RL+ jXL
Assume the load is balanced, Line currents,
Z L  Z L  Z L let Z   Z L  Z L  Z L IA  Iab  Ica , IB  Ibc  Iab , IC  Ica  Ibc
Line & phase voltages,
Phase currents,
IL  3  I p
Vab  EAB , Vbc  EBC , Vca  ECA Iab , Ibc , Ica
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Wye to Delta (Y-) Transformation

3-phase wye-connected load 3-phase delta-connected load

Z Z
ZY
Balanced Load

ZY ZY Z
Z   3  ZY

Z Z ZY
Z
ZY 
3
Z ZY ZY
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Power in a Balanced Three-Phase System

3-phase wye-connected generator 3-phase wye-connected inductive load

iA  t 
eAN  t  van  t 
ZL = RL+ jXL

N iN  t  n
eCN  t  ZL = RL+ jXL
vcn  t 
iB  t  vbn  t 
eBN  t 
ZL = RL+ jXL
iC  t 

Instantaneous 3- voltages across the load: Instantaneous 3- currents:

Where:
van  t   Vˆan  sin  t  iA  t   IˆA  sin  t    XL
  tan 1
vbn  t   Vˆbn  sin  t  120o  iB  t   IˆB  sin  t  120o    RL

vcn  t   Vˆcn  sin  t  120o  i  t   Iˆ  sin  t  120o   

C C
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Three-Phase Power
Instantaneous 3- voltages across the load : Instantaneous 3- currents:
van  t   Vˆan  sin  t  i  t   Iˆ  sin  t   
A A

vbn  t   Vˆbn  sin  t  120o  iB  t   IˆB  sin  t  120o   

vcn  t   Vˆcn  sin  t  120o  i  t   Iˆ  sin  t  120o   

C C

Point to note: Phasor diagram:

Observation from the phasor diagram  rad/s
shows that the line currents (also the Vcn
phase current) of the 3- system with IC
inductive load lags the phase voltages 
by an angle, . 120o
120o Van

Van leads IA by an angle  Where:  120o
X IB IA
Vbn leads IB by an angle    tan 1 L
Vcb leads IC by an angle  RL

Vbn
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Three-Phase Power
Instantaneous 3- voltages: Instantaneous 3- currents:
van  t   Vˆan  sin  t  iA  t   IˆA  sin  t o   
vbn  t   Vˆbn  sin  t  120o  iB  t   IˆB  sin  t  120o   

vcn  t   Vˆcn  sin  t  120o  i  t   Iˆ  sin  t  120o   

C C

Phasor diagram: Instantaneous power:

 rad/s
Vcn p3  t   van  t   iA  t   vbn  t   iB  t   vcn  t   iC  t 
IC  Vˆan  sin  t   IˆA  sin  t    

120o Vˆbn  sin  t  120o  .IˆB  sin  t  120o    
120o  Van Vˆcn  sin  t  120o  .IˆC  sin  t  120o   
IB  120o
IA

Vbn
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

p3  t   van  t   iA  t   vbn  t   iB  t   vcn  t   iC  t  Where:

 Vˆan  sin  t   IˆA  sin  t     Vˆ  Vˆan  Vˆbn  Vˆcn

Vˆbn  sin  t  120o  .IˆB  sin  t  120o     Iˆ  IˆA  IˆB  IˆC
Vˆcn  sin  t  120o  .IˆC  sin  t  120o   
p3  t  Vˆ  Iˆ  sin t   sin t   sin t 120o  .sin t 120o  sin t 120o   sin t 120o  

1
Using: sin A sin B   cos  A  B   cos  A  B   then the average power is:
2
Vˆ  Iˆ
P3   cos  cos  2t   cos  cos  2t  240   cos  cos  2t  240  
2
Vˆ  Iˆ Wye-connected:
  cos  cos  cos 
2 Vˆ Iˆ
Vrms  I rms  VL  3  V p I L  I p
ˆ
3V  I ˆ 2
  cos  2
2

P3  3 VL  IL  cos 

 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Three-phase power:

P3  3 VL  IL  cos 

or
The total power in the circuit is the sum of each of the per-phase power
Wye-connected load

