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DataComLecture4 AnalogTransmissionModulation

The document discusses analog transmission and modulation techniques for converting digital data to analog signals. It covers digital to analog conversion aspects like data rate and signal rate. It also describes common modulation techniques like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying and more complex techniques like quadrature phase shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation.

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Star Alyanne Dalit
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5 views

DataComLecture4 AnalogTransmissionModulation

The document discusses analog transmission and modulation techniques for converting digital data to analog signals. It covers digital to analog conversion aspects like data rate and signal rate. It also describes common modulation techniques like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying and more complex techniques like quadrature phase shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation.

Uploaded by

Star Alyanne Dalit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Communications

Analog Transmission
Modulation
Analog Transmission
• A computer network is designed to send
information from one point to another.
• This information needs to be converted to an
analog signal for transmission.
• The converted information is added to an
analog wave called a carrier for transmission.
• Adding information to the carrier is called
Modulation
Digital-to-analog Conversion
Types of Modulation
• Changing Amplitude
• Changing Frequency
• Changing Phase
• Changing both Amplitude and Phase
Types of Modulation
Aspects of Digital-to-Analog
Conversion
• Data Element: the smallest piece of
information to be exchanged, the bit.
• Signal Element: the smallest unit of a signal
that persists for a fixed period of time
• Data Rate (bit rate): the number of data
elements (bits) sent in 1 second
• Signal Rate (baud rate): the number of signal
elements sent in 1 second
Relationship between Data Rate and
Signal Rate
• The relationship between data rate and signal
rate is given by:
N= Sxr bps (bits per second)
where r is the number of bits carried per
signal element ( r = Log2 L)
N is the data rate
S is signal rate
Example
• An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal
element. If 1000 signal elements are sent per
second, find the bit rate.

• N = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps


Example
• An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and
a baud rate of 1000 baud. How many data
elements are carried by each signal element?
How many different signal elements do we
need?
• r = N/S = 8000/1000 = 8 bits per signal
element
• # elements needed = 28 = 256
Modulation through Changing
Amplitude
• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): In amplitude
shift keying, the amplitude of the carrier is
varied to create signal elements.
• Both frequency and phase remain constant
while the amplitude changes.
• ASK is used in binary and multi-level formats.
Binary ASK
Implementing Binary ASK
Frequency Shift Keying
• In frequency shift keying (FSK), the frequency of
the carrier signal is varied to represent data.
• The frequency of the modulated signal is
constant for the duration of one signal element,
but changes for the next signal element if the
data element changes.
• Both peak amplitude and phase remain constant
for all signal elements.
Frequency Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying
• In phase shift keying (PSK), the phase of the
carrier is varied to represent two or more
different signal elements.
• Both peak amplitude and frequency remain
constant as the phase changes.
• PSK is more common than ASK or FSK.
Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
• Uses 90 degrees phase difference to transmit
2 bits in each signal element.

• Phases are -135, -45, 45, 135


Constellation Diagram
• A constellation diagram can help us define the
amplitude and phase of a signal element
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is a
combination of ASK and PSK
Example
• Using QAM with 8 signal elements (8-QAM)
draw the wave form for the following bit
string:
001110010010000111

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