TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN LÊ QUÝ ĐÔN – KHÁNH HÒA

- Hồ Nguyễn Thanh Ngọc

- Nguyễn Thiên Bảo Ngọc
A. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (40 PTS)
I. WORD CHOICE (5 PTS)  Thanh Ngọc
Choose the best options to complete the following sentences.
1. The vegetation on the island was……………….
A. exuberant B. chivalrous C. overcast D. ingenious
2. He became an outlaw by the law………………
A. defying B. observing C. sticking to D. abiding by
3. The plague, otherwise known as the Black Death, was a……….
disease.
A. contagious B. contiguous C. contingent D. congenial
4. The Prime Minister will decide whether to release the prisoner or not;
that's his…...
A. prerogative B. derogatory C. abdication D. humanity
5. He……….. the illusion that he will live to be a hundred.
A. grows B. relishes C. develops D. cherishes
6. They continued fighting despite all the……….. they met with.
A. adversities B. amenities C. properties D. liabilities
7. I‟d love to live in these…………….. surroundings.
A. desolate B. bashful C. gloomy D. serene
8. The Secretary of State handled the matter………….. and prevented a
war.
A. adroitly B. intensely C. abjectly D. slightly
9. Her condition seems to be………….. We'll have to take her to
intensive care.
A. ameliorating B. deteriorating C. amputating D. imitating
10. Not only is little Jonny‟s grammar incoherent and his spelling
atrocious but also his pronunciation……….
A. slothful B. sluggish C. hazard D. haphazard
1. The vegetation on the island was…………………..
A. exuberant B. chivalrous C. overcast D. ingenious

Exuberant UK /i zoob r nt US ɪ zuː.bɚ. nt

❖ Vietnamese (a):
- dồi dào ~ copious/ flush/ liberal/ opulent/ abundant.
- phiền mậu rậm rạp tươi tốt .
- phong phú ~ plentiful/ ample/ prolific/ productive/
abundant.
- quá nhiều ~ superabundant/ overdone/ immoderate/
plethoric.
- quá dư.
- rậm rạp ~ thick/ bushy/ leafy/ shaggy/.
- rườm rà ~ verbose/ redundant/ diffuse/ prolix.
- thặng dư ~ redundant/ plethoric .
- hoa mĩ.
❖ English: (a): (especially of people and their behavior) very energetic,
and showing the happiness of being alive.
eg: Young and exuberant, he symbolizes Italy‟s new vitality
- (of plants) strong and growing quickly.

Chivalrous / SHiv lr s
❖ Vietnamese (a): hào hiệp/ có vẻ hiệp sĩ.
❖ English (a):
- courteous, kind, honest, fair and gallant, especially towards women (typically
used of a man or his behavior).
eg: It's very chivalrous of you to defend her but don't you think she can speak for
herself?

Overcaste UK ʊ.v .kɑːst US oʊ.vɚ.kæst .

❖ English: (a):
- cloudy and therefore not bright and sunny.
- (of the sky or weather) marked by a covering of gray clouds; dull.
eg: a depressing, overcast winter morning.

Ingenious /in jēny s

❖ Vietnamese (a): khéo léo ~ deft/clever/skilled/dexterous/cunning/ dextrous.
tinh xảo ~ delicate/skillful
❖ English (a): (of a person) clever, original, and inventive with the ability to
solve problem; skillfully make or plan and envolving new idea and method.
eg: Johnny is so ingenious - he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the
most ordinary materials.
2. He became an outlaw by……………… the law.
A. defying B. observing C. sticking to D. abiding by

❖ Note:
outlaw (n): a person who has broken the law, especially one who remains at
large or is a fugitive lives separately from the other parts of society because they
want to escape legal punishment.

Defy: dɪ faɪ
❖ English: (v):
- to refuse to obey a person, decision, law, situation, etc..
eg: It is rare to see children openly defying their teachers.

- defy someone to do something: to tell someone to do something that

you think will be impossible.
eg: I defy you to prove your accusations.

- Defy belief/description/explanation: to be extreme or

very strange and therefore impossible to believe, describe, or explain.
eg: The chaos at the airport defies description.

Observe / b z rv
❖ English (v):
- to watch carefully the way something happens or the way someone does
something, especially in order to learn more about it.
eg: The role of scientists is to observe and describe the world, not to try to control it.
- to notice or see.
eg: Jack observed a look of anxiety on his brother's face.

- to make a remark about something.

eg: "I've always found German cars very reliable, " he observed.

- to watch something or someone carefully.

eg: She spent her career observing animal behavior.

- to obey a law, rule, or custom.

eg: People must observe the law. Nobody should be an exception.

Stick / stik/
❖ English (v):
- to cause something to become fixed, for example with glue or another similar
substance ( dán dính)
eg: I tried to stick the pieces together with some glue, tape.
 - stick sth up (with sth): He stuck up an announcement on the board with pins
- stick sth on/onto sth: Stick these lables on the top of the boxes.
- If a name sticks, it continues to be used.
eg: Although her name is Clare, her little sister called her Lali, and somehow the
name stuck.

- to put something somewhere, especially in a not very careful way.

eg: "Where shall I put these books?" "Oh, just stick them on the table for now."
- If you tell someone to stick something or where they can stick something,
it means that you do not want to keep that thing.
eg: "I've had enough of working here, " she said, "You can stick your job!"

- to push a pointed object into or through something, or a pointed object to

be pushed into or through something and stay there.
eg: Stick + into: She stuck the needle into my arm.
- A thorn stuck in her finger.
- The metal springs were sticking through the mattress.

- to bear or accept something or someone unpleasant.

eg: I don't think I can stick this job a day longer.

- [ + -ing verb ] I don't know how you can stick living in this place.

- to put something somewhere, usually temporarily.

eg: Stick the packages under the table for now.

- to continue with a subject, activity, or plan without changing.

- to be fixed in position and unable to move.

eg: The window sticks, making it hard to shut it.

- In some card games, if you stick, you say that you do not want to be given
any more cards.

- If you stick to a law, rule, or promise, you obey it or do what it states.

eg: If you make a promise, you should stick to it.

- to continue trying hard to do sth difficult.

eg: You‟ll never be professional in playing the piano if you‟re not prepared to
stick to it.

Stick to something (phr.v): to limit yourself to doing or using

one particular thing and not change to anything else.
eg: Could you stick to the point, please?
Abide / bīd
❖ Vietnamese (v): chịu đựng ~ stand/ support.
- chờ ~ await/ bide.
- kéo dài ~ last/ extend/ prolong/ lengthen/ continue.
- lưu lại một nơi.
- tồn tại ~ exist/ last/ endure/ outlast.
- trú.

❖ English (v):
- accept or act in accordance with (a rule, decision, or recommendation)
(chấp nhận hoặc hành động theo (một quy tắc, quyết định hoặc khuyến
nghị/ tuân thủ).
eg: I said I would abide by their decision.

- to live or stay somewhere.

eg: He abided in the wilderness for forty days.

- can't abide someone/something: If you can't abide someone or something/

you dislike them very much.
eg: I can't abide her.

3. The plague, otherwise known as the Black Death, was a......... disease.
A. contagious B. contiguous C. contingent D. congenial

❖ Note:
plague (n): bệnh dịch/ tai họa.

Contagious /k n tāj s
❖ Vietnamese (a): dễ lây lan.
hay lây.
truyền nhiễm ~ infectious/ communicable/ infected.
❖ English (a):
- (of a disease) able to be caught by touching someone with the disease or
something the person has touched or worn/ or (of a person) having
this type of disease.
eg: a highly contagious strain of flu

- also means moving easily from one person to another.

eg: The mood was contagious, and soon everyone was laughing.
Contiguous /k n ti yoo s
❖ Vietnamese (a): tiếp giáp .

- gần kề ~ nearby/ conterminous.

- tiếp cận ~ adjacent.

❖ English (a):
- next to or touching another, usually similar, thing.

eg: contiguous + with/ to: The two states are contiguous with/to each other, but
the laws are quite different.

Contingent /k n tinj nt/

Vietnamese (a):
- ngẫu nhiên ~ random/ eventual.
- bất ngờ ~ abrupt/ accidental/ unforeseen/ casual/ uncontemplated.
- không chắc chắn ~ uncertant/ unsure/ precarious/ insecure/ ambiguous.
- tình cờ ~ random/ fortuitous/ facultative.
- may rủi ~ aleatory/ risky.
- do sự tình cờ.

English (a):
- occurring or existing only if (certain circumstances) are the case; dependent
on.
eg: resolution of the conflict was contingent on the signing of a ceasefire agreement
- depending on or influenced by something else.
eg: Buying the new house was contingent on selling the old one.

- contingent on/upon something: depending on something else in

the future in order to happen.
eg: Outdoor activities are, as ever, contingent on the weather.

Congenial /k n jēnē l
Vietnamese (a): đồng tính ~ homogenous.
tính chất giống nhau ~ kidney
English (a):
- friendly and pleasant.
eg: congenial company/surroundings.
- pleasant and friendly; producing a feeling of comfort or satisfaction.
eg: We spent a relaxed evening with congenial friends.
4. The Prime Minister will decide whether to release the prisoner or
not; that's his.........
A. prerogative B. derogatory C. abdication D. humanity

Prerogative /pr rä div

❖ Vietnamese (n): Đặc quyền ~ privilege/ charter/ indulgence/ lien.
Quyền tối hậu.
Quyền ưu tiên ~ preference/ priority.
❖ English (n):
- a right or privilege exclusive to a particular individual or class.
eg: owning an automobile was still the prerogative of the rich.
- something that certain people are able or allowed to do or have, but is
not possible or allowed for everyone.
eg: Alex makes all the big decisions - that's his prerogative as company director.
- Skiing used to be the prerogative of the rich, but now a far wider range of people
do it.
- The Royal Prerogative (= the special rights of the ruling king or queen).

- a special advantage that allows some people the freedom to do or have

something that is not possible or allowed for everyone.
eg: It‟s the president‟s prerogative to nominate judges who share his political
philosophy.

Derogatory UK dɪ rɒ . .t r.i/ dɪ rɒ . .tri US dɪ rɑː. .tɔːr.i

Vietnamese (a): làm giảm giá trị ~ depreciatory.
- làm mất phẩm cách.
- mất địa vị.
- phạm đến quyền lợi.
English (a):
- showing a critical or disrespectful attitude.
eg: she tells me I'm fat and is always making derogatory remarks

- showing strong disapproval and not showing respect.

eg: He made some derogatory comment/remark about her appearance.

- expressing criticism or insult.

eg: She was upset by derogatory comments made about her clothes.
Abdication ˌ abd kāSH n
❖ Vietnamese (n): người nhường ngôi

❖ English (n):
- the fact of no longer controlling or managing something that you are
in charge of ( thoái thác).
eg: The council denied that their decision represented any abdication of responsibility.
- an occasion when a king or queen makes a formal statement that he or she
no longer wants to be king or queen.

eg: His abdication speech was broadcast on the radio.

- an act of abdicating or renouncing the throne (thoái vị).

eg: Edward VIII did not marry until after his abdication

Humanity / h yoo man dē

❖ Vietnamese (n): loài người ~ mankind/ human/ humankind/ mortality.
- lòng nhân đạo.
- lòng nhân từ ~ philanthrope.
- lòng từ bi ~ pity.
- nhân tính ~ manhood.
❖ English (n):
[U]
- people in general.
eg: the massacre was a criem against humanity.

- understanding and kindness towards other people.

eg: If only he would show/display a little humanity for once.

[U]
- the condition of being human.
eg: There is a sense of common humanity that unites people of all nations.

5. He............ the illusion that he will live to be a hundred.

A. grows B. relishes C. develops D. cherishes

Relish / reliSH
❖ Vietnamese (v): nêm đồ ăn ~ sauce.
- nêm gia vị ~ season/ flavor/ sauce.
- nếm thức ăn.
- thưởng thức.
- có mùi vị.
 ❖ English (v):
- to like or enjoy something.
eg: I always relish life.
- [ + -ving ] I don‟t relish telling her that her son has been arrested.

- If you relish the idea or thought of something, you feel pleasure that it is
going to happen.
eg: She's relishing the prospect of studying in Bologna for six months.

Cherish / CHeriSH
❖ Vietnamese (v): trân trọng.
- âu yếm ~ cuddle/ pet/ cosher/ cushion.
- nuôi hi vọng ~ feed/ entertain/ feed/ indulge/ nurse.
- ôm ấp.
- yêu mến ~ esteem.
❖ English (v):
- to love, protect, and care for someone or something that is important to you.
eg: Although I cherish my children, I do allow them their independence.

- to keep hopes, memories, or ideas in your mind because they

are important to you and bring you pleasure.
eg: I cherish the memories of the time we spent together.

6. They continued fighting despite all the…………. they met with.

A. adversities B. amenities C. properties D. liabilities

Adversity d v rs dē
❖ Vietnamese (n): sự khó khăn ~ problem/ hardness/ rub/ stiffness.
- vận đen.
- vận rủi ~ bad luck/ bad/ mischance.

❖ English (n):
- a difficult or unlucky situation or event (nghịch cảnh).

eg: The road to happiness is paved with adversities.

- She was always cheerful in adversity.

Amenity / men dē
❖ Vietnamese (n): tiện nghi.
- lễ nghi ~ civility/ convention/ decorum/ rite.
- thú vị ~ sauce.

❖ English (n):
- a desirable or useful feature or facility of a building or place.
eg: heating is regarded as a basic amenity.
 - something, such as a swimming pool or shopping centre, that is intended to
make life more pleasant or comfortable for the people in a town, hotel, or
other place.
eg: The council has some spare cash, which it proposes to spend on public amenities.

- something intended to make life more pleasant or comfortable for people.

eg: Straus established employee amenities such as restrooms, medical care, and
a lunchroom.

basic amenities: things considered to be necessary to live comfortably, such

as hot water.
eg: The 200-year-old jail is overcrowded, understaffed, and lacking in basic amenities.

Property / präp rdē

❖ Vietnamese (n): tài sản.
- bất động sản ~ real estate/ realty/ immovables/ land.
- đặc tính.
- đồ giả ~ fake/ false/ duffer/ dummy.
- sở hữu chủ.
- tính chất ~ nature/ quality/ feature/ kind/ mettle.

❖ English (n):
[U]
- an object or objects that belong to someone.
eg: Children need to be taught to have respect for other people's property.
[C or U]
- a building or area of land, or both together.
eg: Yes, I've bought my own house - I'm now a man/woman of property!
[U]
- a legal right to own and use something.
[C]
- a quality in a substance or material, especially one that means that it can be
used in a particular way.
eg: One of the properties of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity very well.
[C]
- A property is also a particular physical or chemical characteristic of
a substance.

Liability US /ˌlī bil dē

❖ Vietnamese (n):
- trách nhiệm pháp lý.
- bổn phận ~ duty/ obligation/ allegiance/ office/ devoir.
- khuynh hướng ~ trend/ tendency/ bias/ propensity/ disposition.
- tổng số những món nợ.
- trách nhiệm ~ responsibility/ accountability/ onus/ office/ trust.
 ❖ English (n):
- the fact that someone is legally responsible for something

eg: He denies any liability for the damage caused.

[U]

- something or someone that causes you a lot of trouble, often when that thing
or person should be helping you.

eg: After a certain age, a car's just a liability.

[ C or U]
- the responsibility of a person, business, or organization to pay or give up
something of value.

eg: He denies any liability in the accident.

- A liability is also anything that hurts your chances of success or
that causes difficulties.

eg: Not having our own delivery trucks is a liability in our business.

[C]
- the amount of money that a person or organization owes.

eg: The company will also have to show that it has a liability of $600.

liabilities: debts
eg: The business has liabilities of 2 million euros

7. I‘d love to live in these………. surroundings. .

A. desolate B. bashful C. gloomy D.serene

desolate des. l. t
❖ Vietnamese (a): hoang tàn.
cô đơn ~ alone.
bị bỏ một mình.
cô độc ~ solitary/ lonesome/ lone.
đau buồn ~ distressing.
nơi không có người ở.
❖ English (a):
 - A desolate place is empty and not attractive, with no people or
nothing pleasant in it.

eg: The house stood in a bleak and desolate landscape.

- ( of people) extremely sad and feeling alone.

eg: She felt desolate when her best friend moved away.
- (of a place) having no living things; empty (hoang vắng).

eg: a desolate landscape.

Bashful / baSHf l
❖ Vietnamese (a): bẽn lẽn.
rụt rè ~ shy/ faint-hearted.
❖ English (a):
- often feeling uncomfortable with other people and easily embarrassed; shy.
eg: She gave a bashful smile as he complimented her on her work.

Gloomy / loomē
❖ Vietnamese (a): u ám.
- buồn bã ~ sad/ drear/ dreary.
- mịt mù.
- tối ~ dark/ sombre/ swarthy.
- tối tăm ~ obscure/ murky/ murk/ opaque/ dusk.
❖ English (a):
- unhappy and without hope.
eg: a gloomy person/ expression.
- not expecting or believing anything good in a situation.
eg: a gloomy economic forecast.
- dark in a way that is unpleasant and makes it difficult to see.
eg: What gloomy weather we're having!

Serene /s rēn

❖ Vietnamese (a): thanh thản .

- biển lặng.
- êm đềm ~ fluted/ fluty.
- trời trong .

❖ English (a):
- peaceful and calm; worried by nothing.
eg: She has a lovely serene face.
8. The Secretary of State (n: ngoại trưởng) handled the matter…… and prevented
a war.
A. adroitly B. intensely c. abjectly D. slightly

The Secretary of State handled the matter adroitly and prevented a war.
(Ngoại trưởng đã xử lý vấn đề một cách khéo léo và ngăn chặn một cuộc chiến
tranh).

Adroitly / droitlē
❖ Vietnamese (adv): cứng rắn/ khéo léo.
❖ English (adv):
- in a way that is very skilful, and quick in thinking or movement.

eg: He sells himself as the prudent leader who adroitly steered the country through a
recession.

(Anh ta bán mình như một nhà lãnh đạo thận trọng, người đã cương quyết chèo lái
đất nước vượt qua suy thoái).

Intensely / in tenslē
❖ Vietnamese (adv): mãnh liệt.
❖ English (adv):
- extremely or strongly.
eg: His strongest criticism is reserved for his father, whom he disliked intensely.

- in a very serious way that shows strong emotions or opinions.

eg: "I give you my word," she said intensely.

- in a strong or extreme way, or in a way that shows a lot of effort.

eg: He lives every aspect of life intensely.

Abjectly æb.dʒekt.li

❖ English (adv):
- in an extreme or bad way.
eg: The administration had failed abjectly in its duty to protect the country
(Chính quyền đã thất bại nặng nề trong nhiệm vụ bảo vệ đất nước)

- in a way that shows no pride or respect for yourself.

eg: "I let you down all the time," he said abjectly.
Slightly slɑɪt·li

❖ Vietnamese (adv): khinh bỉ/ khinh thị/ không kính trọng/ nhẹ nhàng.
❖ English (adv):
- a little.

eg: She's slightly taller than her sister.

- to a small degree; not considerably.

eg: he lowered his voice slightly.

9. Her condition seems to be……………. We'll have to take her to intensive care.
A. ameliorating B. deteriorating c. amputating D. imitating

Ameliorate / mēly ˌrāt

❖ Vietnamese (v): cải tiến.
- cải thiện ~ reform/ meliorate/ amend/ sanitate.
- sửa cho tốt ~ meliorate.
❖ English (v):
- to make a bad or unpleasant situation better.
eg: Foreign aid is badly needed to ameliorate the effects of the drought.
(Rất cần viện trợ nước ngoài để cải thiện các tác động của hạn hán).

 Be ameliorating : được cải thiện.

Deteriorate /dɪ tɪ .ri. .reɪt

❖ Vietnamese (v): xấu đi.
- giảm giá trị ~ debase/ depreciate.
- hư hỏng ~ putrefy.
- làm hư ~ ruin/ mar/ putrefy/ hurt/ debauch/ deform.
- làm xấu ~ disfigure/ deprave/ lower/ scandalize.
- trụy lạc (xa ngã/ hư hỏng) ~ riot.

❖ English (v):
- to become worse.
eg: She was taken into hospital last week whenher condition suddenly deteriorated.

Amputate / ampy ˌtāt

❖ Vietnamese (v): cưa đi/ cắt đi.
❖ English (v):
 - to cut off a part of the body.

eg: They had to amputate his foot to free him from the wreckage.

 Be amputating: bị cắt cụt.