P3  3 P1 Where: VL  3  V p IL  I p

 3 Vp  I p  cos  I L  IA  IB  IC

VL VL  VAB  VBC  VCA

 3  IL  cos 
3   the angle between phase voltage and phase current
 3 VL  IL  cos 
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Three-phase power:

P3  3 VL  IL  cos 

or
The total power in the circuit is the sum of the three per-phase power
Delta ()-connected load

P3  3 P1 Where: IL  3  I p VL  V p

 3 Vp  I p  cos  I p  Iab  Ibc  Ica

 3VL 
IL
 cos  V p  Vab  Vbc  Vca
3
  the angle between phase voltage and phase current
 3 VL  IL  cos 
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Let us refer to our previous example on the Y-Y system

(f) Determine the total power delivered by the load.

P3  3Vp  I p  cos 

P3  3120 24 cos53.13  5184.1W  = phase angle between phase voltage
and phase current
P3  3 VL  IL  cos  Vcn

 
P3  3  3 120  24  cos53.13  5184.1W 
IC

120o
P3  3 I p2  RL 120o Van
 53.13o
 120o
IB IA
P3  3 24  3  5184 W
2

Vbn
Only active or real power dissipated in resistive part of the load
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Example:
For the three-phase system of figure below. Assume the phase sequence is ABC.
(a) Construct a single-phase equivalent circuit of the three-phase system.
(b) Determine the magnitude of the line current.
(c) Find the magnitude of line-to-neutral voltage at the terminal of the load and draw its three-
phase sequence voltages and line currents phasor diagram.
(d) Find the magnitude of the line voltage at the terminal of the load, and draw its three-phase
sequence phasor diagram.
(e) Calculate the power loss in the line. (f) Calculate the power delivered by the load.
A a
IAN 0.5  j 2

EAN

N
ECN
ZL1 ZL2
IBN
EBN B 0.5  j 2
b
ICN
ZL1 = 30+ j 60  ZL2 = 90+ j 30 
C 0.5  j 2 c
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

1.3 THE COMPLEX POWER AND COMPLEX POWER

BALANCED
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Power Triangle, Complex Power & Power Factor

Consider a single-phase system of inductive load.
Impedance diagram of the load
RA jXs I
ZL
XL
E VL Z L  RL  jX L

RL

Power Triangle

ZL I2ZL SL
XL  I2 I2XL QL
  
RL I2RL PL

Active or real power: Reactive power: Apparent power:

PL  I 2  RL QL  I 2  X L SL  I 2  Z L
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Power Triangle, Complex Power & Power Factor

Consider a single-phase system of inductive load.
Impedance diagram of the load
RA jXs I

ZL
E VL Z L  RL  jX L
XL


RL
Complex power,

SL  VL  I* Where:

  I  Z   I*
L Re S L   I 2  RL  PL Active or real power

 I  I*  Z L Im S L   I 2  X L  QL Reactive power

Q
 I   RL  jX L  arg S L   arg Z L   tan 1 L   Impedance angle
2

PL
 I 2  RL  j I 2  X L S L  I 2  Z L Apparent power
   2
Note : I  I  I  I 2
*
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Power Triangle, Complex Power & Power Factor

Consider a single-phase system of inductive load. Impedance diagram of the load
RA jXs I
ZL
XL
E VL Z L  RL  jX L

RL
SL  VL  I*  VL 0  I     VL  I  cos   j sin    VL  I  cos   jVL  I  sin 
Apparent power, Active or real power Reactive power
PL QL
Power Triangle
SL  P  Q L
2 2
L jQ diagram

VL  I  cos   VL  I  sin  

2 2


 VL  I 
2
 cos   sin  
2 2 SL  VL  I

 VL  I QL = VL.I.sin
 QL   P
  tan 1  
P
 L  PL = VL.I.cos
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Power Triangle, Complex Power & Power Factor

Consider a single-phase system of capacitive load. Impedance diagram of the load
RA jXs I RL


E VL Z L  RL  jX L XL
ZL

SL  VL  I*  VL 0  I     VL  I  cos   j sin    VL  I  cos   jVL  I  sin 

Apparent power, Active or real power Reactive power
PL QL
SL  PL2  QL2 PL = VL..I.cos P
 VL  I  cos   VL  I  sin  
2 2 

 VL  I 
2
 cos   sin  
2 2
QL = VL.I.sin
SL  VL  I
 VL  I
 QL 
  tan 1   jQ Power Triangle
P
 L  diagram
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

In general,
Active or real power, Reactive power, Apparent power,
P  V  I  cos  Q  V  I  sin  S V I
Power factor is defined as,
True Power V  I  cos 
P.F    cos 
Apparent Power V I

By convention – a power factor is leading if current leads voltage (capacitive).

