COLLEGE AND ADVANCED ALGEBRA

Prepared by: Mr. Vince William A. Cabotaje, LPT

Top 2, LEPT January 2022

Real Number System

Basic Operation

Addition: Addend + Addend = Sum

Subtraction: Minuend – Subtrahend = Difference
Multiplication: Multiplicand × Multiplier = Product
Division: Dividend ÷ Divisor = Quotient

Factors and Multiples

Factor- is the number than evenly divide the given number and do not leave a remainder.

Determine the factors of 12.

 Multiple- is the number get after multiplying the given number by an integer.

Determine the multiples of 4.

Take note!

GCF (Greatest Common Factor)

The highest number that divides exactly into two or more numbers. It is simply the largest of the common
factors.

LCM (Least Common Multiple)

Multiple in this context is used for integers. LCM refers to the smallest number that two or more numbers
will divide without remainder.

Prime and Composites

Prime – is a number whose only factors are 1 and itself.

• The largest prime number before 100 is 97.

• The largest prime number before 110 is 109.
• The largest prime number before 200 is 199.
• There are 25 prime numbers from 1 to 100.
• There are 168 prime numbers from 1 to 1000.
 Prime Factorization – process of expressing a number as a product of its prime factors.

Composite – is a number that has more than two factors.

REVIEW…
Algebraic Expressions
Algebraic expressions such as
2𝑥, 8𝑥𝑦, 3𝑥𝑦 2 , −4𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐, and 𝑧
are called terms. A term is an indicated product that may have any number of factors. The variables involved in a term
are called literal factors, and the numerical factor is called the numerical coefficient.
Example: 8𝑥𝑦 𝑥 and 𝑦 are literal factors
8 is the numerical coefficient
Similar Terms
Terms that have the same literal factors are called similar terms or like terms.
Example: 3𝑥 and 14𝑥 7𝑥𝑦 and −9𝑥𝑦
Simplifying Algebraic Expressions
We simplify algebraic expressions by combining similar terms.
Example: 7𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 9𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 7𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 6𝑦
= 16𝑥 + 8𝑦

More examples:

Evaluating Algebraic Expression

To evaluate an algebraic expression means to find the value of the expression when the variable is replaced
by a given number. To evaluate an expression, we substitute the given number for the variable in the
expression and then simplify the expression using the order of operations.

Evaluate: 𝑓(𝑛) = 2𝑛3 − 1 for n = 2

𝑓(2) = 2(2)3 − 1 = 2(8) − 1 = 16 − 1
𝑓(2) = 15

More examples:
Rationalizing Radical Expression
Rationalizing the denominator means to perform some operations to remove the radicals from the
denominator.

2
Simplify:
3+√3

2 3 − √3
= ∙
3 + √3 3 − √3
2(3 − √3) 2(3 − √3)
= =
9 − √9 9−3

2(3 − √3)
=
6
3 − √3
=
3

More examples:
Linear Equation in One Variable
A linear equation in one variable (here 𝑥) is an equation that can be written in the form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0
where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0.
Example: 𝑥 + 1 = −2
A linear equation is a first-degree equation because the greatest power on the variable is 1.
Solution of the Equation
If the variable in an equation can be replaced by a real number that makes the statement true, then that
number is a solution of the equation.
Example: In the equation 𝑥 − 3 = 5, we can conclude that 8 is a solution since if we replace 𝑥 with 8,
the statement will be true.
Solving a Linear Equation in One Variable
Step Description Example
• Use the distributive property as
2(𝑥 − 5) + 3𝑥 = 𝑥 + 6
Simplify each side needed.
2𝑥 − 10 + 3𝑥 = 𝑥 + 6
separately • Clear any parenthesis.
5𝑥 − 10 = 𝑥 + 6
• Combine like terms.
• Use the addition property of
5𝑥 − 10 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 6 − 𝑥
equality so that all terms with
Isolate the variable 4𝑥 − 10 = 6
variables are on one side of the
terms on one side. 4𝑥 − 10 + 10 = 6 + 10
equation and all constants
4𝑥 = 16
(numbers) are on the other side.
Use the multiplication property of 4𝑥 16
equality to obtain an equation that has =
Isolate the variable. 4 4
just the variable with coefficient 1 on
𝑥=4
one side.

Fractional Equations
Ratio
A ratio is the comparison of two numbers by division. We often use the fractional form to express ratios.
𝑎
For example, we can write the ratio of 𝑎 to 𝑏 as 𝑏 .

Proportion
𝑎 𝑐
A statement of equality between two ratios is called a proportion. Thus, if and are two equal ratios, we
𝑏 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐
can form the proportion 𝑏 = 𝑑 (𝑏 ≠ 0 and 𝑑 ≠ 0).
 Cross-Multiplication Property of Proportions
𝑎 𝑐
If 𝑏 = 𝑑 (𝑏 ≠ 0 and 𝑑 ≠ 0), then 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐.

5 7
Example: Solve =
𝑥+6 𝑥−5

Solution:
5 7
=
𝑥+6 𝑥−5
5(𝑥 − 5) = 7(𝑥 + 6)
5𝑥 − 25 = 7𝑥 + 42
−67 = 2𝑥
67
− =𝑥
2

Linear Inequalities in One Variable

A linear inequality in one variable (here 𝑥) is an inequality that can be written in the form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 < 0, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ≤ 0, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 > 0, or 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ≥ 0
where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0.
Examples: 𝑥 + 5 < 0, 𝑥 − 3 ≥ 5
Solving a Linear Inequality in One Variable
Step Description Example
• Use the distributive property as
−3(𝑥 + 4) + 2 ≥ 7 − 𝑥
Simplify each side needed.
−3𝑥 − 12 + 2 ≥ 7 − 𝑥
separately • Clear any parenthesis.
−3𝑥 − 10 ≥ 7 − 𝑥
• Combine like terms.
• Use the addition property of
−3𝑥 − 10 + 𝑥 ≥ 7 − 𝑥 + 𝑥
inequality so that all terms with
Isolate the variable −2𝑥 − 10 ≥ 7
variables are on one side of the
terms on one side. −2𝑥 − 10 + 10 ≥ 7 + 10
equation and all constants
−2𝑥 ≥ 17
(numbers) are on the other side.
Use the multiplication property of
inequality in one of the following
forms, where 𝑘 is a constant (number). −2𝑥 17
variable < 𝑘, variable ≤ 𝑘, ≤
−2 −2
Isolate the variable. variable > 𝑘, or variable ≥ 𝑘
*Remember: Reverse the direction of 17
𝑥≤−
the inequality symbol only when 2
multiplying or dividing each side of an
inequality by a negative number.
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