Imitate / im ˌtāt
❖ Vietnamese (v): bắt chước ~ mimic/ ape/ copy/ emulate/ mock.
- theo gương.
- mô phỏng ~ facsimile.
❖ English (v):
- to behave in a similar way to someone or something else, or
to copy the speech or behaviour, etc. of someone or something.
eg: Some of the younger pop bands try to imitate their musical heroes from the past.
- to copy someone‘s speech or behavior, or to copy something as a model.

10. Not only is little Jonny‘s grammar incoherent and his spelling
atrocious but also his pronunciation………….
A. slothful B. sluggish C. hazard D. haphazard
 Translate: Not only is little Jonny‟s grammar incoherent and his spelling
atrocious but also his pronunciation haphazard.
 Không chỉ ngữ pháp của Jonny không mạch lạc và chính tả kém cỏi mà còn
phát lộn xộn.

Slothful / slôTHf l

❖ Vietnamese (a): chậm

❖ English (a):

- Lazy.

eg: slothful adolescents.

Sluggish / sl iSH

English (a):
- moving or operating more slowly than usual and with less energy or power

( chậm chạp).

eg: Something is wrong with the car - the engine feels sluggish.
Hazard / haz rd

❖ Vietnamese (n): hiểm nguy.

- cuộc chơi đỏ đen.

- đánh lúc lắc.
- sự may rủi ~ luck/ risk/ venture.
- đánh tào cáo.

(v): liều ~ dare/ jeopardize/ meet/ outdare.

- mạo hiểm ~ venture/ dare/ expose.

❖ English (n):

[C]
- something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage.

eg: The busy traffic entrance was a hazard to pedestrians.

(v):
- to risk doing something, especially making a guess, suggestion, etc…
eg: I wouldn't like to hazard a guess.
- to risk doing something that might cause harm to someone or something else.

eg: The policy hazarded the islands and put the lives of the inhabitants at risk.

Haphazard /ˌhap haz rd

❖ Vietnamese (n): ngẫu nhiên ~ accident/ casual/ incident.
tình cờ ~ casual/ incident/ episode
❖ English (a):
- not having an obvious order or plan ( lộn xộn/ bừa bãi).
eg: the kitchen drawers contained a haphazard collection of silver souvenir spoons

- lacking order or purpose; not planned.

eg: Haphazard record-keeping made it difficult for the agency to keep track of its
clients.
II. STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR (5 PTS)  Thanh Ngọc
Choose the best options to complete the following sentences.
1. ………so incredible is that these insects successfully migrate to places they
have never seen.
A. That makes the monarch butterflies‟ migration
B. The migration of the monarch butterflies is
C. What makes the monarch butterflies‟ migration
D. The migration of the monarch butterflies, which is
2. It is mandatory that smoking in public…………..
A. prohibited B. prohibit C. be prohibited D. is prohibited
3…………….. with about fifteen times its weight in air does gasoline allow the
carburetor to run smoothly.
A. It is mixed B. Only when mixed C. When mixed D. To mix it
4. He………………. safety goggles, but he wasn‟t and, as a result, the hot steel
badly
damaged his eyes.
A. could have been wearing B. must have been wearing
C. should wearing D. ought to have been wearing
5. If the Moon one……………. orbit around the Earth and one complete revolution
on its axis at the same rate, we sometimes the other side of it.
A. won't complete - will see B. didn‟t complete - would see
C. doesn't complete - had seen D. wouldn't complete - see
6. The two boys were caught…………..the exam papers from the teachers' room,
so they definitely deserved……………..from school.
A. to be stealing - having suspended B. to steal - being suspended
C. stealing - to be suspended D. having stolen - suspended
7. No whale has ever been known to attack human except in defence;………..
stories have come down since the Biblical Jonah of men being swallowed by whales.
A. consequently B. whatever C. inasmuch as D. nonetheless
8. After the First World War. the author Anais Nin became interested in the art
movement known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, both…………. her
novels and short stories.
A. in which the influence B. of which influenced
C. to have influence D. its influence in
9. Nebraska has floods in some years,………………
A. in others drought B. droughts are others
C. while other droughts D. others in drought
10. ……………..native to Europe, the daisy has now spread throughout most of
North America.
A. Although B. If it were C. In spite of D. That it is
1. ………..so incredible is that these insects successfully migrate to places they
have never seen.
A. That makes the monarch butterflies‘ migration
B. The migration of the monarch butterflies is
C. What makes the monarch butterflies‘ migration
D. The migration of the monarch butterflies/ which is

Answer C is the correct answer because we see that this sentence has the main
verb "is" and lacks a subject. "What" here is not a question but means "that
thing/ that". Example: What makes a good friend is the Sincerity . (What makes a
good friend is honesty.) Where: What makes a good friend is the subject/ "is" is
the verb and "the sincerity" is the object.

Similarly with the given sentence: "What makes the butterflies monarch'
migration so incredible" is the subject/ "is" is the verb and "that ... seen" is the
object.

Đáp án C là đáp án đúng vì ta nhận thấy câu này có động từ chính là động từ
"is" và thiếu chủ ngữ. "What" ở đây không phải là câu hỏi mà có nghĩa là "Điều
mà/ cái mà". Ví dụ: What makes a good friend is the sincerity. (Điều mà làm nên
một người bạn tốt là sự chân thật.) Trong đó: What makes a good friend là chủ
ngữ/ "is" là động từ và "the sincerity" là tân ngữ.

Tương tự như vậy với câu bài ra: "What makes the monarch butterflies'
migration so incredible" là chủ ngữ/ "is" là động từ và "that ... seen" là tân ngữ.

2. It is mandatory (n: bắt buộc) that smoking in public……….

A. prohibited B. prohibit C. be prohibited D. is prohibited

Knowledge: Subjunctive sentence with adjectives:

❖ Explanation :
The structure: It+ be+ adj (mandatory/ important/ vital/ suggested/...)+ that+ S+
V(infinitive)...so to be should be kept.

Câu giả định với tính từ:

❖ Giải thích:
Cấu trúc: It+ be+ adj (mandatory/ important/ vital/ suggested/...)+ that+ S+
V(infinitive)...nên to be giữ nguyên.
Prohibit pr hibit
❖ Vietnamese (v):
- câm ~ prohibit/ forbid/ inhibit/ proscribe/ debar.
- ngăn trở ~ prevent/ interfere/ obstruct/ encumber/ hamper/ prohibit

3. ………..with about fifteen times its weight in air does gasoline allow the
carburetor to run smoothly.
A. It is mixed B.Only when mixed C.When mixed D.To mix it

❖ Note:
Carburetor (n) : the part of an engine that mixes fuel and air/ producing the
gas that is burned to provide the power needed to operate the vehicle or machine/
bộ chế hòa khí)

Knowledge: Inversion structure:

Adverb + Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb

Other inversion structures:

Inversion with adverbs of frequency (usually negative adverbs)

Never/ Rarely/ Hardly/ Seldom/ Little/ ever + auxiliary verb + S + V

eg: She hardly does her homework ~ HARDLY does she do her homework.

Inversion with NO and NOT ANY:

No/ Not any + N (noun) + auxiliary verb + S + V

eg: No expensive shoes shall I buy for you ~ Not any expensive shoes shall I buy for
you.
(I won't buy you any more expensive shoes).

Inversion with negative phrases with ―NO‖:

Negative phrase + auxiliary verb + S + V

At no time: never.

In no way: no way.
On no condition: absolutely not.

On no account ~ For no reasons: not for any reason.

Under/ In no circumstances: not under any circumstances.

No longer: no more

No where: no where

eg: You didn't have to cry that much = On no account did you cry that much.
(For no reason you have to cry so much).

Inversion with SUCH and SO…THAT

Such + adjective + N + that + S + V

So + adjective/adverb + auxiliary verb + N + that + S + V

( cái gì như nào đến nỗi mà…)

eg: Such an interesting movie that I have seen it 3 times = So interesting is this
movie that I have seen it 3 times.
(The movie was so good that I watched it 3 times)

Invert with NOT ONLY… BUT ALSO:

Not only + auxiliary verb + S + V but S also V

( không những….. mà còn……)

eg: Not only is he handsome but also smart.

(He is not only handsome but also smart).

Inverting the structure NO SOONER…. THAN

No sooner + auxiliary verb + S + V + than + S + V

(ngay sau khi/ không bao lâu sau khi thì….)

eg: No sooner did I arrive home than my family started eating dinner.
(As soon as I got home/ my family started having dinner.)
Inversion in English with UNTIL/ TILL:

Not until/till + (S+V)/time + auxiliary verb + S + V

(cho đến khi…..thì mới…..)

eg: Not until 11pm did he finish his report.

(He didn't finish the report until 11 o'clock).

Inversion in English with ONLY:

ONLY AFTER + N/V-ing/(S +V) + auxiliary verb + S + V

( chỉ sau khi…..mới có thể…..)

eg: Only after dinner can we go to the cinema.

(Chỉ sau bữa tối chúng ta mới có thể đi đến rạp phim.)

ONLY BY + N/V-ing + auxiliary verb + S + V

( chỉ bằng cách…..thì…..)

eg: Only by studying harder can students pass the final exam.
(Chỉ bằng cách học chăm hơn thì học sinh mới có thể vượt qua kì thi cuối kì.)

ONLY IF + (S+V) + auxiliary verb + S + V

( chỉ khi/ nếu….)

eg: Only if he agrees would she go ~ She would go only if he agrees.

(Nếu anh ấy đồng ý/ cô ấy mới đi.)

ONLY IN THIS/THAT WAY + auxiliary verb + S + V

( Chỉ bằng cách này…mới….)

eg: Only in this way did he come back home.

(Chỉ bằng cách này anh mấy mới quay về nhà.)

ONLY THEN + trợ động từ + S + V

(Chỉ đến lúc đó…mới….)

eg: Only then could you call me.

(Chỉ đến lúc đó bạn mới có thể gọi cho tôi.)

ONLY WHEN + (S +V) + trợ động từ + S + V

Chỉ đến khi…thì mới….. (~ NOT UNTIL)

eg: Only when I called him did he recognize me.

(Chỉ đến khi tôi gọi anh ấy, anh ấy mới nhận ra tôi.)
 Inversion in English with conditional sentences:

Conditional sentence type 1: IF clause ~ Should + S1 + (not) + V-inf, S2 +

will/may/might/should/can… + V-inf.

eg: If I stay/ I won't get any benefits ~ Should I stay/ I won't get any benefits.
(Nếu tôi ở lại/ tôi chả có lợi gì)

Conditional sentence type 2: IF clause ~ Were S1 + (not )+ to-V, Were + S1 / S2 +

would/might/could… + V –inf.

eg: If I were you/ I would change my phone. ~ Were I you/ I would change my phone.
(Nếu tôi là bạn/ tôi sẽ đổi điện thoại).

Conditional sentence type 3: IF clause ~ Had + S1 + past participle, S2 +

would/might/could… + have + past participle.

eg: If John had had a map yesterday/ he would have found the way home~ Had John
had a map yesterday/ he would have found the way home.
(Nếu John có bản đồ ngày hôm qua/ anh đấy đã có thể tìm đường về nhà)

Note : in the negative form, "NOT" is placed after the subject:

� Had John not had a map yesterday, he would have got lost.
(Nếu John không có bản đồ ngày hôm qua/ anh đấy đã có thể lạc đường)

4. He……… safety goggles, but he wasn‘t and, as a result, the hot steel badly
damaged his eyes.

A. could have been wearing B. must have been wearing

c. should wearing D. ought to have been wearing

❖ Explanation:
could/ ought to have been + v-ing
(đáng lẽ lúc ấy nên đang……)

may/ might have been + V-ing

(có thể lúc ấy đang…)

must have been + V-ing

(hẳn lúc ấy đang….)

eg: I didn‟t hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house.
(tôi không nghe thấy tiếng gõ cửa, hẳn là lúc ấy tôi đang làm vườn phía sau nhà).
5. If the Moon…… one orbit around the Earth and one complete revolution
on its axis at the same rate, we sometimes……… the other side of it.
A. won't complete - will see B. didn‘t complete - would see
c. doesn't complete - had seen D. wouldn't complete – see

❖ Explanation:

Conditional sentence type 2: If + S + Ved/2, S + would/could/should... + V-inf

- Used to express an action, the event may not happen in the future based on
an unreal condition in the present.
- Used to express an action that may not happen in the future.

6. The two boys were caught the exam papers from the teachers' room/
so they definitely deserved from school.

A. to be stealing - having suspended B. to steal - being suspended

C. stealing - to be suspended D. having stolen – suspended

❖ Explanation:
catch s.o doing sth
deserve to do sth -> deserve to be + v3/ed

7. No whale has ever been known to attack human except in defence;

stories have come down since the Biblical Jonah of men being swallowed by
whales.
❖ consequently B. whatever C. inasmuch as D. nonetheless

❖ Explanation:
consequently (adv): as a result; therefore.
eg: I spent most of my money in the first week and consequently had very little to eat by
the end of the holiday.

Whatever (adv):
- it is not important what is; it makes no difference what (is):
eg: We'll go whatever the weather.

- something that is said to show that you do not respect or care about what
someone is saying, especially someone who is asking you to agree with them
or agree to do something.
eg: "Bryce, could you do what I ask you to once in a while?" "Whatever."
Used as a pronoun
- something whose particular nature or type you do not know.
eg: Whatever happens, you‟ll be all right.

- anything or everything.
eg: Give him whatever he wants.

- used instead of the word "what" to add emphasis to a phrase/ usually

expressing surprise.
eg: Whatever is he doing with that rod?

Inasmuch as (conjunction):
- used to introduce a phrase that explains why or how much something
described in another part of the sentence is true.
eg: Inasmuch as you are their commanding officer, you are responsible for the
behaviour of these men.

- used to show why or in what limited way the other part of the sentence is
true:
eg: Inasmuch as funding is not available, building plans have been delayed.

Nonetheless (adv):
- despite what has just been said or done; nevertheless.
eg: There are serious problems in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time
to return.

8. After the First World War. the author Anais Nin became interested in the art
movement known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, both………her novels
and short stories.

A. in which the influence B. of which influenced

C. to have influence D. its influence in

❖ Explaination:
Of which: mà
- Of which is used in the relative clause and used after some common quantity
indicators such as: all, both, each, many, most, part, some,… or some in
superlative form.

For which: theo đó.

- This clause is used as an alternative for why to describe the reasons/ causes
 of the events and acts.
eg: I don‟t know the why she didn‟t go to school yesterday.
 I don‟t know the reason for which she didn‟t go to school yesterday.

On which: when
eg: Monday is the day on which we start working.
 Monday is the day when we are working.

In which: trong đó/ nơi mà.

- It‘s used when one doesn‘t want to end a sentence with a preposition.
eg: Jenny lives in that house.
 That‟s the house in which Jenny lives.

9. Nebraska has floods in some years,…………

A. in others drought B. droughts are others

C. while other droughts D. others in drought

❖ Explanation:

- In the first part of the sentence, it says ―in some years‖ B, C and D do not
make sense with that start. The word ―others‖ is stand for ―years‖.
- The original sentence before withdraw is:

Nebraska has floods in some years and in other years it has drought.

 Nebraska has floods in some years and in others it has drought.

 Nebraska has floods in some years and in others drought.

 Nebraska has floods in some years, in others drought.

(Attention: ―drought‖ may be an uncountable noun.)

10. ………..native to Europe, the daisy has now spread throughout most of North
America.

A. Although B. If it were C. In spite of D. That it is

❖ Explanation:
Concession clause with Although:
 Although + S + V, S + V.
Albeit (although) + N/ Adj/ Adv/ P, S +V
(Although ~ Though ~ Even though ~ Much as.)
eg: He stays at the head of the office although he was punished. (He is still the office
manager even though he has just been disciplined.)
→ Although punished , he stays at the head of the office.
→ Albeit his punishment/ punished, he stays at the head of the office.
- Although performing badly in the interview, she was chosen for the job. (Despite
her bad performance in the interview, she got the job.)
→ Much as/ Even though she performed badly in the interview, she was chosen for
the job
❖ Note:
- Albeit usually comes at the beginning of a sentence
- Although can stand at the beginning or middle of a sentence/ if the sentence
has the same subject/ the clause conceding with Although can omit the
subject/ change it to the past participle/ present participle or abbreviated
passive. (
(The present participle is a verb ending in "V-ing". The present participle/ also
known as a gerund/ is formed by adding '-ing' after the verb. eg: My job is
boring)
- If the Although clause comes before the main clause/ a comma is needed
before the main clause. If the Although clause comes after the main clause/
no comma is needed
- If there are two different subjects in a sentence/ there must be a possessive
before the noun.
eg: He is intelligent, we don't admire him. (Although he is obviously very
intelligent/ we do not admire him at all.)
→ Although his intelligence, we don't admire him.
❖ Lưu ý:
- Albeit thường đứng ở đầu câu
- Although có thể đứng ở đầu câu hoặc giữa câu, nếu câu có cùng chủ ngữ thì
mệnh đề nhượng bộ với Although có thể lược bỏ chủ ngữ, chuyển thành quá
khứ phân từ/ hiện tại phân từ hoặc bị động rút gọn.
Hiện tại phân từ chính là động từ thêm đuôi "V-ing". Hiện tại phân từ còn được gọi
là danh động từ, được thành lập bằng cách thêm ”-ing” vào sau động từ. Ví dụ: + My
job is boring)
 - Nếu mệnh đề Although đứng trước mệnh đề chính thì cần có dấu phẩy trước
mệnh đề chính. Nếu mệnh đề Although đứng sau mệnh đề chính thì không
cần dấu phẩy
- Nếu trong câu có 2 chủ ngữ khác nhau thì trước danh từ phải có sở hữu.

III. PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERBS (5 PTS)  Bảo Ngọc.

Choose the best options to complete the following sentences.

1. I need to ………. your offer very carefully before I make a decision.

A. look over B. see out c. figure out D. mull over

Look over (phrasal v): inspect/examine st in a cursory/quick and non-thorough

manner (in reference to the Merriam-Webster dictionary)

Eg. I needed to look over some documents.

See out (phrasal v): to wait until the end of st and witness it (in reference to
Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. She planned on seeing it out for its entirety.

Figure out (phr. v): to find out the answer to a problem (in reference to Oxford
Languages)

Eg. Let‘s figure out a way to solve this puzzle.

Mull over (phr. v): ―to think carefully about st for a long time‖ (from Cambridge
Dictionary)

Eg. I was mulling over the answers to this question when I realized what I needed
to do.

2. There's nothing to as it‟s a general knowledge quiz.

A. come round to B. face up to c. swot up on D. come up with

Come round to (phr. v):

1/ to visit sb in their home (paraphrased from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. She never comes around to visit me in my home.

2/ to be persuaded into having a particular opinion (In reference to Cambridge

Dictionary)

Eg. You‘ll come around to see my point of view.

Face up to (phr. v): to accept a difficult or unpleasant task/circumstance (In
reference to Oxford Languages and Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. We will face up to any obstacles.

Swot up on (phr. v): ―to learn as much as you can about a subject, especially before
an exam‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. Don‘t swot up on that, it‘s unnecessary to.

Come up with (phr. v): to think of an idea

Eg. ―Come up with something… or I‘ll never talk to you again‖ (from the episode
titled “The Very Last Day Of The Rest Of Their Lives” from Good Omens)

3. The account of their journey has been together from personal letters

and diaries.

A. pieced B. set c. pulled D. got

Piece (v): ―assemble something from individual parts‖ (from Oxford Languages)

Eg. We pieced together a puzzle.

Set (v): ―to put something in a particular place or position‖ (from Cambridge
Dictionary)

Eg. You can set your coat on that coat hanger.

4. Perhaps it is the almost universal use of flavourings that makes it so hard to the
products.

A. take-apart B. tell-apart c. come-apart D. fall-apart

Take apart (phr. V): ―to criticize a person or an idea very severely‖ (from
Macmillan Dictionary)

Eg. The critics took his words apart when he did that interview.

Tell apart (phr. V): to see the difference between two similar things/people

Eg. Can you tell apart the differences in these pictures?

Come apart (idiom): ―to break into parts or pieces‖ (from Merriam-Webster)

Eg. This cake comes apart very easily.

Fall apart (phr. V):

1/―break up p, come apart, or disintegrate‖ (from Oxford Languages)

Eg. The cake I was holding fell apart.

2/―(of a person) lose one‘s capacity to cope‖ (from Oxford Languages)

Eg. I don‘t want to fall apart when I reach my breaking point

5. We finally out a way to get the band into the hotel without the press

knowing.