That is,
(1) Power factor is leading when I leads V (capacitive) RA jXs I
I

VL

Load
VL E
(2) Power factor is lagging when I lags V (inductive)

 VL
I
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Parallel Connected Network I

I1 I2 I3 In

E V P1 P2 P3 Pn
Q1 Q2 Q3 Qn

ST  V  I* Assume inductive load

 V   I1  I 2  I3    I n 
     *

Power Triangle
 V  I1*  V  I2*  V  I3*    V  In*
 S1  S2  S3    Sn ST
QT
PT  jQT   P1  jQ1    P2  jQ2    P3  jQ3      Pn  jQn 
T
  P1  P2  P2    Pn   j  Q1  Q2  Q2    Qn 
PT
where PT  P1  P2  P2    Pn , QT  Q1  Q2  Q2    Qn
 QT  PT
ST  PT2  QT2   tan 1   P.F  cos  
P
 T  ST
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

The total power triangle for the network can be obtained by joining the individual
power triangle from each branch, vertex to vertex.
PT  jQT   P1  jQ1    P2  jQ2    P3  jQ3  Assume inductive load

Power Triangle diagram:

S3
Q3

3
S2
P3
Q2 Q2 QT = Q 1+ Q 2 + Q3
2
P2
S1
T Q1 Q1

1
P1 P2 P3

PT = P 1 + P 2 + P3
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Load consisting of inductive and capacitive

PT  jQT   P1  jQ1    P2  jQ2    P3  jQ3 
Inductive Capacitive Inductive
Power Triangle diagram:
Q3

QT = Q1- Q2 + Q3
Q1
2 P2 Q3
S2 S3
Q1 Q2
S1 3 P3
Q2
1 T
P1 P2 P3

P T = P 1 + P 2 + P3
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

S3
Effect of capacitive load of power factor
Q3

3
S2
P3
Q2 QT
2
P2
S1
T Q1

1 P1
PT

2 P2 Q3
S2 S3
Q1 Q2 QT
S1 3 P3
1 P1 T
PT
Effect of capacitive load reduces QT and T, hence increases power factor P.F
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

1.4 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

 POWER SYSTEMS 1

INTRODUCTION

• Power company's (and its customer's) interest have power

factors as close to one as possible.
• In order to maintain the power factor close to unity, power
companies install banks of capacitors throughout the network
as needed.
• They also impose an additional charge to industrial
consumers who operate at low power factors.
• Since industrial loads are inductive and have low lagging
power factors, it is beneficial to install capacitors to improve
the power factor.
• This consideration is not important for residential and small
commercial customers because their power factors are
considered to be within the recommended value.
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Power Factor Correction

Consider a single-phase system of inductive load.
I
IL Ic

E VL Z L  RL  jX L  jX c

Before P.F Improvement: After P.F Improvement (by connecting a capacitor

across he load):
I  IL  Ic
VL
L Ic  1 1 
 VL    
R
 L  jX L  jX c 

 VL   GL  jBL  jBc 

IL
 VL
L I
Ic
V 1
IL  L  VL   VL   GL  jBL 
ZL RL  jX L
IL
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Power Factor Correction

(1) Lagging P.F: (2) Unity P.F: (3) Leading P.F:
I c2 I c3
I c1

=0 I I
 VL VL I c3
L I I c2 
L VL
I c1 L

IL IL
I  IL  Ic IL
I  IL  Ic
 1 1  I  IL  Ic
 1 1   VL    
 VL      RL  jX L  jX c   1 1 
 RL  jX L  jX c   VL    
 VL  GL  j  BL  Bc  R  jX  jX
 VL   GL  jBL  jBc   L L c 

