c ° x= — > a. 9° — c 2 —_ Y > oS ° oo =You had me at turn_left() Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford UniversityFile: SteepleChasekarel.py Comments for program Karel runs a steeple chase that is 9 avenues long. i fles are of arbitrary height and placement. and every function To run a race that is 9 avenues long, we need to move ard or jump hurdles 8 times. def main(): for i in range(s): Decomposition principle: if front_is_clear(): Consistent a move() . * Each function should solve els. indentation one step of problem e: jump_hurdle() Pre-condition: Facing East at bottom of hurdle Post-condition: Facing East at bottom in next avenue after hurdle def cba Descriptive names nove()~ uraieQ Short functions (snake_case) descend_hurdle() (usually 1-15 lines)if mehran_teaching(): not_funny() while mehran_teaching(): not_funny()Guido van Rossum (Creator of Python) Monty Python’s Flying Circus KB Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford UniversityToday’s Goal 1. Introduction to Python 2. Understanding variablesFill helloworld.py This is our first python program. It is customary to have a programmer's first program write “hello world" (inspired by the first program in Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie's classic book, ‘The C Programming Language.') def main(): print("hello, world!") # This provided Line is required at the end of a Python # file to call the main() function. if __name__ _main_': main() # little bit different than in KarelDoweneaumm * ED aa © > C6 stamens seomteee Lectre se radutionto raven oars ©: sitenierscrm et main Prine (het, wort) mint)Bi ccrnmene-teow x | ° © 5 6 ttn Cerca ecto acitonto ries Fite: heltowor tip os oF main Prine(thette, works") “rein ramnevoy See ts) dowpssnes@| sarors 15 stBi ccrnmene-teow x | ° © 5 6 ttn Cerca ecto acitonto ries Fite: heltowor tip os oF main Prine(thette, works") “rein ramnevoy See ts) dowpssnes@| Grahars “16 python hettowort4.9y stBi ccrnmene-teow x | a © 5 6 ttn Cerca oF main Prine(thette, works") “rein ramnevoy See ts) dowpssnes@| Grakars “16 python het toward. pyYou’re now all Python programmers! hey_that_looks_ like_what_I_ taught_them()def main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 = input("Enter second number: ") num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers int(num1) input("Enter second number: ") int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers nter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 = input("Enter second number: ") num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers nter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 = input("Enter second number: ") num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") input("Enter second number: ") num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1 num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Enter second number: Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1 num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Enter second number: 17 Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 nter_second _numbe! num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Enter second number: 17 Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 = input("Enter second number: ") "+ str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Enter second number: 17 Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 = input("Enter second number: ") num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Enter second number: 17 The total is 26. Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universityprint("This program adds two numbers.") * print command prints text to the terminal * Text printed is between double quotes ("text") — Can also be between single quotes ('text') — Choice of quotes depends on text you are printing * Double quotes when text contains single quotes print("no, you didn't") ® no, you didn't * Single quotes when text contains double quotes print('say "hi" Karel') ® say "hi" Kar Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitynum1 = input(“Enter first number: ") input command gets text input from the user Prints text specified in double/single quotes — Then waits for user input — Here, user input from input is put in a variable (num1) — The user input is considered text, even if user entered a number We'll talk more about input function later Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford University* Avariable is a place to store information in a program * It associates a name with a value * You can create a new variable by assigning a value: x = 10 Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford University_ Whatisa Variable? *Ls | * Avariable is a place to store information in a program * It associates a name with a value * You can create a new variable by assigning a value: x = 10 — The value can change with a new assignment x=5 Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford University_ Whatisa Variable? xL2 | * Avariable is a place to store information in a program * It associates a name with a value * You can create a new variable by assigning a value: x = 10 — The value can change with a new assignment x=5 — You can set the value using mathematical expressions x=5 +7 — More about expressions next class Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford University* You use the equal sign (=) to assign to a variable — The first time you assign a value to a variable, you create it — Subsequent assignments give the variable a new value * Assignment is not the same as "equals" in math — Assignment: first evaluate right-hand side, then assign to the variable on the left-hand side — Consider the following code: total = 5 total = total + 1 * Variables are only visible inside the function in which they are created (called "scope" of variable) — If you create a variable in main ( ), its only visible in main () — More on that next class Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford University* Variable names must: — Start with a letter or an underscore (_ ) — Contain only letters, digits, or underscores — Cannot be a "built in" command in Python (e.g., for) * Variable names are case sensitive — Hello is not the name as hello * Variable names should: — Be descriptive of the value they refer to * E.g., x is only a good name if it's a coordinate — Be in snake case (e.g., num_students) Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford University* When you store information in a variable, it becomes a Python object — Objects come in different sizes and types * Think about a Python object as a suitcase stored in your computer’s memory — Object take up different amounts of RAM depending on what you’re storing. You have space for wnillions on suitcases! Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford UniversitySuitcase Analogy * Variable is a luggage tag that gives a name to suitcase num_students = 700 — Value is what is stored in the suitcase — Create the tag/suitcase the first time you assign to variable [=i Sf num_in_class = 550 Python handles the —— baggage for you! [ sins SD num_absent = num_students — num_in_ class [sew SED* Each suitcase knows what type of information it carries num_students = 700 — Value stored in suitcase is an integer (called an int in Python) — Suitcase keeps track of type of data that is stored there num_students = 700.0 # note decimal point — Now, value stored is a real number (called a float in Python) — heen Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford University c=* int: integer value (no decimal point) x = 10 you -2 * float: real number value (has decimal point) x = 5.0 y = -3.7 * string: text characters (between single/double quotes) x = "hello" y = '10' — Note: the string "5" is not the same as the integer 5 * bool: Boolean logical values (True/False) x = True y = False * More on strings and bools in a few days Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford University* How much do | weigh? fel — Answer can be a real valued number — There is no "next" number ‘ee — This would be a float * How many children do | have? — Answer is an integer — There is a well-defined "next" number — This would be an int Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 = input("Enter second number: ") num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") Po Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 = input("Enter second number: ") num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. * print command is displaying a string Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): i “This program adds two numbers.” num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 = input("Enter second number: ") num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 * input command gives you back a string — Even if the user types in a number Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input(“Enter first number: num2 = input("Enter second number: ") num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") va] This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 * Create int version of string and assign it back to n Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford UniversityShow Me The Luggage! * input command gives you back a string num1 = input("Enter first number: ") — We create an integer version of num1 — Create a new suitcase that has int version of num1 — Then assign the tag num1 to that piece of luggage nt(num1) ‘= o—{Pdef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input(“Enter first number: num2 = input("Enter second number: ") num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") va] This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 * Create int version of string and assign it back to n Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1 num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Enter second number: Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1 num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Enter second number: 17 Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 nter_second _numbe! num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Enter second number: 17 Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 = input("Enter second number: ") "+ str(total) + ".") This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Enter second number: 17 Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 = input("Enter second number: ") num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Enter second number: 17 The total is 26. Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford University* Adding strings in print command?! print("The total is " + str(total) + ".") * The + operator concatenates strings together strl = "hi" str2 =" " str3 = "there" str4 = strl + str2 + str3 * total is integer, so we need to create a string version str(total) — String version of total is a new value that is concatenated to produce final string that is printed — Original variable total is still an int Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford Universitydef main(): print("This program adds two numbers.") num1 = input("Enter first number: ") num1 = int(num1) num2 = input("Enter second number: ") num2 = int(num2) total = num1 + num2 This program adds two numbers. Enter first number: 9 Enter second number: 17 The total is 26. Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford University* You can print numbers by themselves directly — Only need to create string version of numbers when printing other text (strings) with them def main(): x = 10 y = 3.5 print(x) print(y) print("x = " + str(x)) ww ro 10 Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford University* You can also print multiple items separating them with commas — By default, a space is printed between each item def main(): x=4 y = 0.2 print(x, y) print("x =", x, “and y =", y) Piech and Sahami, CS106A, Stanford UniversityYou just wrote your first Python program and learned about variables!Today’s Goal 1. Introduction to Python 2. Understanding variablesadd2numbers.py