A. tried B. set c. puzzled D. put

Try out (phr. V): to test if st/sb is appropriate or effective for st

Eg. I tried out one of their cakes and I don‘t think I want to buy any of theirs for
my wedding.

Set out (phr. V):

1/ ―to start an activity with a particular aim‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. We set out on the boat to look for treasures in the deep sea.

2/―to start a journey‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. We sit out from the east and eventually arrived to our destination.

Puzzle out (phr. V): ―to understand or find (something, such as the answer to a
difficult problem) by careful thinking‖ (from Merriam-Webster)

Eg. This is really difficult to puzzle out.

Put out (phr. V):

1/extinguish something that‘s on fire

Eg. Put out the fire!

2/ ―lay something out ready for use‖ (from Oxford Languages)

Eg. I need you to put this vase out on the table.

3/―issue, release, or broadcast a product or message‖ (from Oxford Languages)

Eg. The message was put out by radio stations in the province.

6. He has taken some painkillers but when the effects_______ , his leg will hurt

quite badly.
A. wear away B. wear down c. wear off D. wear out

Wear away (phr. V): to be damaged, less valuable or not be like its original self

Eg. Time wore away our old house.

Wear down (phr. V): ―overcome someone or something by persistence‖ (from

Oxford Languages)

Eg. I got worn down from running for five hours straight earlier.

Wear off (phr. V): ―lose effectiveness or intensity‖ (from Oxford Languages)

Eg. The numbing effect of the medication will wear off in five hours.

Wear out (phr. V): ―be used until no longer in good condition or working order‖
(from Oxford Languages)

Eg. Your jeans are too worn out, you need to get rid of them.

7. Following years of intense training, the accomplished athlete _________ the

medal triumphantly.

A. took off B. went off c. ran off D. carried off

Took off (phr. V):

1/ ―(of an aircraft or bird) become airborne‖ (from Oxford Languages)

Eg. That penguin just took off to the sky like any regular bird!

2/ ―remove clothing from one's or another's body‖ (from Oxford Languages)

Eg. I took off my jacket when I went to their house.

Went off (phr. V):

1/ (object) to explode

Eg. That bomb went off earlier than expected.

2/ (person) to lose your temper

Eg. Our manager went off on us for messing up the order five times.

3/ food turning bad and inedible

Eg. This cake went off a long time ago, let‘s not eat it.

Ran off (phr. V): to suddenly leave at high speed

Eg. She ran off when I was trying to tell her about my football obsession.

Carried off (phr. V): ―to succeed in doing or achieving something difficult‖ (from
Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. We carried off the mission to success.

8. Could you lend me some money to ______ me over to the end of the month?

A. hand B. tide c. get D. make

Hand s.o. over (phr. V): ―to give another person control of someone or something,
or responsibility for dealing with him, her, or it‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. I got suspended so they made me hand over my tools.

Tide over (phr. V): ―to supply someone for a short time with something that is
lacking‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. (See above)

Get over (phr. V):

1/ ―to return to your usual state of health or happiness after having a bad or
unusual experience, or an illness‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. Being on vacation helped me get over the stress from my work life.

2/ (idiom) ―to accept an unpleasant fact or situation after dealing with it for a
while‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Make over (phr. V):

1/ ―to improve something or someone by working on or changing various parts‖

(from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. We made over the car parts.

2/ ―to agree in a legal document to give money or property to someone else‖ (from
Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. ―He made over half his estate to his wife.‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

9. My parents had a lot of children, so sometimes there wasn‟t enough food to_ .

A. put on B. fall back on c. give out D. go round

Put on (phr. V):

1/ ―to make a device operate, or to cause a device to play something, such as a CD
or DVD, by pressing a switch‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. We put on Minecraft last night.

2/ ―to pretend to have a particular feeling or way of behaving that is not real or
natural to you‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. I like to put on silly voices when I read.

3/ ―to cover part of the body with clothes, shoes, make-up, or something similar‖
(from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. Put on some clothes.

4/ ―to produce or provide something, especially for the good of other people or for
a special purpose‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. The theater department put on a wonderful show this year.

Fall back on (phr. V): ―to use something for help because no other choice is
available‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. This trip might not work out for us so it‘s best if we have a reservation for a
different place to fall back on.

Give out (phr. V):

1/ ―to complain about something‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. ―After this win hopefully people will stop giving out to the team and the
coach.‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

2/ ―If a machine or part of your body gives out, it stops working‖ (from Cambridge
Dictionary)

Eg. My arms gave out when I did the final push-up.

3/ ―to give something to each of a number of people‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. Give this out to everybody around the table.

Go round (phr. V):

1/ ―to spin like a wheel‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. We got to go round on the Ferris wheel.

2/ ―If there is enough of something to go round, there is enough for everyone in a
group of people‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. There isn‘t enough food to go round so eat sparingly.

3/ ―to go or be given from one person to another, or to move from one place to
another‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. ―There's a rumour going round (the village) that they're having an affair‖
(from Cambridge Dictionary).

10. The noise from the unruly fans celebrating their team‟s victory didn‟t_____

until early in the morning.

A. shut off B. give away c. let up D. fall over

Shut off (phr. V):

1/ ―If a machine or system shuts off, or if someone or something shuts it off, it stops
operating‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. The system was shut off last night.

2/ ―to prevent something from being reached or seen‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. Rapunzel was shut off from the world by her evil fake mother.

3/ to stop supplying st

Eg. Our steady supply of silk was shut off.

4/ (shut yourself off) ―to stop speaking to other people or stop being involved with
them‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. He shut himself off after his last break up.

Give away (phr. V):

1/ ―to give something to someone without asking for payment‖ (from Cambridge
Dictionary)

Eg. She gave away her laptop from three years ago to her roommate.

2/ ―to tell people something secret, often without intending to‖ (from Cambridge
Dictionary)

Eg. I accidentally gave away your secrets.

IV. COLLOCATIONS AND IDIOMS (5 PTS)  Bảo Ngọc

Choose the best options to complete the following sentences.

1. How did they manage to keep me completely about this for so long?

A. in the dark B. under the shadow C. in the shade D. out of shape

In the dark (idiom): ―not informed about things that might be useful to know‖
(from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. I was kept completely in the dark about this stuff.

Under the shadow (be in/under s.o.‘s shadow) (idiom): ―to always receive less
attention than someone else‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. When I was five, I was always under her shadow.

In the shade (idiom): ―to be so good that another person or thing does not seem
important or worth very much‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. I was kept in the shade because of how much better my family members were
compared to me.

Out of shape (idiom): ―not physically healthy enough for docile exercise because
you have not been involved in physical activities‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. I got out of shape very recently.

2. You‟ve got to to succeed in advertising.

A. go to your head B. have your wits about you

C. have your head in the clouds D. gather your wits

Go to your head (idiom):

1/ ―…makes that person think that they are very important and makes them a less
pleasant person‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. Please don‘t let all that fame get to your head.

2/ ―to damage or weaken your judgement‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. I was so nervous, I think I got into my own head.

Have you wits about you (idiom): ―to think and react quickly when something
dangerous or difficult happiness unexpectedly‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. You‘ve gotta have your wits about you, especially in such a dire situation.
Have your head in the clouds (idiom): ―to not know the facts of a situation‖ (from
Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. Get your head out of the clouds, please.

Gather your wits (idiom): ―to make an effort to become calm and think more
clearly‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. Captain, I need you to gather your wits and help us get out of this cavern.

3. It took Dane a long time to understand what was going on. He‟s usually than
that, isn't it? Đề sai

A. round the bend B. harder and faster

C. easier on the ear D. quicker on the uptake

Round the bend (drive someone around the bend) (idiom): ―to make someone very
bored or very angry‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. I got driven around the bend by Matt and his stupid football obsession.

Hard and fast (idiom): ―not be be changed‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. ―A hard-and-fast rule‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Easy on the ears (idiom): pleasant to hear

Eg. This song is pretty easy on the ears.

Quick on the uptake (idiom): to understand things easily

Eg. Susie is really quick on the uptake, she‘s so smart and practical.

4. Stop wasting time splitting and look at the big picture.

A. hairs B. ears c. eyes D. noses

Split hairs (idiom): ―to argue about small details of something‖ (from Cambridge
Dictionary)

Eg. He loves to split hairs whenever someone‘s criticizing him.

Split ears/eyes/noses: no available definition

5. The country is an economic_ with chronic unemployment and rampant crime.

A. lost cause B. basket case c. false dawn D. dark horse

Lost cause (noun): ―someone or something that has no chance of succeeding‖ (from
Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. The cakes that I baked tasted really bad. I think it‘s a lost cause to try and
make more.

Basket case (noun): an extremely nervous/anxious person unable to organize their

life (in reference to Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. Misha is such a basket case. I offered to help him organize his desk yesterday
and he looked very anxious even just thinking of a response.

False dawn (noun): ―something that seems to show that a successful period is
beginning or that a situation is improving when it is not‖ (from Cambridge
Dictionary)

Eg. It was a false dawn, nothing really got better.

Dark horse (noun): ―a person who keeps their interests and ideas secret, especially
someone who has a surprising ability or skill‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. The character Rosa Diaz from Brooklyn 99 is a dark horse.

6. My mother nearly______ when I said I was going to buy a motorbike.

A. let the cat out of the bag B. put the cat among the pigeons

C. had kittens D. got out of the rat race

Let the cat out of the bag (idiom): ―to allow a secret to be known, usually without
intending to‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. I let the cat out of the bag when I said to Melissa ―we‘ve been planning your
birthday party for a very long time‖ about her surprise birthday party.

Put the cat among the pigeons (idiom): ―to say or do something that causes trouble
or makes a lot of people very angry‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. We need Michael to stop putting the cat amongst the pigeons. He‘s too
ignorant to make these claims.

Had kittens (idiom): ―to be very worried, upset, or angry about something‖ (from
Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. (See above)

Got out of the rat race (idiom): ―…leaving a job our way of life in which people
compete aggressively with each other to be successful‖ (from Collins Dictionary)
Eg. I‘m glad I got out of the rat race at my previous workplace. I think this new
job would be better for my mental health.

7. Fresh evidence has recently which suggests that he didn‟t in fact commit the
murder.

A. come a long way B. come under fire

C. come into bloom D. come to light

Come a long way (idiom): ―to have advanced to an improved or more developed
state‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. Technology has come a long way since its first conception.

Come under fire (idiom): ―to be criticized‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. The mayor came under fire when he handled the situation poorly.

Come into bloom (of a plant) (idiom): ―to begin to produce flowers : to start to
bloom‖ (from Merriam-Webster)

Eg. I can‘t wait for my potted plant to come into bloom!

Come to light (idiom): for a fact to become known publicly (in reference to
Cambridge Dictionary)

8. We'd been working hard for a month and so decided to go out and.

A. paint the town red B. face the music

C. read between the lines D. steal the show

Paint the town red (idiom): ―to go out and enjoy yourself by drinking alcohol,
dancing, laughing with friends, etc.‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. Let‘s paint the town red!

Face the music (idiom): ―to accept criticism or punishment for something you have
done‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. I think we need to do what‘s best for the campaign and face the music.

Read between the lines (idiom): ―to try to understand someone‘s real feelings or
intentions from what they say or write‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. I‘m sick of having to read between the lines with your vague words.
Steal the show (idiom): ―to be the most popular or the best part of an event or
situation‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. The performance from Michael stole the show!

9. The boss was_______ with the new employee over his qualifications and

ability to perform his job well.

A. at a loose end B. at a loss c. at a standstill D. at odds

At a loose end (idiom): ―to have nothing to do‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. I‘m at a loose end at work today.

At a loss (idiom): ―not knowing what to do‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. I was at a loss after hearing what they said.

At a standstill (grind to a standstill) (idiom): ―to stop slowly‖ (from Cambridge

Dictionary)

Eg. The machine grinded to a standstill.

At odds (idiom): ―in disagreement‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. We used to be at odds with each other back when we were academically
competing.

10. I'm so______ under with work at the moment - it‟s awful!

A. iced B. rained c. fogged D. snowed

Iced/rained/fogged under: no available definition

Snowed under (idiom): ―having too much to do‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)
V. READING COMPREHENSION  Thanh Ngọc
Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. READING
PASSAGE 1 (5 PTS)
While most desert animals will drink water if confronted with it, for many of them
the opportunity never comes. Yet all living things must have water, or they will expire.
The herbivores find it in desert plants. The carnivores slave their thirst with the flesh
and blood of living prey. One of the most remarkable adjustments, however, has been
made by the tiny kangaroo rat, who not only lives without drinking but subsists on a diet
of dry seeds containing about 5% free water. Like other animals, he has the ability to
manufacture water in his body by a metabolic conversion of carbohydrates. But he is
notable for the parsimony with which he conserves his small supply by every possible
means, expending only minuscule amounts in his excreta and through evaporation from
his respiratory tract.
Investigation into how the kangaroo rat can live without drinking water has involved
various experiments with these small animals. Could kangaroo rats somehow store
water in their bodies and slowly utilize these resources in the long periods when no free
water is available from dew or rain? The simplest way to settle this question was to
determine the total water content in the animals to see if it decreases as they are kept for
long periods on a dry diet. If they slowly use up their water, the body should become
increasingly dehydrated, and if they begin with a store of water, this should be evident
from an initial high water content. Results of such experiments with kangaroo rats on
dry diets for more than 7 weeks showed that the rats maintained their body weight.
There was no trend toward a decrease in water content during the long period of water
deprivation. When the kangaroo rats were given free access to water, they did not drink
water. They did nibble on small pieces of watermelon, but this did not change
appreciably the water content in their bodies, which remained at 66.3% to 67.2% during
this period.
This is very close to the water content of dry-fed animals (66.5%), and the
availability of free water, therefore, did not lead to any „storage‟ that could be
meaningful as a water reserve. This makes it reasonable to conclude that physiological
storage of water is not a factor in the kangaroo rat‟s ability to live on diy food.
1. What is the topic of this passage?
A. Kangaroo rats. B. Water in the desert.
c. Desert life. D. Physiological experiments.
2. The word "expire' in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to.
A. become ill B. die c. shrink D. dehydrate
3. Which of the following is NOT a source of water for the desert animals?
A. Desert plants. .
B. Metabolic conversion of carbohydrates in the body.
c. The blood of other animals.
D. Streams.
4. The word "ít' in the first paragraph refers to.
A. a living thing B. the desert c. the opportunity D. water
5. The author states that the kangaroo rat is known for all of the following EXCEPT.
A. the economy with which it uses available water
B. living without drinking water
c. breathing slowly and infrequently
D. manufacturing water internally
6. The word „„parsimony' in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to. •
A. intelligence B. desire c. frugality D. skill
7. It is implied by the author that desert animals can exist with little or no water because
of.
A.- less need for water than other animals
8. many opportunities for them to find water
c. their ability to eat plants
D. their ability to adjust to the desert environment
8. The word "deprivation' in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to.
A. preservation B. renewal c. examination D. withholding
9. According to the passage/ the results of the experiments with kangaroo rats showed
that .
A. kangaroo rats store water for use during dry periods
B. kangaroo rats took advantage of free access to water
c. there was no significant change in body weight due to lack of water or
accessibility to water
D. a dry diet seems detrimental to the kangaroo rat‟s health
10. The word "access' in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to.
A. right B. method c. opportunity D. entrance
 New words:
k n fr nt Confront(v):
- to face/ meet/ or deal with a difficult situation or person.
eg: As she left the court, she was confronted by angry crowds who tried to block her
way.
- It's an issue we'll have to confront at some point, no matter how unpleasant it is.
- I thought I would stay calm, but when I was confronted with/by the TV camera, I
got very nervous.

- to deal with a difficult problem, situation, or person.

eg: He forced the country to confront the issue of deforestation.
- To confront someone is to meet with a person with whom you disagree or
whom you will accuse of something.
 eg: I had to confront him about the damage to the car
ˌik spī r Expire (v):
- If something that lasts for a fixed length of time expires/ it comes to an end
or stops being in use hết hạn.
eg: My passport expires next month.
- to die:
eg: He ceased to breathe, gently expiring without any struggle at the age of 90.
- to breathe out or to breathe air out.
eg: The patient inhales as much air as possible and then expires with maximum
effort.
- to come to an end after a fixed length of time.
eg: a contract/lease/licence expires
- This offer expires on 31 March 2012.
- set/ scheduled/ due to expire: The warranty period is due to expire at the end of
November.
- Under current law, the state's earned-income tax credit would expire after this
year.
- if an option (= the right to buy or sell particular shares) expires/ it can no
longer be exercised (= used).
eg: The investment options expire on February 5.

h rb ˌvôr Herbivore (n):

- an animal that eats only plants/động vật ăn cỏ.
eg: Cows and sheep are herbivores.

kärn ˌvôr Carnivore:

❖ English (n):
- an animal that eats meat/ động vật ăn thịt.
eg: Lions and tigers are carnivores.
❖ Vietnamese (n): Cây ăn sâu bọ.
 slāv Slave :

English (v):
- to work very hard at something.
eg: We slaved away all week at the report.
- [humorous] I've been slaving over a hot stove (= cooking) all morning.
(n):
- a person who is legally owned by someone else and has to work for that
person.
eg: Black slaves used to work on the cotton plantations of the southern United States.
- I'm tired of being treated like a slave!
❖ Vietnamese (v): Làm dịu
/fleSH/ Flesh :
[U]
❖ English (n)
- the soft part of the body of a person or animal that is between the skin and
the bones, or the soft inside part of a fruit or vegetable.
eg: The thorn went deep into the flesh of my hand.
- Vegetarians don't eat animal flesh (= meat).
- The flesh of a fruit or vegetable is the soft, inner part.
eg: Peel the tomatoes and use only the flesh.
- the flesh: the physical body and not the mind or the soul.
eg: This left him plenty of time to indulge in the pleasures of the flesh (= physical
pleasures, such as sex or eating).
[idiom] in the flesh: in real life, and not on TV, in a film, in a picture, etc.:
eg: I've seen her perform on television, but never in the flesh
❖ Vietnamese (v):
- làm quen mùi máu.
- mập ra.
- thỏa thích dục vọng.
 prā Prey (n):
- an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal.
eg: A hawk hovered in the air before swooping on its prey.
(Một con diều hâu bay lượn trên không trước khi sà vào con mồi.)
- someone who can be easily deceived or harmed.
eg: Children are seen as easy prey for this type of advertising.
- a company that another, usually larger or stronger, company wants to buy
or control.
eg: The insurance company is in danger of changing from being predator to being prey.

s b sist Subsist (v):

- to get enough food or money to stay alive, but no more.
eg: The prisoners were subsisting on a diet of bread and water.
ˌman y fak t SH r manufacture (v):
- to produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines.
eg: He works for a company that manufactures car parts.
- The report notes a rapid decline in manufactured goods.
- to invent something, such as an excuse or story, in order to deceive someone.
eg: She insisted that every scandalous detail of the story had been manufactured.
(n):
- the process of producing goods.
eg: Oil is used in the manufacture of a number of fabrics.

pärs ˌmōnē parsimony (n):

- the quality of not being willing to spend money or to give or use a lot of
something.
eg: She criticised government parsimony with defense investment.
- unwillingness to spend money or to give things to people.
eg: There is no excuse for such corporate parsimony over staff salaries.

- metabolic conversion: chuyển đổi trao đổi chất

 ik spend Expend (v):
- to use or spend time, effort,or money.
eg: You expend so much effort for so little return.
- Governments expend a lot of resources on war.
- expend energy/effort/time: Why do firms expend effort investing abroad, rather
than staying home and producing for export?
- expend money/resources/funds
- Managers had to expend a lot of time dealing with the consequences of the
incident.
min ˌskyool Minuscule:

❖ English (a):
- extremely small.
eg: All she gave him to eat was two minuscule pieces of toast.
❖ Vietnamese (n): cỡ nhỏ.
ik skrēd excreta (n):
- the waste material produced by a body, especially solid waste.

ˌvap rāSH n evaporation (n):

- the process of a liquid changing to a gas, especially by heating/ bay hơi/ bốc
hơi.
eg: Ice cover prevents evaporation of water from the lake surface.
- the fact of something disappearing.
eg: As a boy, he was aware of the evaporation of his grandfather's life savings.

resp r ˌtôrē trakt/ respiratory tract: đường hô hấp

yoodlˌīz Utilize (v):

- to use something in an effective way/ tận dụng.
eg: The vitamins come in a form that is easily utilized by the body.
 d y oo Dew (n):
- drops of water that form on the ground and other surfaces outside during
the night.

d t rm n Determine (v):
- to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen.
eg: The number of staff we can take on will be determined by how much money we're
allowed to spend.
- to make a strong decision.
eg: [ + that ] She determined that one day she would be an actor.
- [ + to infinitive ] On leaving jail,Joe determined to reform.