Imaginary part, j = 0  VL   GL  jBL  jBc 

 BL  Bc
I  V  G B B 0
L L L c  BL  Bc
 Bc  BL
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Example:
Three loads are connected in parallel across a 1400-V, 60-Hz single-phase supply as
shown in figure below.
Load 1: Inductive load, 125 kVA at 0.28 power factor
Load 2: Capacitive load, 10 kW and 40 kVar
Load 3: Resistive load of 15 kW

(a) Find the total kW, kVar, kVA and the supply power factor.
(b) A capacitor of negligible resistance is connected in parallel with the above loads to
improve the power factor to 0.8 lagging. Determine the kVAr rating of this
capacitor and capacitance in µF.
Load 1 Load 2 Load 3

E V C
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Solution:
Load 1: Inductive load, 125 kVA at 0.28 power factor
1  cos 1  0.28   73.74o lagging
The load complex powers are
S1  12573.74o kVA S 2  10  j 40 kVA S3  15  j 0 kVA

The total apparent power

ST  S1  S 2  S3  10053.13 kVA

The total current is

S * 100  53.13o
IT  T
  71.43  53.13o
A

V* 14000 o

The supply power factor is

P.F  cos   cos  53.13  0.6 lagging

 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Solution:
(b) A capacitor of negligible resistance is connected in parallel with the above loads to
improve the power factor to 0.8 lagging. Determine the kVAr rating of this capacitor
and capacitance in µF.
Load 1 Load 2 Load 3

E V C

New P.F = 0.8 lagging  '  cos 1 0.8  36.87o

Power Triangle Diagram

ST  100 kVA
Qc=?
Qc  80  45  35 kVar
 =53.13o QT=80 kVar
V 2 14002
’ =36.87o
Xc    56 
Qc 35
PT=60 kW
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Solution:
(b) A capacitor of negligible resistance is connected in parallel with the above loads to
improve the power factor to 0.8 lagging. Determine the kVAr rating of this capacitor
and capacitance in µF.

1 1
C   47.37 F
2fX c 2  60  56 

 ST '* 60,000  j 45, 000

IT '    53.57   36.87 o

V * 14000o

Find the percentage reduction in current

71.43  53.57
% reduction in current  100  25%
71.43
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Example:
For the single-phase as shown in the figure,
(a) Calculate the load impedance, the current, the voltage across the load, and the complex power i.e. the
real an the reactive power supplied to the load
(b) Calculate the capacitance required in parallel with the load to increase the power factor to unity.
(c) Calculate the current in the load, the voltage across it, and the complex power supplied to the load.
(d) Calculate the complex power in the capacitor
(e) Draw the phasor diagram.
j 10 
IL

E  100o kV VL Nominal power of 1000 kW,

at 10 kV, and P.F=0.8 lagging

Solution: Impedance of the load,

P  V  I  cos  VL 10  103 80 
ZL    80 
The nominal load current, IL 125 XL

PL 1000  103 RL  0.8  80  64   =cos-10.8

IL    125 A
VL  cos  10  103  0.8 X L  0.6  80  48  RL
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

j 10 
IL

E  100o kV VL Z L  64  j 48 

VL  9262.34  5.3145o

(a) The current,
 10  103 0o
IL   85.79  j 77.75 A = 115.78 - 42.19o A
64  j 48  j10
The voltage, Power Triangle Diagram

VL   85.79  j 77.75    64  j 48 S L  1072.12 kVA

SL  I 2  Z L
 9.26  5.32 kV o
QL=643.27 kVar
 115.782  80 
The complex power,
 1072.4 kVA  =36.87o QL  I 2  X L
S L  VL  IL*
PL=857.69 kW  115.782  48
 9.26  103   5.32o  115.78  42.19 
*
PL  I 2  RL  643.44 kVAr
 1072.1236.87o  115.782  64 
  857.69  j 643.27  kVA  857.92 kW
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

j 10 
IL Ic

E  100o kV VL Z L  64  j 48   jX c Capacitance, C=?

