Page 1 of 12

Problem solution, including

algorithm design and
programming concepts

SECTION-

GCSE-O LEVEL
3
Computer Studies 7010

Design By:

M.Saleem Mughal

MS-Computer Science (UCP)

M.C.S (IUB)
B.C.S (IUB)
 Page 2 of 12

Program

A set of instructions given to the Computer to perform some specific

task known as Program or Software.

Programming Languages:

Programming Languages divided into three types

1. High Level Language (Source Code)

2. Middle Level Language
3. Low Level Language (Object Code)

High Level Language

The Language which is close to human language is called High-Level

Language.

Advantages of High Level-Language:

 Easy to understand
 User friendly Language
 It is difficult for the Machine.
 Easy to Learn & Use
 Easy for Programming

Low-Level Language

“A Language that is close to Computer or easily understandable by the

Computer is called Low-Level Language.”

Types of Low Level Language:

There are two types of Low Level Language.

1. Machine Language
2. Assembly Language

Advantages of Low-Level Language:

 Machine dependent language

 Also called first level language of computer.
 Program written in the language run very fast
 Page 3 of 12

Source Code & Object Code

Source Code (Source Program)

A program written in High-Level Langue is known as Source Code or

Source Program.

Object Code (Object Program)

A program written in Low-Level language is known as object code or

object program

Language Translators

A language translator is a Transitional Software that enables a

computer to respond the user’s instructions.

Three types of Language Translators

1. Compiler
2. Interpreter
3. Assembler

Complier, Interpreter & Assembler

Complier:

A Complier is a software that translate High-Level Language into Low-

Level Language or it translate source program into object program as a
whole.

Interpreter:

The language translator that executes a source program by

translating and executing one instruction at a time is called
Interpreter.

Assembler:

It is a program that translates an assembly code into machine code.

 Page 4 of 12

Algorithm & Flow Chart

Algorithm:

An Algorithm is a set of rules or step by step instructions for solving a

particular problem.

Flow Chart:

A flow chart is a block diagram that show the structure and purpose of
the program.

1. System Flow Chart

2. Program Flow Chart

system flowchart

system flowchart explains how a system works using a diagram.

The diagram shows the flow of data through a system.

program flow chart

A program flow chart is used to describe the flow of data through a

particular computer program, showing the exact sequence of operations
performed by that program in order to process the data.

Algorithm Tools

1. Top Down Design

2. Structure Diagram
3. Flow Chart
4. Procedure
5. Subroutine
6. Pseudo Code

Top-Down Design:

It is the breaking of the main problem into smaller units until they are
sufficiently small to be solved.

Procedure:

It is a step-wise refinement of program.

 Page 5 of 12

Subroutine:

A group of instructions that perform a specific task. A large subroutine

might be called a "module" or "procedure." Subroutine is somewhat of a
dated term, but it is still quite valid.

1. Open Subroutine
2. Closed Subroutine

Open Subroutine

A set of computer instructions that collectively perform some particular

function and are inserted directly into the program each and every time
that particular function is required.

Closed Subroutine
A subroutine that can be stored outside the main routine and can be
connected to it by linkages at one or more locations.

Pseudo Code:
A series or steps of instructions used to solve a problem.

Programming Errors

Bugs:

An error in a program is called Bug.

De-Bugging:

A method of finding & removing errors in a program is called De-

bugging.

Types of Error:

1. Syntax Error
2. Logical Error
3. Run time Error
 Page 6 of 12

Expert System & Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an advance branch of science that studies the

process of human thinking and attempts to apply the knowledge to simulate
the same process in machines. OR use of Computers to perform human-like
activities such as pattern recognition, object recognition and voice
recognition.

Fields of A.I

1. Computer Games
2. Expert System
3. Neural Network
4. Robotics
5. Expert System:

Expert System:

A type of Computer Software package that specializes in one area or

application to help humans make a decision or solve a problem. Acts as a
consultant or expert to the user.
 Page 7 of 12

Control Structure

1. Sequence Control Structure

2. Selection Control Structure
3. Loop or Repetition Control Structure

Documentation

1. User Documentation
2. Technical Documentation
3. Turnaround Document

User Documentation:

A user documentation is a user guide consisting of screen shots, error

message, layout etc. to help the user understand the working and
problems arising in the software.

Technical Documentation:

Documentation for a programmer OR System analyst needed when a

system is being up graded OR improved including program flowchart
test plans data structure software requirements, hardware
requirements.

Turnaround Document:

They are document produced by a Computer which are subsequently

used as an input document by the Computer.

Relational Database

A collection of data in which item groups are related in some way.