- to discover the facts or truth about something.

eg: The police never actually determined the cause of death.
- [ + question word ] It is the responsibility of the court to determine whether
these men are innocent.
- [ + that ] The jury determined that the men were guilty.

- to find out or make certain facts or information.

eg: The police never actually determined the cause of death.
- [ + question word ] I can‟t determine why your phone isn‟t working.
- [ + that clause ] The investigation determined that the death was accidental.

- to discover the facts or truth about something.

eg: determine whether/why/how/ etc: The office will conduct a follow-up audit to
determine whether changes and improvements have been made.
dē hīˌdrāt Dehydrate :

❖ English (v):
- to lose water, or to cause water to be lost from something, especially from a
person's body.
eg: Air travel dehydrates the body.
❖ Vietnamese (v):
- Khử nước/ lấy nước.

ˌdepr vāSH n Deprivation:

❖ English (n):
- a situation in which you do not have things or conditions that are usually
considered necessary for a pleasant life/ khó khăn.
eg: There is awful deprivation in the shanty towns.
- an absence or too little of something important.
eg: [ C ] There were food shortages and other deprivations during the war.
❖ Vietnamese (n):
- bải chức ~ destitution/ dethronement/ dismission
- bị tước quyên
- lột chức ~ destitution
- mất quyền lợi
- sự cách chức ~ destitution

nib l Nibble (v):

- to eat something by taking a lot of small bites.
eg: Do you have some peanuts for us to nibble while the party warms up?
- Jenny's hamster's nibbled a hole in the sofa.
- to bite something gently and repeatedly.
eg: She nibbled his ear.
- You can nibble something by moving your teeth against it without eating it.
eg: Fish were nibbling at their hands.
 (n):
- an expression of interest in something.
eg: Our house was on the market for six months and there wasn't a single nibble.
- the act of eating something by taking a lot of small bites.
eg: The real-estate agent says she‟s gotten some nibbles for our house = some
people have expressed interest in it).
- nibbles [ plural ] (UK informal): small pieces of food that are eaten between
or before meals/ often with alcoholic drinks.
eg: I bought some crisps, nuts, and other nibbles.
- dry-fed animal: động vật ăn khô

- ˌfizē läj k l physiological (a): thuộc về sinh lý.

- diy food (n): đồ ăn tự làm.

While most desert animals will drink water if confronted with it, for many of them the
opportunity never comes. Yet all living things must have water, or they will expire. The
herbivores find it in desert plants. The carnivores slave their thirst with the flesh and
blood of living prey. One of the most remarkable adjustments, however, has been made
by the tiny kangaroo rat, who not only lives without drinking but subsists on a diet of
dry seeds containing about 5% free water. Like other animals, he has the ability to
manufacture water in his body by a metabolic conversion of carbohydrates. But he is
notable for the parsimony with which he conserves his small supply by every possible
means, expending only minuscule amounts in his excreta and through evaporation from
his respiratory tract.
Investigation into how the kangaroo rat can live without drinking water has involved
various experiments with these small animals. Could kangaroo rats somehow store
water in their bodies and slowly utilize these resources in the long periods when no free
water is available from dew or rain? The simplest way to settle this question was to
determine the total water content in the animals to see if it decreases as they are kept for
long periods on a dry diet. If they slowly use up their water, the body should become
increasingly dehydrated, and if they begin with a store of water, this should be evident
from an initial high water content. Results of such experiments with kangaroo rats on
dry diets for more than 7 weeks showed that the rats maintained their body weight.
There was no trend toward a decrease in water content during the long period of water
deprivation. When the kangaroo rats were given free access to water, they did not drink
water. They did nibble on small pieces of watermelon, but this did not change
appreciably the water content in their bodies, which remained at 66.3% to 67.2% during
this period.
 This is very close to the water content of dry-fed animals (66.5%), and the
availability of free water, therefore, did not lead to any „storage‟ that could be
meaningful as a water reserve. This makes it reasonable to conclude that physiological
storage of water is not a factor in the kangaroo rat‟s ability to live on diy food.

1. What is the topic of this passage?

A. Kangaroo rats. B. Water in the desert.
C. Desert life. D. Physiological experiments.

❖ Explanation:
B – not mentioned.
C – not mentioned.
D – named only as a way to study the rat.

2. The word "expire' in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to.

A. become ill B. die C. shrink D. dehydrate

3. Which of the following is NOT a source of water for the desert animals?
A. Desert plants. .
B. Metabolic conversion of carbohydrates in the body.
C. The blood of other animals.
D. Streams.

❖ Quote:
The herbivores find it in desert plants. The carnivores slave their thirst with the flesh
and blood of living prey

.Like other animals, he has the ability to manufacture water in his body by a metabolic
conversion of carbohydrates.

4. The word "it' in the first paragraph refers to.

A. a living thing B. the desert C. the opportunity D. water

❖ Quote:

While most desert animals will drink water if confronted with it,……… Yet all living
things must have water, or they will expire
5. The author states that the kangaroo rat is known for all of the following
EXCEPT.
A. the economy with which it uses available water.
B. living without drinking water.
C. breathing slowly and infrequently.
D. manufacturing water internally.

❖ Quote:
One of the most remarkable adjustments, however, has been made by the tiny kangaroo
rat, who not only lives without drinking but subsists on a diet of dry seeds
containing about 5% free water

Like other animals, he has the ability to manufacture water in his body by a metabolic
conversion of carbohydrates

6. The word ‘‘parsimony' in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to. •

A. intelligence B. desire C. frugality D. skill

froo al dē Frugality (n):

- the quality of being careful when using money or food.
eg: She was known for her simplicity and frugality.

7. It is implied by the author that desert animals can exist with little or no water
because of.
A. less need for water than other animals
B. many opportunities for them to find water
C. their ability to eat plants
D. their ability to adjust to the desert environment

❖ Quote:
….The herbivores find it in desert plants. The carnivores slave their thirst with the
flesh and blood of living prey……

j st Adjust (v):
- to become more familiar with a new situation.
eg: I can't adjust to living on my own.

- to change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or

suitable.
eg: If the chair is too high you can adjust it to suit you.
 - to arrange your clothing to make yourself look tidy.
eg: She adjusted her skirt, took a deep breath, and walked into the room.

- to change figures slightly according to inflation, the time of year, etc. so that
they can be compared in a useful way with other figures.
eg: adjust sth for sth Payouts from the fund, when adjusted for inflation/ are 20%
less today than they were 10 years ago.
- The region's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 8.9% this spring.

- to decide how much money will be paid to an insurance customer or to pay

them the money.
eg: adjust a claim: We adjust flood-related claims according to general company and
industry standards.

8. The word "deprivation' in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to.

A. preservation B. renewal C. examination D. withholding
❖ Explanation:
- water deprivation (n): sự bị lấy mất nước ~ water withholding: sự cản
trở tới nguồn nước.
wiTH hōld Withhold (v):
- to refuse to give something or to keep back something.
eg: to withhold information/support
- During the trial/ the prosecution was accused of withholding crucial evidence
from the defense.
- if someone withholds something from someone else/ they do not allow them
to have something they expected to have/ giấu.
eg: withhold evidence/facts/information: The director is facing disciplinary action
after the inquiry found he deliberately withheld vital information.
- The client's name and address have been withheld for security reasons.
- withhold approval/support.
- withhold funding/payment.

r n y oo l Renewal (n):
[ C or U ]
- the act of making an official document/ agreement/ or rule continue for more
time (gia hạn).
eg: Do you deal with season-ticket renewals here?
- contract/license renewals
- The purchases are subject to annual renewal.
- be due for renewal: If your car tax is due for renewal/ do it before Budget day.
 [U]
- the act of starting again or starting to do something again.
eg: They fear the renewal of hostilities if an agreement is not reached soon.

[U]
- a process in which something improves or is improved after being in a bad
condition .
eg: urban renewal projects

- the act or process of making changes to something in order to improve it so

that it becomes more successful.
eg: economic renewal

- a situation in which something begins again after having stopped for a period
of time.
eg: Pharmaceutical shares also benefited from the renewal of interest in growth
stocks.

- be/come up for renewal: if an agreement is up for renewal/ it will soon end/

and an arrangement needs to be made if you want to continue it for an extra
period of time.
eg: 30% of retailers were thinking of pulling out when contracts come up for
renewal.

9. According to the passage, the results of the experiments with kangaroo rats
showed that
A. kangaroo rats store water for use during dry periods
B. kangaroo rats took advantage of free access to water
C. there was no significant change in body weight due to lack of water or
accessibility to water
D. dry diet seems detrimental to the kangaroo rat‘s health

❖ Quote:
……..but this did not change appreciably the water content in their bodies, which
remained at 66.3% to 67.2% during this period.

ˌdetr men t l Detrimental (a):

- causing harm or damage.
eg: These chemicals have a detrimental effect/impact on the environment.
- Their decision could be detrimental to the future of the company.

10. The word "access' in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to.
A. right B. method C. opportunity D. entrance
 ❖ Explanation:
Access (n): khả năng tiếp cận ~ Opportunity (n): cơ hội (trong tình huống
này câu hoàn toàn có thể thay thế 2 từ cho nhau/ cùng chỉ việc thoải mái uống
nước).
- Right (n): Quyền.

- Method (n): Phương pháp/ cách thức.

- Entrance (n): lối vào.

READING PASSAGE 2 (5 PTS)  Bảo Ngọc

The end of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century were
marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized
by sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The
Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art,
motifs of ancient cultures, and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were
elegant in outline, although often deliberated distorted, with pale or iridescent
surfaces. A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on
ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced
during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically termed ‗art glass'.
Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect on carefully
chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.

Trance produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style;

among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States,
Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style,
producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in
their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully
combining ancient Egyptian. Japanese, and Persian motifs.

The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 to
1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920s. It was eventually
to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been
present since the beginning of the 20th century. At first restricted to a small avant-
garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant
influence upon designers after the First World War. The basic tenet of the
movement that function should determine form - was not a new concept. Soon a
distinct aesthetic code evolved: form should be simple, surfaces plain, and any
ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design concept,
coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the
preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau
types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of
contrasts, stark outline and complex textural surfaces.

———————————————————————————————

Art Nouveau style: ―ornamental style of art that flourished between about 1890 and
1910 throughout Europe and the United States. Art Nouveau is characterized by its use
of a long, sinuous, organic line and was employed most often in architecture,
interior design, jewelry and glass design, posters, and illustration. It was a deliberate
attempt to create a new style, free of the imitative historicism that dominated much of
19th-century art and design.‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

*NOTE: ―Historicism is an approach to explaining the existence of phenomena,

especially social and cultural practices (including ideas and beliefs), by studying their
history, that is, by studying the process by which they came about‖ (from Cambridge
Dictionary)

Sinuous (a): ―moving in a twisting, curving, or indirect way, or having many

curves‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Motif (n):

1/ ―a pattern or design‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

2/ : ―an idea that is used many times in a piece of writing or music‖ (from
Cambridge Dictionary)

Evanescent (a): ―paying for only a short time, then disappearing quickly and being
forgotten‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eclectic (a): ―consisting of different types, methods, styles, etc.‖ (from Cambridge
Dictionary)

Iridescent (a): ―showing many bright colours that change with movement‖ (from
Cambridge Dictionary)

Generic (a): ―relating to our shared by a whole group of similar things; not specific
to any particular thing‖ (from Cambridge Dictionary)

Eg. Color is a generic term assigned to tints, shades, saturation and/or hues.

Exponent (a): ―a person who supports an idea or belief or performs an activity‖

(from Cambridge Dictionary)

Functionalism (n): ―the principle that the most important thing about an object
such as a building is its use rather than what it looks like‖ (from Cambridge
Dictionary)
Avant-garde (a): ideas/styles/methods that are original or modern compared to the
period in which they happen (paraphrased from Cambridge Dictionary)

Tenet (n): ―one of the principles in which a belief or theory is based‖ (from
Cambridge Dictionary)

1. Paragraph 1 of the passage mainly discusses.

A. design elements in the Art Nouveau style

B. the popularity of the Art Nouveau style

C. production techniques for art glass

D. color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau style

2. The word “one” in paragraph 1 refers to.

A. century B. development c. style D. coloration

3. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass was sometimes similar to of

ancient buried glass.

A. the distortion of the glass B. the appearance of the glass surface

c. the shapes of the glass objects D. the size of the glass objects

4. The main purpose of paragraph 2 is to.

A. compare different Art Nouveau styles

B. give examples of famous Art Nouveau artists

C. explain why Art Nouveau glass was so popular in the United States

D. show the impact Art Nouveau had on other cultures around the world

5. The word “prized” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to.

A. valued B. universal c. uncommon D. preserved

6. The word “overtaken” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to.

A. surpassed B. inclined c. expressed D. applied

Surpassed (v): to be better than (paraphrased from Oxford Languages)

7. By stating that “function should determine form” the author means that

A. a useful object should not be attractive

B. the purpose of an object should influence its form

C. the design of an object is considered more significant than its function

D. the form of an object should not include decorative elements

8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason functionalism became popular
was that it.

A. clearly distinguished between art and design

B. appealed to people who like complex painted designs

C. reflected a common desire to break from the past

D. was easily interpreted by the general public

9. Paragraph 3 supports the idea that.

A. functionalism's design concept avoided geometric shapes

B. functionalism started on a small scale and then spread gradually

C. Functionalism was a major force in the decorative arts before the First World War

D. Functionalism was not attractive to architects and designers

10. According to the passage, an object made in the Art Nouveau style would most
likely include. .

A. a flowered design B. bright colors

C. modem symbols D. a textured surface

VI. GUIDED CLOZE TEST  Thanh Ngọc

Read the following passages and choose the options that best complete the blanks.
GUIDED CLOZE TEST 1 (5 PTS)
THE TRADE IN RHINO HORN
Last year thieves broke into a Scottish castle and stole only one thing: a rhino horn,
which is at 1.5 metres, was the longest in the world. In China, pharmaceutical factories
have been building up 1 ……..of antiques made from rhino horn, for the sole purpose
of smashing them to powder to make the 2 ……. ingredient of many of their
medicines. And in Africa poachers continue to die in the 3 ……for the black rhino.
Recently, conservationists have met to 4 ……a campaign to persuade countries where
rhino horn is still a part of the traditional medicine to switch to substitutes. The biggest
5 …..to the survival of the rhinoceros is the refusal of certain countries to enforce a ban
on domestic 6 ……in rhino horn.
The rhino horn is included in many aids for disorder ranging from fevers to
nosebleeds. Horn, like fingernails, is made of keratin and has no proven medicinal
7 …….. Traditional substitutes, such as horn from buffalo or antelope, are regarded as
second best. .
The battle is 8 ……….to be winnable. But it may be harder than the battle
against the trade in ivory, for there is a 9 ……..between the two commodities. Ivory is
a luxury, while rhino horn, people believe could 10 …….the life of their child

1.A bundles B.collections C.amounts D.group

2.A. real B.atcual C.essential D.true
3.A. tight B.chance C. search D.race
4.A. design B.plan C.programme D.form
5.A. threat B.danger C.disaster D.menace
6.A. business B.commerce C. selling D. trading
7.A. capacity B.property C.control D.powers
8.A. thought B.dreamed C.imagined D.viewed
9.A. variation B.comparison C.gap D.difference
10.A. make B.save C.help D.survive

❖ New words:
ˌfärm sood k l Pharmaceutical (a):
- relating to the production of medicines.
eg: the pharmaceutical industry.

an tēk Antique (n):

- something made in an earlier period that is collected and considered to have
value because it is beautiful/ rare/ old/ or of high quality.
eg: You can't give away Granny's old bookcase - it's a valuable antique.

- very old or old-fashioned.

eg: I just can't let go of the antique idea of reading actual books.

- trading or relating to antiques.

eg: an antique dealer
- antique shops/markets/fairs/auctions
-
 pōCH r Poacher (n):
- someone who catches and kills animals illegally.
eg: Poachers hunt and kill the rhinos for their horns.

s bst ˌt y oot Substitute (n):

- something different or new that is used instead of another thing.
eg: (as) a substitute for sth: We are looking at the possibility of using foreign
production as a substitute for exports to foreign markets.
- cheap/good/poor substitutes: Cheaper substitutes displaced the product from the
world market.
- egg/fat/meat substitutes.

- there is no substitute for something/ doing sth: nothing is as good as the stated
thing.
eg: Early warning of a layoff is no substitute for a job.

- in sports, a player who is used for part of a game instead of another player.
eg: Johnson came on as a substitute towards the end of the game.
(v):
to use someone or something instead of another person or thing.
eg: You can substitute oil for butter in this recipe.

- to use something different or new instead of another thing.

eg: substitute sth for sth: Industry must reduce fuel consumption by substituting
alternative fuels for fossil fuels.
- substitute sth with sth: It takes time to substitute local brands with your own
brand names.

ˌdis ôrd r Disorder (n) (chứng rối loạn)

[U]
- a state of untidiness or lack of organization.
eg: The whole office was in a state of disorder.

[ C or U ]
- an illness of the mind or body.
eg: a blood disorder.
- The family have a history of mental disorder.
 [U]
- an angry, possibly violent,expression of not being happy or satisfied about
something, especially about a political matter, by crowds of people.
eg: The trial was kept secret because of the risk of public disorder.

nōzˌblēd Nosebleed (n):

- an occasion when blood comes out of a person's nose / chảy máu mũi.
eg: She gets/has a lot of nosebleeds.

īv rē Ivory (n):
[U]
- the hard yellowish-white substance that forms the tusks of some animals
such as elephants, used especially in the past to make decorative objects/ ngà
voi.
eg: a ban on ivory trading

1.A bundles B.collections C.amounts D.group

2.A. real B.atcual C.essential D.true
3.A. tight B.chance C. search D.race
4.A. design B.plan C.programme D.form
5.A. threat B.danger C.disaster D.menace
6.A. business B.commerce C. selling D. trading
7.A. capacity B.property C.control D.powers
8.A. thought B.dreamed C.imagined D.viewed
9.A. variation B.comparison C.gap D.difference
10.A. make B.save C.help D.survive

1.
b ndl Bundle (n): a number of things that have been fastened or are held
together.
eg: a bundle of clothes/newspapers/books

k lekSH n Collection (n): a group of objects of one type that have been
collected by one person or in one place.
eg: a private art collection.

mount Amount (n): a collection or mass/ especially of something that cannot

be counted:
eg: They didn't deliver the right amount of sand.
 roop Group (n): a number of people or things that are put together or
considered as a unit.

eg: I'm meeting a group of friends for dinner tonight.

2.
sen t SH l essential (a): necessary or needed.
eg: Water is essential for/to living things.
- It is essential (that) our prices remain competitive.
[ + to infinitive ] For the experiment to be valid/ it is essential to record the data
accurately.

rē l Real (a):
- existing in fact and not imaginary.
eg: Assuring the patient that she has a real and not imaginary problem is the first step.

- being what it appears to be and not false [before noun].

eg: real leather/fur

- the most important; the main.

eg: The real difficulty was the language/ because my children don't speak English.

- used to emphasize a noun.

eg: He's a real gentleman.
(adv):
- very.
eg: I like this homemade lemonade, it's real good!

ak t SH oo l Actual (a):
- existing in fact.
eg: We had estimated about 300 visitors, but the actual number was much higher.
- true or exact.
eg: actual amount/cost/figure: Residents are paying electricity prices that are double
the - actual cost of generating electricity.
- There is a gap between desired and actual performance.
- actual sales/results

troo True (a):

- (especially of facts or statements) right and not wrong; correct.
eg: [ + that ] Is it true that Mariana and Mark are getting married?

- being what exists, rather than what was thought, intended, or stated. [before
noun]
eg: true love

- sincere or loyal, and likely to continue to be so in difficult situations.

eg: There are few true believers in communism left in the party.
- She has vowed to remain true to the president whatever happens.
- He said he'd repay the money the next day, and true to his word (= as he had
promised)/ he gave it all back to me the following morning.
-
- having all the characteristics necessary to be accurately described as
something.
eg: Only true deer have antlers.
- It was said that the portrait was a very true likeness of her (= looked very much
like her).
- In true Hollywood style (= in a way that is typical of Hollywood), she's had four
marriages and three facelifts.