For unity P.F,

Imaginary part, j = 0

S L  1072.12 kVA Vc2

QL=643.27 kVAr Qc  
Xc

 9.26 103 
2
2
 =36.87o V
Qc=643.27 kVAr Xc  c
  133.29 
PL=857.69 kW Qc 643.27 103

1
C
2   f  X c
QL=643.27 kVAr 1

2   50 133.29
 23.87 F
 =0o
Qc=643.27 kVAr
PL=857.69 kW
 POWER SYSTEMS 1
Nominal power of 1000 kW,
j 10  at 10 kV, and P.F=0.8 lagging
Alternatively,
IL  125  36.87o A Ic

E  100o kV VL Z L  64  j 48   jX c Capacitance, C=?

For unity P.F,

Imaginary part, j = 0
I  IL  Ic
 75  Ic   0
 100  j75   0  jIc 
 Ic  75 A
 100  j  75  I c 
Ic VL
Xc 
Ic
10 103
=0 
75
100 A I  X c  133.33 
Ic VL=9.26 kV
L=36.87o 1
C
2   f  X c
75 A
1

2   50 133.33
75 A  23.87 F
 POWER SYSTEMS 1
Nominal power of 1000 kW,
j 10  at 10 kV, and P.F=0.8 lagging
Alternatively,
IL  125  36.87o A Ic

E  100o kV VL Z L  64  j 48   jX c Capacitance, C=?

For unity P.F,

I  IL  Ic 1  1 
YC   0 j 
 1 1  0  jX C  XC 
 VL    
R
 L  jX L  jX C  BC
 VL  GL  j  BL  BC  1
BC   2   f  C  0.0075 s
XC
Imaginary part, j = 0
I  VL  GL BL  Bc  0 C 
0.0075
 23.87 F
2   50 
 Bc  BL
1 1 1
YL      0.01  j0.0075 s
ZL RL  jX L 64  j 48 GL BL
 BC  0.0075 s
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Let us look at the effect of connecting the capacitor across the load
Before Power Factor Improvement After Power Factor Improvement
j 10  j 10  I
S

IL IL Ic

Ys
E VL ZL E VL ZL  jX c

IL  115.78 - 42.19o A Y// 

1
 GL  j  BL  BC   GL  0.01s Z//  100  j 0  
Z//
VL  9.26  5.32o kV =0
Benefit of P.F improvement:  ZT  100  j10 
115.78 - 99.5
IS   14.06%
115.78
 E 10 103 0o VL  IS  Z//
A reduction of 14.06% IS  
ZT 100  j10  99.50  5.71o  100
9.95  9.26  99.01  j9.9
VL   6.93%  9.95  5.71o kV
9.95  99.50  5.71o A
Terminal voltage increased by 6.93%
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

PSpice Simulation
(1) Before power factor correction
Simulation result:
(1) Current:

(2) Voltage:

10  10 3
 0 o
IL   85.79  j 77.75 A = 115.78 - 42.19o A
64  j 48  j10

VL   85.79  j 77.75    64  j 48

 9.26  5.32o kV
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

PSpice Simulation
(2) After power factor correction Simulation result:
(1) Current:

E 10 103 0o
IS    99.01  j9.9
ZT 100  j10
(2) Voltage
 99.50  5.71 A
o

VL  IS  Z//

 99.50  5.71o  100
 9.95  5.71o kV
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

PowerWorld Simulation
(1) Before power factor correction

 10  103 0o
IL   85.79  j 77.75 A = 115.78 - 42.19o A
64  j 48  j10

VL   85.79  j 77.75    64  j 48

 9.26  5.32o kV
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

PowerWorld Simulation
(2) After power factor correction

E 10 103 0o
IS   VL  IS  Z//
ZT 100  j10
 99.50  5.71o  100
 99.01  j9.9
 9.95  5.71o kV
 99.50  5.71 Ao
 POWER SYSTEMS 1

Tutorial
Two Y-connected balanced loads with impedance (100 + j 40)  and (30 + j 20) 
are both connected to a three-phase four wire ABC system with a line-to-neutral
voltage of 120 V.

(i) Draw a single-phase equivalent circuit of the three-phase system.

(ii) Calculate the magnitude of three line current.
(iii) Determine the magnitude of the phase currents.
(iv) Draw the phasor diagram of the three-phase system.
(v) Calculate the total power delivered by the source.

The power factor is improved by adding capacitors in parallel with the loads.
Determine the rating (in kVAr) of the capacitors needed in order to improve the
overal power factor becomes unity.