E.g. A bookseller keeps a database

Entity Relationship Diagram:

The E-R (entity-relationship) data model views the real world as a set
of basic objects (entities) and relationships among these objects. It is
intended primarily for the DB design process by allowing the
specification of an enterprise scheme. This represents the overall
logical structure of the DB.
 Page 8 of 12

What is CAD?

The Integration of computers and graphics to aid in the design and drafting
processes i.e. car designing.

What are the Features of CAD?

1. It provides the drawing commands so that lines, circles and other shapes can
be easily inserted on the screen.

2. Text so that headings, measurements etc. can be added.

3. It provides surface area, volumes etc. directly from the screen drawing.

Advantages of CAD:

1. Easy to store and retrieve drawing

2. Easy to make changes

3. Testing

4. Costing

5. Link to production (CAD, CAM, CAI)

Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacturing, Computer Aided

Information

6. Quick production of drawings and plans

What is Robotics?
A machine or device programmed to carry out some process
automatically is called Robot or Robotics.

 Give Three reasons why Robotics are used in Industry

1. To improve quality Control

2. To reduce manufacturing costs
3. To improve the Reliability and security of data
 Give Three jobs which may be done by Robotics in car assembly plants.

1. Paint Spraying
2. Welding
3. Assembling the parts
 Page 9 of 12

 Many workers in industry have lost their jobs due to the introduction of
Robotics.

 What have many computers done to help these workers to

change to the new jobs?
1. Retraining schemes in IT
 Give one new job that the workers now do

1. Computer Operator

Data Protection & Legalization

OR
Define Data Protection Act or Data Protection Rules:

1. Data must be obtained fairly and lawfully

2. People have the permission to inspect data and have it changed if incorrect

3. Data must be accurate

4. Data kept must be accurate and up-to-date with limited rights of viewing

5. Holders of information be registered.

Most common Validation Checks are:

1. Type Check
2. Length Check
3. Number check
4. Range Check
5. Presence Check
6. Text Check

What steps are required to produce Expert System?

1. The creation of a expert system shell

2. The creation of knowledge base
3. inputting of the knowledge facts and rues
4. The establishment of the inference engine
5. The creation of user interface or file structure

Reasons of Experts system

1. A larger knowledge Base

2. Need for expert eliminated
3. Accurate and is more decisive
4. no expense of hiring an expert system
 Page 10 of
12

Uses of Expert System:

1. Monitoring Chemical Reactions

2. Medical Diagnosis
3. Car Drifting
4. Industrial Robots etc.

Features of Expert System

1. it may have a touch screen command

2. it may include easy and simple menus to operate
3. it may be a graphical user interface
4. on screen help

What is Generic Software:

Ready-made software. Shrink-wrapped software. Contrast with "custom

software." See shrink wrapped software and COTS.

What is Authoring Software:

A software package that allows a user to create interactive media and

multimedia presentations incorporating text, sound and pictures.

What is CCTV:

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit

a signal to a specific place, limited set of monitors.

What is Firewall

A firewall is an integrated collection of security measures designed to

prevent unauthorized electronic access to a networked computer
system.

What is WiMAX:

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a

telecommunications technology providing wireless data, voice and
video over long distances.

What is WiFI

Wireless fidelity is a local area network that uses high frequency radio
signals to transmit and receive data over distances of a few hundred feet;
uses ethernet protocol.
 Page 11 of
12
What is DBMS:

Stands for DataBase Management System is a Application software

that assists the user in manipulating, storing, and maintaining database
files.

What is Desktop Publishing?

Using a computer to produce high-quality printed documents.

OR The use of personal computers and application software

combining text and graphics to design hard copy layout. Produces
high-quality documents, such as periodicals, newsletters, and other
materials.

What is Graphics Packages:

A program that allows you to create graphic figures and other things.

What is Web Browser:

Software used to display the World Wide Web and often the Internet in
general. Examples include Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera,
Safari etc.

What is Search Engine

A computer program that retrieves documents or files or data from a

database or from a computer network (especially from the internet.

What is Integrated Packages

Software that combines the ability to do several general-purpose

applications (such as word processing, electronic spreadsheet, and
graphics etc. )

What is Macro or Macros

macro - a single computer instruction that results in a series of

instructions in machine language.

What is String:

A String is a combination of Charactres or collection of charters like

student name etc.

What is Array:

An Array is a contagious memory location consisting on subscript or index of

elements.
 Page 12 of
12
What is Sorting:

Sorting is any process of arranging items in some sequence

and/or in different set.
What is Merging

To combine two or more items into single set of item.