3.
s rCH/ Search (n):
- an attempt to find someone or something.

eg: The search for ivories cause the dead of many valuable species of elephants.
- The police carried out/conducted/made a thorough/exhaustive search of the
premises, but they failed to find any drugs.

- an attempt to find an answer to a problem.

eg: the search for happiness.

- an attempt to find information on a computer/ on the internet/ etc..

eg: I did a search for yoga clubs in my area.
- the act or process of looking carefully in order to find something.
eg: [ C ] After a long search, they finally found the lost child.
- [ U ] It‟s a book about the search for love.
- in search of something: trying to find something.
eg: She was shot by a sniper when she went out in search of firewood.

Search (v):
- to look somewhere carefully in order to find something.

eg: The police searched the woods for the missing boy.
- She searched his face for some sign of forgiveness/ but it remained
expressionless.
- He searched (in/through) his pockets for some change.
- I've searched high and low (= everywhere)/ but I can't find my birth certificate.
 - The detectives searched the house from top to bottom (= all over it), but they
found no sign of the stolen goods.
- [figurative] She searched her mind/memory for the man's name, but she couldn't
remember it

tīt Tight (a):

- Clothes or shoes that are tight fit the body too closely and are uncomfortable.
eg: That jacket's too tight - you need a bigger size.

- A tight feeling is an uncomfortable feeling of pressure in part of your body/

caused by illness,fear, etc.
eg: Some people experienced tight chests after exercising in areas of high pollution.

- Tight muscles feel stiff and difficult to move.

eg: If you sit for long periods, it can make your hamstring muscles very tight on the
back of your thighs.

- looking or sounding as if you are angry, frightened, or nervous, and not

relaxed.
eg: In a small, tight voice, she said, "Help me, please."

- Tight controls or rules severely limit what can happen.

eg: Rules on what can be taken on board an aircraft have become tighter.

- If time or money is tight, there is only just enough of it.

eg: I'm sorry I can't stay for a chat, time's really tight.
- They're raising three kids on one small salary so money is very tight.

- unwilling to spend money.

eg: He was too tight to pay for a taxi so we had to walk.
- having drunk too much alcohol.
eg: Jim, you're tight!

- If two people are tight/ they know each other very well and like each other a
lot:
eg: The two of them were pretty tight at school.

- (held or kept together) firmly or closely.

eg: You have to wrap the bandage tight enough so that it really supports your ankle.
/CHans/ Chance (n):
- an occasion that allows something to be done; an opportunity.
eg: I didn't get/have a chance to speak to her.
- [ + to infinitive ] If you give me a chance to speak/ I'll explain.
- Society has to give prisoners a second chance when they come out of jail.
- He left and I missed my chance to say goodbye to him.
- I'd go now given half a chance (= if I had the slightest opportunity).

- the level of possibility that something will happen.

eg: You'd have a better chance/more chances of passing your exams if you worked
a bit harder.
- [ + (that) ] There's a good chance (that) I'll have this essay finished by tomorrow.
- There's a slim/slight chance (that) I might have to go to Manchester next week.
- If we hurry/ there's still an outside (= very small) chance of catching the plane.
- "Is there any chance of speaking to him?" "Not a/No chance/ I'm afraid."
- I don't think I stand/have a chance of winning.
- (UK) John thinks they're in with a chance (= they have a possibility of doing or
getting what they want).

- a possibility that something negative will happen.

eg: I'm delivering my work by hand - I'm not taking any chances.
- There's a chance of injury in almost any sport.

- the force that causes things to happen without any known cause or reason
for doing so.
eg: Roulette is a game of chance.
- I got this job completely by chance.
- [ + (that) ] It was pure/sheer chance (that) we met.
- We must double-check everything and leave nothing to chance.

rās Race (n):

[C]
- a competition in which all the competitors try to be the fastest and to finish
first.
eg: Do you know who won/lost the race?
- Let's have a swimming race.
- They're taking part in a race to the top of Mont Blanc.
[C]
- an attempt to be the first to do or to get something.
eg: Kieran and Andrew are in a race for promotion.
- [ + to infinitive ] Three newspapers are involved in a race to publish the story.
- Another candidate has now entered the presidential race (= the attempt to be
elected as president).
- Finishing this project by December is going to be a race against time/the clock (= an
attempt to finish fast within a time limit).

[C]
- one of the main groups to which people are often considered to belong, based
on physical characteristics that they are perceived to share such as skin
colour, eye shape, etc.
eg: People of many different races were living side by side.

[U]
- the idea that people can be divided into different groups based on physical
characteristics that they are perceived to share such as skin colour, eye
shape, etc., or the dividing of people in this way:
eg: Discrimination on grounds of race will not be tolerated.

- a group of people who share the same language, history, characteristics, etc.:
eg: The British are an island race.

4.
Plan
(v):
- to think about and decide what you are going to do or how you are going to
do something.
eg: She helped them to plan their route.

- to intend to do something or that an event or result should happen.

eg: Our meeting wasn't planned - it was completely accidental.
- [ + to infinitive ] I'm not planning to stay here much longer.
- [ + adv/prep ] We only planned for six guests/ but then someone brought a friend.
- to design a building or structure.
eg: The people who planned these new towns had a vision of clean modern housing for
everyone.

- to think about and decide on a method for doing or achieving something.

eg: He planned on taking his vacation in July.
- You‟ve got to plan ahead and save your money for your retirement.

(n) [C/U]
- a set of decisions about how to do something in the future.
eg: a five-year plan.

- a type of arrangement for financial investment. [C/U]

eg: [C] a pension/savings plan
 - a method for doing or achieving something, usually involving a series of
actions or stages, or something you have arranged to do. [C/U]
eg: [ C ] The financial plan calls for growth of 5% next year.

- If something goes according to plan, it happens the way you wanted it to.
[C/U]
eg: [ U ] Producing a new movie rarely goes exactly according to plan.

- a drawing that shows the shape, size, and position of important details of a
building or other structure, or of objects within it. [C]
eg: The floor plan showed us exactly where everyone‟s office would be.

[C]
- a set of actions that are intended to archive a specific aim:

- a plan/plans to do sth: The government has launched a $935m plan to create

jobs.

- a plan/plans for sth: Plans for a share buyback are expected to be unveiled later
this week.

- have plans/no plans to do sth : A representative of the bank said it had no plans
to make further cuts in its bonus rates.

- under a plan: A further 2,500 job cuts are planned for this year under a plan to
save €1.3bn in costs.

- a strategic/financial/marketing plan: Operations that do not fit the firm's overall

strategic plan are currently being sold off..

- a restructuring/spending/recovery plan

- an ambitious/controversial plan.

- immediate/long-term/future plans.

- a three-phase/five-point/ten-year plan.

- have/come up with/draw up a plan: You will need to have a plan to cover start-
up expenses while you grow your business.

- announce/unveil/reveal a plan: The telecommunications giant yesterday

announced a restructuring plan.
 - utline/formulate/finalize a plan: Over the next few months/ the board will
finalize its plans for meeting the 2020 mandate on carbon dioxide emissions.

- abandon/shelve/scrap a plan: Plans to expand into Spain and Portugal were

shelved during the recession last year.

- keep to/stick to/follow a plan: By sticking to our original plan/ we finally made a
success of the business.

- approve/back/support a plan : Ministers meeting in Brussels approved a plan to

refinance the project.

- agree/adopt/implement a plan: Get your team around the table and agree a plan
of action to give more attention to detail.

- oppose/reject a plan.

- go ahead/press ahead/proceed with a plan.

- a plan involves/includes sth: A new €30 million investment plan announced

Friday includes the construction of new plants.

- a plan fails/succeeds: Plans to reassure investors failed and shares slipped 3%.

- an idea about what you may do in the future.

eg: What are your plans after you graduate from college?
- a plan/plans for sth: You need to sit down and think about your plans for
retirement.
- sb's plan is to do sth: Their plan is to cut income tax for the lower paid.

- a financial arrangement in which someone regularly saves or invests money.

eg: a retirement/investment/savings plan.

d zīn Design (n):

- a drawing or set of drawings showing how a building or product is to be
made and how it will work and look.
eg: Have you seen the designs for the new shopping centre?

[U]
- the art of making plans or drawings for something.
eg: She's an expert on kitchen/software design.

- the way in which something is planned and made:

eg: I don't like the design of this sofa.
- The building was originally Victorian in design.

- a pattern used to decorate something.

eg: a floral/abstract design

(v):
- to make or draw plans for something/ for example clothes or buildings.
eg: Who designed this building/dress/furniture?
- This range of clothing is specially designed for shorter women.

- to intend.
eg: This dictionary is designed for advanced learners of English.
- [ + to infinitive ] These measures are designed to reduce pollution.

prōˌ ram Programme (n):

- a broadcast on television or radio.
eg: watch/see a programme: Did you see that new programme last night?
- a television/TV/radio programme: There aren't too many TV programmes worth
watching right now.
- a news/reality/history programme : We listened to a news programme on the
BBC World Service.
- broadcast/show a programme (about sth): They're always showing programmes
about nasty people doing nasty things to each other.
- a programme on sth: We listened to a new programme on Radio 4
- a thin book or piece of paper giving information about a play or musical or
sports event, usually bought at the theatre or place where the event happens.
eg: I looked in the programme to find out the actor's name.
- He collected football programmes.

- a plan of activities to be done or things to be achieved.

eg: The school offers an exciting and varied programme of social events.

- an officially organized system of services, activities, or opportunities that

help people achieve something.
eg: There is no graduate training programme for new recruits.
- a programme to do sth: Housing Market Renewal is a programme to deal with
low demand in housing areas.
- a building/development/research programme.
- build/develop/finance a programme.
- launch/carry out/initiate a programme.
 - a planned series of related events or activities:
eg: A programme of meetings has been planned for October and November.
- organize/set up/plan a programme
(v):
- to plan for activities to be done or things to be achieved.
eg: be programmed for sth: This project is programmed for completion in April.

- to write a series of instructions, using a computer language/ to create or run

a computer program.
programme sth to do sth: Computers have been programmed to unlock apartment doors
or slow trains in the event of an earthquake.

- to use a piece of software to give instructions to a computer or piece of

electronic equipment to make it perform one of a range of tasks.
eg: programme sth to do sth: You can programme the DVD player to switch itself off.

/fôrm/ Form (n):

- a paper or set of papers printed with spaces in which answers to questions
can be written or information can be recorded in an organized way.
eg: an application form (= document used for asking officially for something/ for
example a job)
- an entry form (= document used to enter a competition)
- Please fill in/out the form with black ink.
- When you have completed the form/ hand it in at the desk.

- a type of something.
eg: Swimming is the best form of exercise.

- the shape or appearance of something.

eg: I could just about make out his sleeping form on the bed.
- The lawn was laid out in the form of the figure eight.
[U]
- A competitor's form is their ability to be successful over a period of time:
eg: Both horses have shown good form over the last season.

[C]
- one part of a verb or other word that has a special use or meaning.
eg: The continuous form of "stand" is "standing".
- "Stood" is the irregular past tense form of "stand".

[C]
- in the UK, a class of school children or a group of classes of children of a
similar age.
[C]
- Form in a work of art or piece of music is the design or arrangement of it
that it shares with other works of the same type.

(v):
- to create a company, organization, etc.
eg: form a business/company/firm: They joined together to form their own garment
company.
- form a committee/agency/task force: The council President formed the
committee when the number of complaints jumped from around 50 per month to
nearly 1/200.

- to develop a successful relationship with a person, organization, or country,

especially for a particular purpose.
eg: form a coalition/partnership/alliance: A regional Latino business coalition was
formed to seek ways to fight the measures.

- to begin to exist or to make something begin to exist.

eg: A crowd formed around the accident.
- A solution began to form in her mind.
- I formed the impression (= the way she behaved suggested to me) that she
didn't really want to come.

- to make something into a particular shape.

eg: She formed the clay into a small bowl.

- to make or be something.
eg: The lorries formed a barricade across the road.

- If separate things form, they come together to make a whole.

eg: The children formed into lines.

- to come together and make a particular order or shape.

eg: [ + to infinitive ] A crowd formed to watch the fire.
- Please form a single line.

- to begin to have.
eg: I formed the opinion that I was not really welcome there anymore.

- take form: to gradually be seen or gradually develop.

eg: Trees and hedges started to take form as the fog cleared.
 - be on good/ great/ etc. form [UK] (US be in good/ great/ etc. form): to be
feeling or performing well.
eg: Paul was on good form at the wedding and kept everyone entertained.

- bad form [old-fashioned]: rude behavior.

eg: Was that bad form then/ leaving so early?

5.
/THret/ Threat (n):

- a suggestion that something unpleasant or violent will happen/ especially if a

particular action or order is not followed:

eg: [ + to infinitive ] Her parents carried out their threat to take away her mobile phone
if her grades didn't improve.
- The threat of : jail failed to deter him from petty crime.
- Drunken drivers pose a serious threat (= cause a lot of harm) to other road users.
- He says he'll tell the authorities but it's just an empty threat (= it will not happen).

[C]
- a statement that someone will be hurt or harmed/ esp. if the person does not
do something in particular.
eg: She was fired after making threats to her co-workers.

[ C/U ]
- the possibility that something unwanted will happen, or a person or thing
that is likely to cause something unwanted to happen.
eg: [ U ] A threat of rain is in today‟s forecast.

men s Menace (n):

- something that is threatening and may cause harm.
eg: the menace of sth: The world is still facing the menace of terrorism.
- a menace to society/the environment: Plastic bags are a menace to marine
environments because they don't break down quickly.
- Banks and credit card firms warned of a growing menace from identity thieves.

[ C usually singular ]
- something that is likely to cause harm.
eg: Drunk drivers are a menace to everyone.

- a dangerous quality that makes you think someone is going to do something

bad.
eg: He had a slight air of menace which made me uneasy.
 - a person, especially a child, who is very annoying.

- demand money with menaces: to demand money using threats.

eg: He was accused of unlawfully demanding money with menaces.

- danger, or someone or something that is likely to cause harm.

eg: [ U ] There was an air of controlled menace about him.
- [ C ] That boy is a menace to himself and his friends.

dānj r Danger (n):

- the possibility of harm or death to someone.
eg: Danger! Keep out!
- He drove so fast that I really felt my life was in danger.
- The doctors say he is now out of danger (= is not expected to die although he
has been extremely sick).

- something or someone that may harm you.

eg: Icy roads are a danger to drivers.

 The difference between ―threat‖, ― menace‖ and ―danger‖:

- A menace (usually a person or animal) has earned the title by their past deeds. A
menace has caused trouble in the past, and has earned the namesake.
- A threat is a warning that something bad could happen/ or a warning of causing
harm in the future. Threats are usually made with intent to intimidate.
- Danger indicates the risk of accident, violence or other harm.

d zast r Disaster (n):

- (an event that results in) great harm, damage, or death, or serious difficulty/
thảm họa.
eg: An inquiry was ordered into the recent rail disaster (= a serious train accident).
- It would be a disaster for me if I lost my job.
- This is one of the worst natural disasters ever to befall the area.
- Heavy and prolonged rain can spell disaster for many plants.
- Everything was going smoothly until suddenly disaster struck.
- Inviting James and Ivan to dinner on the same evening was a recipe for disaster
(= caused a very difficult situation) - they always argue with each other.

- an event causing great harm, damage, or suffering.

eg: [ C/U ] financial disaster
- [ U ] disaster aid/relief
- [ C ] Over 100 people died in the disaster.
- [ C ] The hurricane may be the costliest natural disaster in US history.
 - A disaster is also a complete failure.
eg: [ C ] Our last dinner party was an absolute disaster.

- a sudden event that causes a lot of damage, such as a very bad fir, storm, or
accident/ thảm họa.
eg: Insurance companies often charge extra to cover floods, earthquakes, or other
natural disasters.

- an extremely bad situation that can destroy a company‘s plans, success, or

ability to operate.
eg: mean/spell disaster for sb: A crash in real estate prices would mean financial
disaster for the housing lenders.
- The $7.48 billion takeover quickly turned into a major disaster.

- be a disaster [ informal]: to be very unsuccessful or extremely bad.

eg: The evening was a complete disaster.
6.
Trading (n):
[U]
- the activity of buying and selling, or exchanging, goods and, or services
between people or countries.
eg: China has quickly become one of Africa's largest bilateral trading partners.
- The luxury goods group's results were particularly notable given the tough
trading conditions.
- disappointing/poor/good trading
Bussiness (n):
[U]
- the activity of buying and selling goods and services.

eg: My brother's in business.

- Eventually they found a consultant they felt they could do business with (= with
whom they could work well).

- This new tax will put a lot of small firms out of business (= they will stop
operating).

- She set up in business (= started her own company) as a management consultant.

Commerce (n):
[U]
- the buying and selling of goods and services/ esp. in large amounts.
eg: Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the states.
 ❖ The difference between ―Trade‖, ―Business‖ and ―Commerce‖ :
- Business refers to all those activities which are done with the aim of earning
profits.
- Commerce refers to all activities which facilitates the exchange of goods from
producer to end consumer.
- Trade refers to exchange of products or services among buyers and sellers in
return for money.

selɪŋ Selling (n):

- the activity of making products and services available so that people buy
them.
eg: New measures announced yesterday include plans to accelerate the buying and
selling of houses.

- the job and skill of persuading people to buy things.

eg: Our staff have received extensive training in selling.

7.
Power (n):
[U]
- Strength.
eg: The economic power of many Asian countries has grown dramatically in recent
years.
[U]
- the ability to control or influence people/ organizations/ events/ etc.
eg: Shareholder power is a crucial part of how any capitalist society works.

- power over sb/sth: Most CEOs have a great deal of power over the boards of
directors.
- the power to do sth: Oil prices still have the power to hurt the world economy.
- The bitter power struggle at the top of the company had a negative effect on the
value of its shares.
- The balance of power in global markets is beginning to shift.
- be in power: The last government was in power for over a decade.
[ C or U ]
- an official or legal authority to do something.
eg: have the power to do sth: The regulator has the power to block a deal that would
be damaging to consumers.
- emergency/executive/special powers: The Prime Minister was set to invoke
emergency powers to handle the distribution of petrol during the crisis.
 [C]
- a group, country, or organization that has control over others, especially
because of financial or military strength.
eg: a world/global power: China is fast developing into a major global power.
- a military/political power
- a corporate/economic/financial power
[U]
- energy that is produced and used to make things work.
eg: The agency is running a campaign to try and turn public opinion in favour of
nuclear power.
- The energy regulator agreed that power companies could make customers sign
long-term agreements.
- a power cut/failure/outage( cắt điện/ mất điện) : A power outage in Quebec left
6 million people in the dark.
[U]
- the ability of a machine, computer, etc. to work effectively.
eg: The system is a way of measuring how much computer-processing power is needed
to handle all the hits to a customer's site.

- the amount of political control a person or group has in a country.

eg: Does the president have more power than the prime minister?
- How long has the Conservative Party been in power?
- The army seized power ( bị tịch thu quyền lực) after five days of anti-
government demonstrations.
[U]
- an official or legal right to do something.
eg: [ + to infinitive ] I'd like to help but I don't have the power to intervene in this
dispute.
- I can't give you a refund - I'm afraid it's not within my power.

powers [ plural ]
- authority.
eg: You were acting beyond your powers when you agreed to give her a pay rise
- Visitors to the city are respectfully reminded of the council's powers to remove
illegally parked vehicles.

- electricity, especially when considering its use or production:

eg: You should disconnect the power before attempting to repair electrical equipment.
- Our building lost power (= the electricity was stopped) during the storm.
- power cables/lines

powers [ plural ] (n):

- abilities.
eg: My mental powers aren't as good as they used to be.

[U]
- a natural skill or an ability to do something.
eg: He was so shocked by what happened to his parents that he lost the power of speech.
- [ + to infinitive ] The surgeon did everything in her power to save him.

[U]
- the rate at which energy is used, or the ability to produce energy.
eg: The ship was only slightly damaged in the collision (n: sựu va chạm) and was able
to sail into port under its own power.
- The power rating of my amplifier (n: bộ khuếch đại) is 40 watts per channel.

- the amount by which an image is increased by a device used for seeing things
that are very small or a long distance away.
eg: What's the magnification power of your binoculars?
- You'll need a very high-power microscope to see something as small as that.

(v):
- to provide a machine, computer, vehicle, etc. with the energy it needs to
work effectively.
eg: be powered by sth: There is increasing interest in cars powered by alternative
fuels, such as ethanol or clean diesel.

- to make something happen in a faster or more effective way

eg: The supermarket's strong performance was powered by a 39% increase in sales of
organic produce.

- to act with great strength or in a forceful way.

eg: Halfway through, she powered into the lead and went on to win the race.

(a)[before noun]
- operated by electricity or a motor.
eg: power tools.
- a power drill

- used to describe something that shows that you are a busy important person
in a company.
eg: She was wearing her trademark power suit for the meeting.

k pas dē Capacity (n):

[ U or C ]
- The total amount that can be contained or produced.
eg: The stadium has a seating capacity of 50/000 [C]
- The game was watched by a capacity crowd/audience of 50/000 (= the place was
completely full).
- The generators each have a capacity of (= can produce) 1/000 kilowatts.
- The larger cars have bigger capacity engines (= the engines are bigger and more
powerful).
- All our factories are working at (full) capacity (= are producing goods as fast as
possible).
- We are running below capacity (= not producing as many goods as we are able
to) because of cancelled orders.

- someone's ability to do a particular thing.

eg: She has a great capacity for hard work.
- [ + to infinitive ] It seems to be beyond his capacity to follow simple
instructions.
- Do you think it's within his capacity to do the job without making a mess of it?
- He suffered a stroke in 2008, which left him unable to speak, but his mental
capacity wasn't affected.
- a particular position or job.
eg: sb's capacity as sth: She guides tourists at the Martin Luther King Jr. Birth
Home in her capacity as a National Park Service ranger.
- He attends Board meetings in an advisory capacity.
[C]
- the ability to do something in particular.
eg : He has an enormous capacity for work.

- the total amount of something that can be produced.

eg: cut/expand/increase capacity: They aim to expand capacity by 3 million barrels
a day.
- All our factories are now working at full capacity.

- the ability of a person or organization to do something.

eg: capacity to do sth: "Every industry has the capacity to go green," he says.
- capacity for sth Most people have little capacity for creativity in solving
problems at work.

präp rdē Property (n):

- an object or objects that belong to someone.
eg: The club does not accept responsibility for loss of or damage to club members'
personal property.
[C]
- a building or area of land that someone owns.
eg: The number of properties coming on to the market in June increased at the fastest
rate since May last year.
 - buy/sell a property: When the owner died, the family sold the property.
- a business/investment/residential property
- a hotel/retail/office property.
[U]
- buildings and land, considered as things to be bought and sold.
eg: They made their money in property.
- buy/invest in/own property: The university owns a lot of property in this part of
town.
- The expense to each property owner will be more than $200/000.
- Property prices are very high in that area.
[C]
- a quality in a substance or material, especially one that means that it can be
used in a particular way.
eg: One of the properties of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity very well.
We value herbs for their taste, but we forget that they also have medicinal properties.

- a quality that something has.

eg: Wool has excellent properties for clothing, since it can keep you warm while
letting air in.
- A property is also a particular physical or chemical characteristic of a substance.

k n trōl Control (v):

- to order, limit, or rule something, or someone's actions or behavior.
eg: If you can't control your dog, put it on a lead!

- to be in charge of something or someone and have the power to make

decisions relating to them.
eg: The Chicago-based holding company controls a global network of advertising and
public relations agencies.

- to own the most shares in a company and be the main owner.

eg: Avis' employees control the company through an employee stock option program.
- to own a particular number of the shares in a company, and be one of its
owners.
eg: She controls 7.5% of the company.
- control a stake in sth: They currently control a 20% stake in the textile firm.
( kiểm soát cổ phần trong)

- to limit the amount by which something is allowed to change/ develop/ or

increase.
eg: If the program is adopted, the supply and price of sugar will be controlled
through subsidies and import quotas.
 - to deal with a problem or situation successfully and stop it from becoming
worse.
eg: control inflation/spending/debts: Corporate spending was cut by 15% in an
effort to control spiraling debts.

- to make a machine, system, process, etc. operate in the way you want it to.
eg: All of the building's lighting and heating systems are controlled automatically.

(n):
[U]
- the power to give orders, make decisions, and take responsibility for
something.
eg: take/keep/gain control of sth: Banks threatened to take control of the business.
- Both parties are vying for control of the Senate.

[U]
- the ability to make someone or something do what you want.
eg: control over sb/sth: Critics claim he was an ineffective manager, with virtually
no control over his staff.
- seize/take control of sth: Malware can seize control of a computer and use it for
financial scams.

[U]
- a large number of shares owned by one person or group, which gives them
power to control its management.
eg: The family plans to sell control of its publishing empire for $2.5 billion.

[ C or U ]
- a limit on something, or the act of limiting something in order to stop it from
becoming worse.
eg: control on sth: If the independent operators corner the market there will be very
little control on prices.
- strict/tight/tough controls: Managers need to keep a tight control on costs.
- impose/introduce/tighten controls: The government imposed controls that
required vendors to sell some items below cost price.
- relax/remove/loosen control: Controls were relaxed so that US manufacturers
could participate more aggressively in the international market.

[ C usually plural ]
- a switch or a piece of equipment with switches on it, used for operating a
machine or vehicle.
eg: The plant was updated with new control panels for its industrial machinery.
- Investigators are still trying to determine who was at the controls when the
company jet crashed.

- in control: controlling something or having the power to control something.

eg: When negotiating a deal it‟s important that you remain calm and in control.
- be in control of sth: She moved out of Sales and is now in control of the Marketing
department

- out of control: if something is out of control, it cannot be dealt with

successfully.
eg: be/get/spiral out of control: One of their biggest priorities is to prevent costs
from getting out of control.

- under control: if a situation is under control/ it is being dealt with

successfully and is unlikely to create any problems.
eg: bring/get/keep sth under control : The Fed would likely raise rates gradually to
keep inflation under control.
8.
/THiNGk/ Think -> Thought (v):
- to believe something or have an opinion or idea.
eg: [ + (that) ] I think (that) I've met you before.
- I don't think Emma will get the job
- [ + to infinitive ] He was thought to have boarded the plane in New York.
- What did you think of the film?
- Salmon used to be thought of as expensive/a luxury.
- What do you think about the latest plans for improving the underground system?

- to consider a person's needs or wishes.

eg: She's always thinking of others.

- to use the brain to decide to do something.

eg: [ + of+ -ing verb ] I'm thinking of taking up running.
- [ + (that) ] I think (that) I'll go swimming after lunch.
- I'm thinking about buying a new car.
-
- to use the brain to plan something, solve a problem, understand a situation,
etc.
eg: I'm sorry I forgot to mention your name. I just wasn't thinking.

- to remember or imagine.
eg: I was just thinking about you when you called.
- She was so busy she didn't think to tell me about it.

not think much of sb/sth: to have a low opinion of someone or something.

eg: I didn't think much of her latest book.

- think long and hard (also think twice): to think very carefully about
something.
eg: Think long and hard before you make any important decisions.
- I know it's exciting, but you should think twice before you spend that much
money on a vacation.

- think aloud UK (US think out loud): to automatically say what you are
thinking:
eg: "What did you say?" "Oh, nothing, I was just thinking aloud."

drēm Dream (v):

- to experience activities, images, and feelings in your mind during sleep.
eg: What did you dream about last night?
- [ + that clause ] I dreamed that I was in a boat on a big lake/ and I was trying to
get back to land.

i maj n Imagine (v):

- to form or have a mental picture or idea of something.
eg: Imagine Robert Redford when he was young - that's what John looks like.
- [ + (that) ] Imagine (that) you're eating ice cream - try to feel how cold it is.
- [ + question word ] Can you imagine how it feels to be blind?
- [ + V-ing verb ] She imagined herself sitting in her favourite chair back home.
- They hadn't imagined (= expected) (that) it would be so difficult.

- to believe that something is probably true.

eg: [ + (that) ] I imagine (that) he's under a lot of pressure at the moment.
- "Will they change it?" "I imagine so."

- to think that something exists or is true, although in fact it is not real or true.
eg: "Did you hear a noise?" "No, you're imagining things,No, you must have imagined
it."

- used to express shock or surprise, often at someone else's behavior.

eg: She got married at 16! Imagine that!
- [ + -ing verb ] Imagine spending all that money on a coat!

- you can't imagine: used to emphasize a statement.

eg: You can't imagine what a mess the house was in after the party.

vyoo View (v):

- to have a particular opinion or way of thinking about someone or something.
eg: A reporter asked the minister how he viewed recent events.
- She is viewed as a strong candidate for the job.
- We view these latest developments with concern/suspicion/satisfaction.
- If we view the problem from a different angle, a solution may become more
obvious.
- How do you view your prospects/chances (= what do you consider your
chances to be) in tomorrow's race?

- to watch something.
eg: There's a special area at the airport where you can view aircraft taking off and
landing.
- Viewing figures (= the number of people watching) for the show were very low.

- to look at something in a complete or careful way.

eg: We have two people coming to view the house this afternoon.

- to look at or consider something.

eg: How do you view your chances of getting that job?

10.
ˌverē āSH n Variation (n):
[C or U]
- change in quality/ amount/ or level.
eg: [ U ] The variation in the price during the past month is startling.
- variation in sth: The company uses outsourcing to respond to variations in
demand.
[C]
- something that is slightly different from the usual form or arrangement/ biến
thể.
eg: There are wide variations in the way pensioners have benefited from the system.
- The films she makes are all variations on the same theme.
- a variation on sth: Sometimes a small variation on an existing idea is enough to
make it stand out.

k m per s n Comparison (n):

- the act of comparing two or more people or things.
eg: They made a comparison of different countries' eating habits.
- By/In comparison with the French, the British eat far less fish.
- the fact of considering something similar or of equal quality to something
else.
eg: She drew a comparison between life in the army and life in prison.
- To my mind there's no comparison between the two restaurants.
- He's a good writer but he doesn't bear/stand comparison with Shakespeare (= he
is not nearly as good as Shakespeare).
 Gap (n):
- an empty space or opening in the middle of something or between two things.
eg: The children squeezed through a gap in the wall.
- She has a small gap between her front teeth.

- a difference between two things.

eg: The gap between rich and poor is still widening (= becoming greater).

- a period of time spent doing something different.

eg: After a gap of five years, Jennifer decided to go back to work full-time.
- A gap can also be something lacking.
eg: Some people read to fill in gaps in their education.

- something that is missing from a situation.

eg: close/fill gaps in sth: The Bill aims to close gaps in existing law on fraud.
- growing/widening gap: New federal projections for job openings this decade
show a growing gap in the training and education required for workers.

- a period in which something does not happen.

eg: Most see a gap between finishing education and starting work as a positive thing.

- a difference between people or their situations.

eg: gap between sth and sth: The gap between rich and poor is growing all the time.
- close/fill/widen the gap: Excessive bonuses have only served to widen the gap
between executives and other staff.
- We have nearly closed the math and science gender gap in education for girls.
- gap in the market [ C ]: an opportunity for a product or service that does not
already exist:
eg: There is a gap in the magazine market that needs to be filled.

bridge a/the gap: to make the difference between two things smaller.
eg: Financing was slow to come in and the city took out a bond to bridge the gap.
- bridge the gap between sth and sth: The program helps working families bridge
the gap between income and rent.

dif r ns Difference (n):

[C or U]

- the way in which two or more things which you are comparing are not the
same.
eg: What's the difference between an ape and a monkey?
- Is there any significant difference in quality between these two items?
[C usually plural]
- a disagreement.
eg: They had a terrible argument a few weeks ago, but now they've settled/resolved
their differences.
[ C or U ]
- the amount by which one thing is different from another.
eg: a(n) age/price/temperature difference
- There's a big difference in age between them.
- There's a difference of eight years between them.

- have a difference of opinion: to disagree.

eg: They had a difference of opinion about/over their child's education.

GUIDED CLOZE TEST 2  Thanh Ngọc

Read the following passage and decide which option A, B, C or D best
fits each space.
NOISE POLLUTION
Noise is more than a mere nuisance. At certain levels and durations of exposure, it
can cause physical damage to the eardrum, and 1 ……in temporary or permanent
hearing loss. In addition to causing hearing loss, 2 …….noise exposure can also
3 ……. blood pressure and pulse rates, cause irritability, anxiety, and mental fatigue,
and interfere with sleep, recreation, and personal communication. Noise pollution
control is, therefore, 4 ………importance in the workplace and in the community.
Noise effects can be 5 ……… by a number of techniques, for example, increasing
the distance or blocking the path between the noise source and the recipient, reducing
noise levels at the source, and 6 ……… recipients with earplugs or earmuffs.
Increasing path distance is very effective because, as a sound wave spreads outward
from the source, the fixed 7 …….. of energy in the wave is dissipated over an ever-
expanding wave front. Path barriers 8 ……..walls, ceilings, and floors can be effective
by absorbing as well as reflecting sound energy. Special earmuffs are 9 ………. to
protect industrial and construction workers. The best way 10 ………noise pollution is
to reduce the sound levels at the source, for instance, by improving design, muffling
machinery and engines, and properly maintaining and lubricating machinery to reduce
vibrations.

1.A. bring B. result C. create D. affect

2.A. exceedingly B. excess C. excessively D. excessive
3.A. enlarge B. maximize C. raise D. rise
4.A. for B. of C. at D. within
5.A. done B. created C. brought D. minimized
6.A protecting B. protect C. protected D. protects
7.A. kind B. type C. amount D. number
8.A. as B. such as C. like D. or
9.A. available B. ready C. accessible D. enough
10.A. prevent B. preventing C. for preventing D. to prevent

❖ New words:
mere (a):
- used to emphasize that something is not large or important/ đơn thuần
eg: It cost a mere 20 dollars.

- used to emphasize how strongly someone feels about something or how

extreme a situation is.
eg: The mere thought of it (= just thinking about it) makes me feel sick.
- People became excited at the mere mention of his name.
- the mere idea/possibility/prospect of something

Nuisance (n):
- something or someone that annoys you or causes trouble for you/ phiền toái.
eg: I've forgotten my umbrella - what a nuisance!
- [ + -ing verb ] It's such a nuisance having to rewrite those letters.

- someone or something that causes a problem for other people/ an area/ etc.
that may be able to be solved by the law.
eg: Residents claim that the company's emissions are harmful and constitute a nuisance
(tạo thành một sự phiền toái).

- noise/odour/public nuisance: The EPA says the landfill is a public nuisance

because of the odors.
-
Duration (n):
- the length of time that something lasts/ khoảng thời gian/ thời hạn.
eg: He planned a stay of two years' duration.
Exposure (n):
- the fact of experiencing something or being affected by it because of being in
a particular situation or place.
eg: You should always limit your exposure to the sun.

[C or U ]
- the fact of something bad that someone has done being made public.
eg: The exposure of the politician's love affair forced him to resign.

- the fact of an event or information being often discussed in newspapers and

on the television, etc.
eg: His last movie got so much exposure in the press.

[U]
- a serious medical condition that is caused by being outside in very cold
weather.
eg: All the members of the expedition to the South Pole died of exposure.

[C]
- a single photograph on a piece of film, or the amount of time a piece of film is
open to the light when making a photograph.
eg: There are 24 exposures on this film.

- the direction in which something faces.

eg: Our dining room has a northern exposure (= faces north)/ so it's rather cold.

- situation or condition that makes someone likely to be harmed, especially,

because the person has not been protected from something dangerous.
eg: A federal court jury found the workers had been harmed by prolonged exposure to
asbestos fibers. (Một bồi thẩm đoàn của tòa án liên bang phát hiện các công nhân
đã bị tổn hại do tiếp xúc lâu dài với sợi amiăng.)

[U]
- the conditions that make available an opportunity to learn or experience new
things.
eg: Additional exposure to the Japanese language was provided at meals.

[U]
- the amount of public attention that someone or something, especially an
advertisement or product, receives.
eg: More races means more exposure for the team.

- get/gain exposure: The product is being advertised to bloggers with the hope of
getting more exposure.

[U]
- the act of stating facts publicly that show that someone is dishonest or
dangerous.
eg: Party officials have succeeded in keeping a lid on exposure of the senator‟s
misdeeds.

(Các quan chức của Đảng đã thành công trong việc che đậy việc phơi bày những
hành vi sai trái của thượng nghị sĩ).

[ C or U ]
 - the risk of losing money, for example through a loan or investment, or the
amount of money that might be lost.
eg: exposure to sth: The bank had relatively little exposure to subprime mortgages
(khoảng thế chấp dưới chuẩn), which are issued to people with weak credit histories.

[U]
- the state of possibly being affected by something such as a substance or
influence.
eg: exposure to sth: The city's youths need more exposure to positive role models.

[U]
- the act of investing in something.
eg: exposure to sth: Her clients wanted more exposure to the energy and real estate
sectors.

irˌdr m Eardrum (n): a thin piece of skin inside the ear that moves
backwards and forwards very quickly when sound waves reach it/ allowing you to
hear sounds/ màng nhĩ.

p ls rāt Pulse rate (n): nhịp tim.

ˌirid bil dē irritability (n): [ U ]

- the quality of becoming annoyed very easily.
eg: The drug can cause irritability.

men t l f tē / Mental fatigue (n): tinh thần mệt mỏi.

ˌin t r fir Interfere (v):

- to involve yourself in a situation when your involvement is not wanted or is
not helpful or without being asked or needed.
eg: It's their problem and I'm not going to interfere.
- I'd never interfere between (US with) a husband and wife.
- Interfering in other people's relationships is always a mistake.
- If something or someone interferes with a situation or a process/ it spoils it or
prevents its progress.
eg: Even a little noise interferes with my concentration.

r sipē nt Recipient (n):

[C]
- a person who receives something such as money, prizes, et.
er Nobel Peace Prize recipients include Jimmy Carter and Barack Obama.
- He was a recipient of the Civilian Service Award.
 irˌpl Earplug (n):
[C usually plural]

- a small piece of soft material/ such as wax/ cotton/ or plastic/ that you put
into your ear to keep out noise or water.

irˌm fs Earmuffs (n):

[plural]
- a pair of small pieces of material like fur worn over the ears with a strap that
goes over the head to keep them on.

dis ˌpāt Dissipate (v):

❖ English:
- to (cause to) gradually disappear or waste.
eg: The heat gradually dissipates into the atmosphere.

- to disappear gradually/ or to cause something to disappear gradually.

eg: It took months of effort to dissipate the oil spill in the North Sea.

❖ Vietnamese:
- tiêu tan ~ dissipate/ fade/ scatter/ decay/ evaporate/ expire
- ăn chơi phóng đảng
- giải trí ~ amuse/ recreate/ dissipate.
- lam tan ~ dissipate/ melt/ dissolve/ disperse/ remove/ discuss.
- tiêu bậy.
- xài phí ~ dissipate/ lavish care/ spend/ squander

- Ever-expanding: ngày càng mở rộng.

- Spread outward: lan ra bên ngoài.
 m f l Muffle (v):
- to make a sound quieter and less clear.
eg: The house has double-glazed windows to muffle the noise of aircraft.

- to wear thick warm clothes in order to keep warm.

eg: I was muffled up against the cold in a scarf and hat.

- Muffling machine (n): máy giảm âm.

loobr ˌkāt Lubricate (v):

- to use a substance such as oil to make a machine or device operate more
easily, or to prevent something sticking or rubbing.
eg: A car engine needs to be well lubricated with oil.

- to make a process happen easily and without problems, especially by giving

money/ hối lộ.
eg: Money can lubricate a deal by making minor concessions easier to accept.

- (of alcoholic drink) to make someone behave in a more open and friendly
way.
eg: Get a bunch of writers together, lubricate them with some wine, and you get all sorts
of conversations.

- Lubricating machine: máy bôi trơn.

vī brāSH n Vibration (n): [C or U]

- continuous quick, slight shaking movement.

eg: Vibrations were felt hundreds of miles from the centre of the earthquake.

1.A. bring B. result C. create D. affect

2.A. exceedingly B. excess C. excessively D. excessive
3.A. enlarge B. maximize C. raise D. rise
4.A. for B. of C. at D. within
5.A. done B. created C. brought D. minimized
6.A protecting B. protect C. protected D. protects
7.A. kind B. type C. amount D. number
8.A. as B. such as C. like D. or
9.A. available B. ready C. accessible D. enough
10.A. prevent B. preventing C. for preventing D. to prevent
1.
Bring (v): mang.
Result + in (v): kết quả là.
Create (v): tạo ra.
Affect (v): ảnh hưởng.

2.
Exceedingly (adv): cực kỳ.
Excess (n): sự quá mức.
Excessively (adv): quá đáng.
Excessive (a): quá mức.

3.
Enlarge (v): mở rộng.
Maximize (v): tối đa hóa.
Raise (v): nâng lên.
Rise (v): tăng lên.
- Raise go with object
- Rise go without object.

4. be of importance .

5.
Minimize (v):
- to reduce something to the least possible level or amount.
eg: We must minimize the risk of infection.
- to make something seem less important or smaller than it really is.
eg: She accused politicians of minimizing the suffering of thousands of people.

Creat (v):
- to make something exist.
eg: create problems/responsibilities.
- create jobs, opportunities, etc: The new development will create hundreds of jobs
in the area.
- create money/wealth: We'll help you create wealth using tried-and-tested
investment strategies.
- something new, especially to invent something:
eg: In 1991, McCahill and his researchers created an easy way to navigate the internet
and find information on it, known as 'Gopher'.

- to form a new company, etc.

eg: There are strict guidelines to be followed when you are creating a new company.

- to show that you are angry.

eg: If she sees you with an ice cream she'll only start creating.

Done (a): xong/ hoàn thành.

6. Because the sentence is a list form and the previous are gerund so the word
need to be filled must be a gerund.

7.
Kind (n):
- a group with similar characteristics, or a particular type.
eg: Today's vehicles use two kinds of fuel - petrol and diesel.

Type (n):
- a particular group of people or things that share similar characteristics and
form a smaller division of a larger set.
eg: There were so many different types of bread that I didn't know which to buy.

 The difference between ―kind‖ and ―type‖:

- Kind of dùng để chỉ một nhóm có tính chất tương tự nhau hoặc một loại xác
định.
- Còn type of dùng để chỉ sự đa dạng của một thứ.

mount Amount (n): a collection or mass, especially of something that cannot

be counted:
- eg: They didn't deliver the right amount of sand.

n mb r v number of:
- an amount or total.
eg: The number of people killed in traffic accidents fell last month.
- Letters of complaint were surprisingly few in number (= there were not many of
them).
 Increasing path distance is very effective because, as a sound wave spreads outward
from the source, the fixed amount of energy in the wave is dissipated over an ever-
expanding wave front
(Việc tăng khoảng cách đường truyền là rất hiệu quả vì khi sóng âm lan truyền
ra ngoài nguồn, lượng năng lượng cố định trong sóng sẽ bị tiêu tán trên mặt trước
sóng ngày càng mở rộng.)

8.
- Sau "as" là 1 mệnh đề.
- Sau "like" là một danh từ, cụm danh từ hoặc động từ dạng V-ing.
- Sau "such as" phải là 2 danh từ trở lên.

9.
Available (a):
Be available for sth:
có sẵn
có ích ~ useful/ advantageous/ available/ serviceable/ subservient.
có thể dùng ~ expendable
tiện lợi ~ convenient/ comfortable/ advantageous/ available/ comfy/ practical
Accessible (a):
- able to be reached or easily obtained.
eg: The resort is easily accessible by road, rail, and air.
- The building has fast internet accessible to subscribers.
- able to be entered or used by everyone, including people who use a
wheelchair, people who are blind. etc.
eg: They agreed to build more affordable and accessible housing.

- easy to understand or enjoy.

eg: Lea Anderson is a choreographer who believes in making dance accessible.

- able to be easily got or used.

eg: be accessible to sb: The website is accessible to all users.
10. The (best) way to do sth.

B. WRITTEN TEST (70 PTS)

I. OPEN CLOZE TESTS  Bảo Ngọc
Fill in each of the numbered blanks with ONE suitable word.
OPEN CLOZE TEST 1 (10 PTS)
 ELDEST CHILD
The first-born is an only child until the second child comes (1) along - when
they go from (2) being the centre of attention to sharing the care (3) of
parents. This 'dethronement' may be extremely traumatic and forever shape the first-
born's outlook (4) on life. They may spend the rest of their lives striving (5)
to regain their parents' approval. They could even unconsciously feel
their parents had (6) another child (7) because somehow they weren't good
(8) enough (9) this may lead to feelings of inadequacy and also contributes to
resentment of subsequent siblings. The first-born is often the least warm (10) and
frequently the most hostile to their brothers and sisters.
(adapted from “Does your place in the family mould you forever? ” in Daily Mail)

OPEN CLOZE TEST 2 (10 PTS)  Bảo Ngọc

SOUTH AFRICA PLAGUED BY HIV VIRUS
Nearly one-in-four adults of working age in South Africa is believed to be
infected with (1)……the……HIV / Aids virus. (2)…It…….is a shocking statistic,
and one (3)………with………potentially catastrophic economic and social
consequences for the country. The limp response from the South African government
has already been condemned, and it has been left to the country's financial community
to tackle what 4 …has….become an epidemic.
At the forefront of a campaign to recognize, report and raise awareness about
(5)……the…..disease (6)………is…….the South African Institute of Chartered
Accountants (Saica). It is drafting guidelines on Aids (7)……to……. be presented to
the Johannesburg stock exchange. These might (8)…one………..day be incorporated
into its listings requirements. Thingle Pather, a chartered accountant and project
director at Saica,heads the HIV working group that is putting together the first draft.
Pather is working with the Global Reporting Initiative, an organisation
(9)……that………. issues guidelines on non-financial reporting, and the South
African
Actuarial Society to put together a document that will push (10)……for………
voluntary disclosure of information about the prevalence levels of HIV/Aids and the
estimated financial impact.
(adapted from "Businesses count the cost of Aids epidemic” in The Guardian Weekly)

II. WORD FORMS  Thanh Ngọc

PART 1. Supply the correct word form of the word in parentheses.
(10PTS)
1. He gave a ………………shrug. He is always making his own
achievements seem unimportant. (DEPRECATE)
2. It‟s a…………….. article which is fair to both sides of the dispute.
(ROUND)
3. My friends started going out late to nightclubs so 1 decided to………..
myself from the group. (SOCIAL)
4. New immigrants have been successfully……….. into its community.
(SIMILAR)
5. She felt her husband constantly……………….her achievements.
(LITTLE)
6. Steroids often help reduce the…………..and itching in the skin. (FLAME)
7. The amounts of radioactivity present were…………..small. (FINITE)
8. The museum's collection includes dating back to prehistoric times.
(FACT) .
9. There is a strong smell of……………….in the hospital. (INFECT)
10. This document needs ……………………. before sending to the
publishing house. (PROOF)

1. He gave a ……self-deprecating…………shrug. He is always

making his own achievements seem unimportant. (DEPRECATE)

depr ˌkāt Deprecate (v):

- to not approve of something or say that you do not approve of something.
eg: We deprecate this use of company funds for political purposes.

- to say that you think something is of little value or importance.

eg: He always deprecates my achievements.

 Self-deprecating (a):
- trying to make yourself, your abilities, or your achievements seem less
important/ tự ti.
eg: a self-deprecating manner/remark.
 ˌdep.r keɪ.ʃ n Deprecation (n):
- the action of not approving of something or saying that you do not approve
of something.
eg: She couldn't hide the deprecation in her voice.

- the action of saying that you think something is of little value or importance.
eg: He was generous with praise for the Philharmonic and with deprecation for
himself.
 depr kādiNG Deprecating (a):
- showing that you think something is of little value or importance.
eg: Her deprecating smile clearly showed that she thought I'd said something stupid.

- showing that you feel embarrassed, especially by praise.

eg: She reacted to his compliments with a deprecating laugh.

- showing that you do not approve of something.

eg: The teacher gave the boys a deprecating stare.

 New word:
SHr Shrug (v):
 English:
- to raise your shoulders and then lower them in order to say you do not know
or are not interested/ nhún vai.
eg: "Where's Dad?" "How should I know?" replied my brother, shrugging.
- He shrugged his shoulders as if to say that there was nothing he could do about it.
- [figurative] Thousands of people are starving to death while the world shrugs its
shoulders (= shows no interest or care).
- "Well/ I guess we'll just have to do what he says," said Kim with a shrug of
resignation.

❖ Vietnamese (n): sự nhún vai.

2. t‘s a………well-rounded…….. article which is fair to both sides of

the dispute. (ROUND)
Round
(preposition, adv):
❖ English:
- in a circular direction or position; around.
eg: The moon goes round the earth.
- The idea has been going round and round in my head all day (= I can't stop
thinking about it).
- When one engine stopped, we had to turn round (= turn to face the opposite
direction) and fly home.
- He tried to go round the keeper (= move with the football past a goalkeeper) but
was forced wide.
- in every part of a place, or in various parts of a place.
eg: I had to go all round town to find a hotel that was open.
- This virus has been going round (the school) (= many people have had it) .

- on all or some sides of something.

eg: We sat round the fire.
- The house has trees all round.
- Everyone for a mile round (= in the area) heard the explosion.

- in a particular direction.
eg: The garden is round the back (of the house).
- I used to live round (= near) here when I was a child.
- You must come round (to my house) sometime soon.

❖ Vietnamese:
- chung quanh ~ around, roundly.
- xung quanh ~ around, about, roundly.
- vòng tròn
- vòng vòng ~ roundly.

(a):
❖ English
- shaped like a ball or circle, or curved:
eg: Tennis balls and oranges are round.
- a round hole/stone/table/window/

- (of a number) whole or complete; given to the nearest 1, 10, 100, etc. and not
as exact amounts.
eg: 2.8 to the nearest round number is 3.

❖ Vietnamese:
- chuyến khứ hồi
( là chuyến bay mà vé sử dụng là vé máy bay hai chiều hay tức là mua một mã
code gồm cả lượt đi và lượt về cho hành trình của mình, thay vì hai vé riêng lẻ cho
chiều đi và chiều về. Nói cách khác, vé máy bay khứ hồi giúp bạn khởi hành tại
một điểm và quay lại điểm đó sau chuyến đi của mình)
 - khiêu vũ quay tròn.
- mặt tròn ~ faced.
- tròn ~ rotund
- văn thể lưu loát.
(n):
❖ English:
- a number of things or group of events.
eg: Russia and America will hold another round of talks next month.

- drinks that you buy for a group of people.

eg: It's your turn to buy a round.

- round (of drinks): A round (of drinks) is a drink for each person in a group.
eg: He bought a round of drinks to say thank you.
- [UK] a single slice of toast, or a sandwich.

- a set of regular visits that you make to a number of places or people,

especially in order to take products as part of your job.

- a song for several singers, who begin singing one after the other at various
points in the song.
eg: He crashed out of the French Open in the second round.

- a part of a competition.
eg: She was knocked out of the championship in the third round.

- one of the periods of time during a boxing or wrestling match when the
competitors are fighting.

- a complete game in golf.

- a bullet or other single piece of ammunition.
eg: The soldiers had only 20 rounds left.

❖ Vietnamese:
- chung quanh ~ circuit.
- cuộc kinh lý ~ progress, round, tour.
- cuộc thị sát ~ progress, round.
- sắt tròn
 - sự đi tuần ~ patrol, roundness.
- vật hinh tròn~ roundel, disk.
- vòng của trận đấu.

(v):
❖ English:
- to go around something and arrive on the other side.
eg: The car rounded the corner and stopped in front of the house.
- to move around and past another player while keeping the ball.
eg: He rounded the keeper and scored.

❖ Vietnamese:
- đi vòng quanh ~ circumnavigate, circle, circumambulate, compass, get round.
- làm cho tròn.
- lam giàu thêm ~ round off.
- trở nên tròn.

- round of applause: A round of applause is a period of clapping to show

approval.
eg: Let‟s give the band a nice round of applause.

 roun d lē Roundly (adv):

❖ English:
- severely.
eg: The government is being roundly criticized for its education policy.
❖ Vietnamese:
- xung quanh ~ around, about, round.
- bao quanh
- chung quanh ~ around, round.
- tròn
- vòng vòng ~ round.

 round Around (preposition, adverb):

❖ English:
- in a position or direction surrounding, or in a direction going along the edge
of or from one part to another (of).
eg: We sat around the table.
- He put his arm around her.
- She passed a plate of biscuits around (= from one person to another).
- This virus has been going around (= from one person to another).

- in order to face in the opposite direction.

eg: As the bus left, she turned around and waved goodbye to us.

- positioned or moving in or near a place, often without a clear direction,

purpose, or order.
eg: He always leaves his clothes lying around (on the floor).
- She went into town and spent two hours just walking around.

- in the place where you are; near where you are.

eg: I used to live around here.

- existing or available in a place.

eg: There's a lot of flu going around my office at the moment.

- relating to something.
eg: The conference was dominated by issues around national security.
❖ Vietnamese:
- xung quanh ~ about, round, roundly.
- chung quanh ~ round, roundly.
- đó đây.
- khắp xứ.
- lối chửng.
 well-rounded(a):
❖ English:
- involving or having experience in a wide range of ideas or activities.
eg: [ before noun ] She describes herself as a "well-rounded individual" who works
hard but has a varied social life.

- having or providing experience and knowledge in a number of different

areas.
eg: Some experts say that home-schooled children may not receive a well-rounded
education.
 ❖ Vietnamese: toàn diện.

❖ New words:
/di spyoot/ Dispute
❖ English (n):
- an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example,
workers and employers or two countries with a common border.
eg: a bitter/ long-running dispute
- a border dispute
- a pay/legal/trade dispute.
- They have been unable to settle/resolve the dispute over working conditions.
- The unions are in dispute with management over pay.

- an argument or disagreement, especially an official one.

eg: The judge urged the feuding partners to settle their legal dispute .
- Staff have been in a long-running pay dispute with the company.
- An official involved in the dispute said that the attorney has indicated he is likely
to agree to the revised terms.
- He was in dispute with his last company, which had terminated his contract.
- Workers at the car plant are to stage a fresh strike in a dispute over pay.
- dispute between/with sb/sth (and sb/sth:) The dispute between Brazil and the
United States over immigration checks continued.
❖ Vietnamese (n):
- tranh chấp.
- gây nhau.
- cãi nhau ~ chicane/ account.
- cuộc tranh luận~ disputation/ parley/ duel/ proceeding.
- môi phân tranh~ apple.
- ý kiến xung đột.
- đấu khẩu.
(v):
- to disagree with something that someone says.
eg: Few would dispute his status as the finest artist of the period.
- The circumstances of her death have been hotly disputed.
- [ + (that) ] I don't dispute (that) his movies are entertaining, but they don't have
much depth.
 - to disagree with or express doubts about something.
eg: Health insurers dispute the doctors' statement that they don't pay enough to make up
for the cost of the vaccine.

- beyond (all) dispute: certainly.

eg: He is beyond all dispute the finest actor in Hollywood today.

- in dispute: being doubted.

eg: I don't think her ability is in dispute - what I question is her attitude.
- open to dispute: not certain.
eg: He says it's the best musical equipment you can buy/ but I think that's open to
dispute.

- in dispute: not yet agreed on or accepted by everyone.

eg: Sensitive documents related to personnel that ought to be protected for privacy
reasons are the only documents that are in dispute.

3. My friends started going out late to nightclubs so 1 decided

to…dissociate……..myself from the group. (SOCIAL)

sōSH l Social (a):

- relating to activities in which you meet and spend time with other people and
that happen during the time when you are not working.
eg: I had an active social life when I was at college.
- Social skills are what employers need most.
- There is a social event every two or three months.
- Social people like to meet and spend time with other people.
eg: I'm shy, but my brother's very social.

- relating to society and living together in an organized way.

eg: social classes/groups
- social disorder/trends/change/equality/justice/differences.

- relating to society and the way people live together.

eg: Women may have emerged as Algeria's most potent force for social change.
- If the government is to earn a reputation as a government of social reform it will
need to loosen its alliance with capitalism.
 - relating to your position in society.
eg: The rate of stress at work is consistent throughout the population, irrespective of
age, sex, and social class.
- social status/standing

(n):
[C]
- an occasion when the members of a group or organization meet informally to
enjoy themselves.
eg: a church social

- a social media website.

eg: I've deleted them from all my socials.

 sōSH b l Sociable
❖ English (a):
- Sociable people like to meet and spend time with other people.
eg: Rob's very sociable - he likes parties.

- involving people enjoying themselves together and behaving in a friendly

way towards each other.
eg: The event promises to provide a relaxed and sociable atmosphere where fans can
mingle with stars.

 Vietnamese (a):
- Hòa đồng
- có tính hợp quân.
- có tính xã giao ~ conversable/ sociable

 ˌsōSH bil dē Sociability

 English (n):
- the quality of liking to meet and spend time with other people.
❖ Vietnamese (n):
- tính xã giao.
- hòa đồng
  di sōSHēˌāt Dissociate (v):
- to consider as separate and not related.
eg: dissociate s.o from sth: I can't dissociate the man from his political opinions -
they're one and the same thing.
 dissociate yourself from something: to make it publicly known that you are
not in any way connected to, or responsible for someone or something, often
to avoid blame or embarrassment.
eg: Most party members are keen to dissociate themselves from the extremists.

 s ʊ.si.eɪt Associate
❖ English (a):
- used in the title of a person whose rank is slightly lower or less complete than
the full official position described.
eg: an associate member of an organization.

- used in some job titles where someone does the job described but does not
have all the responsibilities of the main position.
eg: associate editor/director/lawyer
- used to describe a person, country, company, etc. that is a member of an
organization but does not have all the rights given to a normal member.
eg: The firm's application for associate membership of the FSA was approved.

❖ Vietnamese (a):
- bạn bè ~ comradely.
- hội viên ~ associate/ adherent.
- kêt hợp ~ associate/ coherent.
- ngươi phụ tá
- kêt giao.

❖ English
(v):
- to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something
else.
eg: Most people associate this brand with good quality.

(n):
[C]
 - someone who is closely connected to another person as a companion, friend, or
business partner.
eg: A close associate of the author denied reports that she had cancer.
- a business associate.
- He considered the possibility of a buy-out of the company with the help of
business associates.
- a former/close/senior associate
[C]
- someone who holds an associate's degree.
eg: an associate of arts
[C]
- An associate is also a person who has a position in a job or type of work that
is just below the top position.
eg: an associate director/professor.
[C]
- a person who does a similar job to someone else but does not have all the -
responsibilities of the main position, or a member of an organization who
does not have all the rights of a full member.
eg: Associates are entitled to use the facilities, but are not entitled to vote.
- associate member: a member of an organization who does not have all the
rights given to normal members.
eg: The board elected 18 foreign associate members who hold no voting rights.

❖ Vietnamese (n):
vật phụ thuộc ~ appurtenance/ accessories/ accompaniment/ adjunct/ extra.

4. New immigrants have been successfully…assimilated …….. into

its community. (SIMILAR)

sim l r Similar (a):

- looking or being almost, but not exactly the same.
eg: My father and I have similar views on politics.
- I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before.
- Paul is very similar in appearance to his brother.

 ˌsim ler dē Similarity (n):

- the fact that people or things look or are the same.
 eg: I can see the similarity between you and your mother.
- The book bears several striking similarities to last year's bestseller.
- the state of being almost the same, or a particular way in which something is
almost the same.
eg: [ C ] Even though there are many similarities between men and women, there
still remain many differences.

 sim l rlē Similarly (adv):

- in a similar way.
eg: The children were similarly dressed.

 si mil ˌt y ood similitude (n):

[ C or U ]
- the state of being similar (= almost the same), or a feature that is similar.
eg: What is surprising is the similitude between many of the candidates' positions.
[C]
- a comparison.
eg: He describes her beauty by various similitudes.
 sim ˌlāt assimilate (v):
 English:
- to become part of a group, country, society, etc. or to make someone or
something become part of a group, country, society, etc.:
eg: The European Union should remain flexible enough to assimilate more countries
quickly.

- to understand and remember new information and make it part of your

basic knowledge so that you can use it as your own.
eg: It's hard to assimilate so much information.

- to absorb food or a substance into the tissue of a living organism.

eg: In this form vitamins can be easily assimilated by the body.

- People who are or become assimilated in a society become similar to others by

learning and using the customs and culture of the new society.
eg: Once outsiders, they had now been assimilated into the cultural mainstream.
 Vietnamese:
- đồng hóa ~ assimilate/ liken
 - làm cho giống với.
- làm cho tiêu.
- so sánh ~ compare/ liken/ parallel/ contrast/ assimilate/ confront.
- xem giông như là.

5.She felt her husband constantly……belittled………….her achievements.

(LITTLE)

lidl Little:
(a):
❖ English:
- small in size or amount.
eg: It came in a little box.
- young.
eg: When you were little your hair was really curly.
- She was my little (= younger) sister and I took care of her.
- used to emphasize an opinion that is being given about something or
someone.
eg: That was a nice little suit she was wearing.
- It's not a bad little restaurant, is it?

[ before noun ]
- not very important or serious.
eg: I had a little problem with my car, but it's been fixed now.
- It's often the little things that count the most.
- Can I have a little word (= a short discussion about something not very
important) with you?

 Vietnamese:
- bé ~ small
- chút ít
- không quan trọng ~ fiddling, trivial, inconsequential, minor, trifling.
- nhỏ ~ small, minor, petty, lesser, petite.
- nhỏ mọn ~ petty, little, punctilious, paltry, trifling, piddling.
(determiner)
- not much or enough.
eg: There seems little hope of a ceasefire.
 (pronoun, n):
❖ English:
- a small amount.
eg: I could only hear a little of what they were saying.
- a little: A little means a small amount of something.
eg: "Do we have any sugar left?" "A little."

- an amount that is not much or not enough.

eg: We did very little on Sunday.
- Very little of what he said made any sense to me.
- Unfortunately, little of the artist's work has survived.

❖ Vietnamese (n):
- ít ~ littleness.
- lần lần.
- một chút ~ bit, moment, shade, mouthful, lick.
- một lát ~ moment, little, tick.

(adv):
❖ English:
- a little (bit): slightly.
eg: I was a little bit worried by what she said.
- We'll wait a little longer and then I'll phone them.

little by little: slowly or gradually.

eg: Little by little she came to understand why he had behaved the way he did.
- not much.
eg: She slept very little that night.

- little more/better: not much more or better.

eg: The wine they gave us was little better than vinegar.

Vietnamese:
- ít được biết.
- it lắm.
- không mấy khi.
  Littleness (n):
- sự nhỏ bé.
- ít
- ít oi.
- nhỏ bé.

 Belittle (v):
- to make a person or an action seem as if he, she or it is not important.
eg: Though she had spent hours fixing the computer, he belittled her efforts.
- Stop belittling yourself - your work is highly valued.

6. Steroids often help reduce the……inflammation……..and itching

in the skin. (FLAME)

flām Flame
(n):
❖ English:
[C or U ]
- a stream of hot, burning gas from something on fire.
eg: The flames grew larger as the fire spread.
- The car flipped over and burst into flames (= started burning immediately).
- When the fire engine arrived the house was already in flames (= burning).

- a powerful feeling.
eg: Flames of passion swept through both of them.

[ C ] [slang]
- an angry or offensive email.
eg: flame wars.
 ❖ Vietnamese:
- ánh sáng chói ~ blaze/ flamboyant/ flame.
- bốc cháy.
- đang cháy.
- ngọn lửa ~ blaze/ igniter.
- tình yêu say đắm.

(v):
❖ English:
- to burn (more) brightly.
eg: The fire flamed cosily in the hearth.
- The fire suddenly flamed (up).
- If an emotion flames, you feel it suddenly and strongly.
eg: Seeing the damage made hatred flame within her.

- to suddenly become hot and red with emotion.

eg: His face flamed (red) with anger.
- to send an angry or insulting email.
eg: Please don't flame me if you disagree with this message.

❖ Vietnamese:
- bốc cháy = flame up.
- cháy phừng phựt.
- hơ qua ngọn lửa.

 ˌinfl māSH n Inflammation:

❖ English:
- a red, painful, and often swollen area in or on a part of your body.
eg: Aspirin reduces pain and inflammation.

❖ Vietnamese:
- viêm.
- Sự bắt lửa.
- Sự cháy.
- Sự kích thích ~ spur/ exaltation/ impetus/ nervousness/ smartness.
- sự phát hỏa.
 ❖ New word:
/iCH/ Itch (v):
- to have or cause an uncomfortable feeling on the skin that makes you want to
rub it with your nails.
eg: I can't wear wool - it makes me itch.
(n):
- an uncomfortable feeling on the skin that makes you want to rub it with
something hard.
eg: I have an itch on the back of my neck.
- [ + to infinitive ] He has an itch (= desire) to travel.

❖ iCHē Itchy (a):

- having or causing an itch.
eg: The sweater was itchy (= made me itch).
- The dust made me feel itchy all over.

7.
The amounts of radioactivity present were…… infinitesimal.……..small.
(FINITE)

fīnīt Finite (a):

- having a limit or end/ có hạn.
eg: The funds available for the health service are finite and we cannot afford to waste
money.
- We only have a finite amount of time to complete this task - we can't continue
indefinitely.

inf n t Infinite (a):

❖ English:
- without limits; extremely large or great.
eg: an infinite number/variety.
❖ Vietnamese:
- bất định cách ~ infinite/ infinitive.
- không bờ bên ~ infinite/ spaceless/ termless/ unbounded/ unlimited.
- rất nhiêu ~ huge/ countless/ innumerable/ infinite.
- số vô cực.
- vô cùng ~ infinite/ utmost/ uttermost/ perpetual/ timeless/ interminable.
- vô cực.
- vô hạn ~ infinite/ unlimited/ boundless/ immense/ inexhaustible/ indeterminate.

in fin dē Infinity (n):

[U]
- time or space that has no end.
eg: the infinity of the universe

[U]
- a place that is so far away that it cannot be reached.
eg:[ figurative] The mountain range stretched away into infinity.
[U]
- a number that is larger than all other numbers.

- an extremely large number of something.

eg: an infinity of stars in the galaxy.
- unlimited space/ time/ or amount/ or a number large beyond any limit.
 in fin div infinitive (a):
- nguyên mẫu.
- bất định cách.
- vị biến cách.

 ˌinfin tes m l infinitesimal (a):

- extremely small.
eg: Even in infinitesimal amounts, this poison can kill you.

 ˌin def n t indefinite (a):

❖ English:
- not exact, not clear, or without clear limits.
eg: The project has been postponed for an indefinite period.
❖ Vietnamese:
- lời hứa mập mờ.
- vô định ~ uncertain, incalculable, nomad, nomadic, planetary.
- ý kiên không rõ.
  ˌin def n tlē Indefinitely (adv):
- for a period of time with no fixed end.
eg: The negotiations have been put off/postponed indefinitely.

8.The museum's collection includes…… artefacts……. dating back to prehistoric

times. (FACT).

/fakt/ Fact (n):

[C or U]
- something that is known to have happened or to exist, especially something
for which proof exists, or about which there is information.
eg: No decision will be made until we know all the facts.
- I don't know all the facts about the case.
- I'm not angry that you took my car - it's just the fact that you didn't ask me first.
- He knew for a fact that Natalie was lying.
- It's sometimes hard to separate fact from fiction.

- as a matter of fact: used to add emphasis to what you are saying, or to show
that it is the opposite of or different from what went before.
eg: "Have you always lived here?" "As a matter of fact (= the truth is) I've only
lived here for the last three years.

- a fact of life: something unpleasant that cannot be avoided.

eg: Going bald is just a fact of life.

- facts and figures: exact detailed information.

eg: We are getting some facts and figures together and we will then have a full board
meeting.

 Artefact (n):
❖ English
[C]
- an object that has been made by a person, such as a tool or a decoration,
especially one that is of historical interest.
eg: The museum's collection includes artefacts dating back to prehistoric times.

- something that is seen in a scientific experiment or study that does not exist
naturally, but has been caused by the way the experiment or study is done.
 eg: It should be remembered that a "household" is a statistical artefact created by
data limitations.
- Getting the data from two different groups provided a check on whether the
results are an artefact of cultural differences, or if they are universal.

- a fault in a digital image or in data that appears as a result of the methods

used to create it.
(lỗi trong hình ảnh kỹ thuật số hoặc trong dữ liệu xuất hiện do các phương pháp
được sử dụng để tạo ra nó).
eg: Digital systems allow manipulation such as the removal of artefacts.
- MPEG artefacts are not an issue in this transfer.
❖ Vietnamese:
- đồ tạo tác.
- tài nghệ

9. There is a strong smell of………disinfectant……….in the hospital.

(INFECT)

in fekt Infect (v):

- to pass a disease to a person, animal, or plant.
eg: be infected by/with sth: A lab worker had been infected with a potentially
dangerous agent.

- If a place, wound, or substance is infected, it contains bacteria or other

things that can cause disease:
eg: The meat had been infected by E coli bacteria.

- to make someone have the same feeling or emotion as you.

eg: Her optimism seemed to infect all those around her.

- to pass harmful programs from one computer to another/ or within files in

the same computer.
eg: A computer virus may lurk unseen in a computer's memory, calling up and
infecting each of the machine's data files in turn.

- to damage a computer's software or data with a harmful program that has

been passed from another computer.
eg: be infected by/with sth: The hackers hijacked personal computers that had been
previously infected by a virus.
  in fekSH n Infection (n):
❖English:
- a condition in which bacteria or viruses that cause disease have entered the
body.
eg: a serious infection
- a throat infection
- Bandage the wound to reduce the risk of infection.
- an act of passing harmful programs into a computer or file, or the harmful
programs themselves.
eg: You only have to open an attachment to pass the infection from computer to
computer.

❖ Vietnamese:
- nhiễm trung.
- sự đổi ~ exchange/ infection.
- sự lây.
- sự truyên nhiểm ~ contagion/ infection/ contamination.

 in fekSH s infectious (a):

- able to infect someone.
eg: infectious diseases.

- If something is infectious, it quickly spreads or influences others.

eg: an infectious laugh.
- (of a disease) able to be passed from one person, animal, or plant to another.
eg: an infectious disease.

- Something that is infectious has an effect on everyone who is present and

makes them want to join in.
eg: infectious enthusiasm.

 in fektiv Infective (a):

- relating to or caused by an infection.
eg: The prevalence of postoperative infective complications ranges from 10% to
70%.
- Delirium commonly follows some sort of infective disease.
 - causing infection.
eg: Some scientists fear that the infective agent could be passed on through cow's
milk.

 Infectivity (n): sự lây nhiễm.

 ˌdis n fekt nt disinfectant (n):

❖ English:
- a substance that contains chemicals that kill bacteria and is used especially
for cleaning surfaces in toilets and kitchens.
eg: all surfaces are cleaned manually or by pressure washer with disinfectant

❖ Vietnamese:
- Chất khử trùng.
- Thuốc tẩy uế.
- Thuốc trừ độc.

10. This document needs ………proofreading……………. before

sending to the publishing house. (PROOF)

proof Proof (n):

❖ English
[ C or U ]

- a fact or piece of information that shows that something exists or is true.

eg: [ + that ] Do they have any proof that it was Hampson who stole the goods?
- I have a suspicion that he's having an affair, though I don't have any concrete
(= definite) proof.
- If anyone needs proof of Andrew Davies' genius as a writer, this novel is it.
- "How old are you?" "21." "Do you have any proof on you?"
- Keep your receipt as proof of purchase.
[C]
- a printed copy of something that is examined and corrected before the final
copies are printed.
eg: I was busy correcting proofs.
 [U]
- facts or documents that can be used to show that something is true.
eg: You will need to have proof of citizenship in order to get a passport.

[C]
- the calculations that show how the solution to a mathematical problem or
equation was reached..
[U]
- a measure of the percentage of alcohol in an alcoholic drink, equal to twice
the actual percentage of alcohol.
eg: Liquor that is 50 proof is 25% alcohol.

❖ Vietnamese:
- bản in thử.
- bằng chứng ~ proof/ witness/ document/ mark.
- chứng cớ ~ evidence/ proof/ witness/ mark/ earnest.
- sự thí nghiệm ~ experimentation/ proof/ touchstone/ trial.
- sự thử ~ test/ try/ attempt/ essay/ endeavor/ proof.
- sự thử thách ~ touchstone/ proof/ crucible/ experience.

(a):
❖ English:
- of the stated alcoholic strength/ a higher number meaning a greater amount of
alcohol.
eg: It says on the bottle that it's 60 percent proof.
- providing protection against something.
eg: No household security devices are proof against (= protect completely against)
the determined burglar.
- Her virtue would be proof against his charms.
❖ Vietnamese:
- chịu đựng vật gi.
- không thấm nước ~ waterproof/ impervious/ tight.
(v):
❖ English:
- to treat a surface with a substance that will protect it against something,
especially water.
 ❖ Vietnamese:
- không bị ăn mòn.
- làm chịu được.
- làm không thấm.

proov Prove (v):

❖ English:
- to show a particular result after a period of time.
eg: The operation proved a complete success.
- The dispute over the song rights proved impossible to resolve.
- (+ to be) The new treatment has proved to be a disaster.

- to show that something is true.

eg: [ + that ] They suspected that she'd killed him but they could never actually
prove that it was her.
- [ + adj ] They proved him innocent/guilty.
- Under the present system, you're innocent until proven guilty.
- [ + question word ] "I lost £30 on the bus." "That just goes to prove what an idiot
you are!"

- to show after a time or by experience that something or someone has a

particular quality.
eg: The dispute over rights to the song could prove impossible to resolve.
- [ + to infinitive ] The new safety procedures have so far proven to be satisfactory.

- to make it clear that something is or is not true.

eg: They suspected she cheated, but they could never prove it.
- [ + (that) clause ] I had to take all my records to the bank to prove (that) the
mistake was theirs.

- prove yourself: to show that you are good at something.

eg: I wish he'd stop trying to prove himself all the time.

❖ Vietnamese:
- chứng minh ~ demonstrate/ verify/ certify/ attest/ warrant.
- chứng tỏ ~ demonstrate/ evidence/ testify/ witness/ argue.
 - chứng thật ~ affirm/ attest/ authenticate/ aver.
- thí nghiệm ~ experiment/ test/ experience/ try/ experimentalise.
- thử.
- thử lòng.

 pruː.v .b l Provable (a):

- able to be proved.
eg: We want to deal only in facts - what is scientifically provable.
- There is sometimes a divide between the spoken word and the provable fact.
 proofreading (n):
- the process of finding and correcting mistakes in text before it is printed or
put online.
eg: The pages are then sent out for proofreading.

PART 2. Supply each gap with the correct form of the word given in the
box. (lO pts)  Thanh Ngọc
-nim cattle emit firm govern
live voice pose praise project

In January 2001 the 1 ………………….Panel on Climate Change IPCC issued its

latest report on climate change. Climate models worked out by giant super-computers
had become far more reliable since the previous report in 1995 and allowed them to
2 …………the earlier 3 ………….for global warming. Their conclusions were that
something very serious is happening and that it cannot be a natural process. The 1990s
was the hottest decade for 1.000 years and the Earth is warming faster than at any time
in the last 10.000 years. According to the report, human activities are
4 ………………..to blame for the temperature rise. The burning of fossil fuels releases
carbon dioxide and, due to deforestation, there are fewer trees to absorb this gas and
recycle it back into oxygen. Methane concentrations have also gone up dramatically
because of increases in rice culture and (5)…………, both of which generate methane
from 6 ……………….vegetation. These greenhouses gases trap heat in the Earth‟s
atmosphere and cause the temperature to rise.
The 1PCC reported that, in the worst case, the average temperature could rise by 5.8
C this century, 2°C higher than their original predictions. The resulting melting of ice-
caps and glaciers would cause sea levels to rise by up to 88 cm, endangering the homes
and 7 …………..of tens of millions of people who live in low-lying regions.
Unfortunately, there is far greater (8)………among the world's
scientists over the issue than among politicians. As long ago as 1990, the IPCC
recommended a 60% reduction in carbon dioxide 9 …………, as the basic level
required to return the planet's climate to a healthy level.
 Now that Governments globally failed to enact these proposals. Now that the
dangers have been (10)…………………………..by the latest report, it is high time
that governments took an active interest in exploring alternative, renewable energy
sources.

❖ New words:
panl Panel:
(n):
❖ English:
- a small group of people chosen to give advice, make a decision, or publicly
discuss their opinions as entertainment.
eg: The competition will be judged by a panel of experts.

- a flat, usually rectangular part, or piece of wood, metal, cloth, etc., that fits
into or onto something larger.
eg: a beautiful old door with oak panels.

- a board or surface that has controls and other devices on it for operating an
aircraft or other large machine.
eg: a control/instrument panel.

❖ Vietnamese:
- bản danh sách ~ roll.
- bồi thẫm danh biểu
- mặt của máy
- phòng ngăn riêng
- ván bịt ở trên cửa
 - yên ngựa ~ saddle, mount.

(v):
❖ English:
- to cover or decorate with flat, usually rectangular pieces of wood, metal,
cloth, etc.
eg: The walls of the dining hall were paneled in oak.
❖ Vietnamese:
- bịt ván.
- chia ngăn bằng ván.

b zôrb Absorb (v):

❖ English:
- to take something in, especially gradually.
eg: Plants absorb carbon dioxide.
- The drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream.
- Our countryside is increasingly being absorbed by/into the large cities.

- to reduce the effect of a physical force, shock, or change.

eg: The barrier absorbed the main impact of the crash.

- to understand facts or ideas completely and remember them.

eg: It's hard to absorb so much information.

- to take up someone's attention completely.

eg: The project has absorbed her for several years.

- to completely take the attention of someone.

eg: She was absorbed in listening to music.

- if a business absorbs the cost of something, it pays that cost easily.

eg: The school has absorbed most of the expenses so far, but it may have to offer fewer
places next year to reduce costs.

- if one company absorbs another company, it takes control of it and they

become one company.
eg: Telecorp Holdings absorbed its Spanish subsidiary into its British headquarters.
❖ Vietnamese:
- hấp thụ ~ imbibe/, imbue/ occlude.
- hút.
- nuốt ~ swallow/ concentrate/ ingurgitate/ pouch.
- thấm ~ imbue/ mercerize.
 fäs l fyoo l fossil fuels (n): nhiên liệu hóa thạch.

en akt Enact (v):

❖ English:
- to put something into action, especially to make something law.
eg: A package of economic sanctions is to be enacted against the country.
- to perform a story or play.
eg: The stories are enacted using music, dance and mime.

❖ Vietnamese:
- ban hành ~ promulgate.
- hạ lệnh ~ decree, doom.
- diển kịch ~ playact.
- ra lệnh ~ enjoin/ command,/dictate/ decree/ rule.
- truyền lệnh ~ command/ direct/ enjoin/ prescribe.

pr pōz l Proposal (n):

❖ English:
- a formal suggestion, plan, or idea, often a written one.
eg: Congress has rejected the latest economic proposal put forward by the President.
- [ + to infinitive ] There has been an angry reaction to the government's proposal
to reduce unemployment benefit.
- Have you read Steve's proposals for the new project?
- [ + that ] There was anger at the proposal that a UN peacekeeping force should
be sent to the area.
- a proposal for sth: The Senate rejected the proposal for a rise in Brazil's
minimum wage.
- a proposal to do sth: Management has made proposals to cap overtime.
- make/put forward/submit a proposal: Nine other firms submitted proposals for
the Navy complex.
- approve/consider/reject a proposal: Investors approved the merger proposal.
- a budget/spending proposal
- a merger/project/tax proposal

- an offer of marriage.

- a suggestion for a possible plan or action.

eg: The president‟s proposal was to tax a percentage of Social Security benefits for
high-income people.

- an official document in which you give information about yourself and your
property for an insurance agreement.
eg: Once you have completed the on-screen proposal form, the premium and cover
details are sent to you by e-mail.

❖ Vietnamese:
- sự cầu hôn ~ proposition/ suit.
- sự đề nghị ~ suggestion/ offer/ proposition/ overture/ proffer.

In January 2001 the 1 ……Intergovernmental…….Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) issued its latest report on climate change. Climate models worked out by giant
super-computers had become far more reliable since the previous report in 1995 and
allowed them to 2 ……reappraise…the earlier 3 ……projections…….for global
warming. Their conclusions were that something very serious is happening and that it
cannot be a natural process. The 1990s was the hottest decade for 1.000 years and the
Earth is warming faster than at any time in the last 10.000 years. According to the
report, human activities are 4 ………unequivocally………..to blame for the
temperature rise. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and, due to
deforestation, there are fewer trees to absorb this gas and recycle it back into oxygen.
Methane concentrations have also gone up dramatically because of increases in rice
culture and (5)…………cattle-raising………,both of which generate methane from
6 ……decomposing……vegetation. These greenhouses gases trap heat in the Earth‟s
atmosphere and cause the temperature to rise.
The 1PCC reported that, in the worst case, the average temperature could rise by 5.8
C this century, 2°c higher than their original predictions. The resulting melting of ice-
caps and glaciers would cause sea levels to rise by up to 88 cm, endangering the homes
and 7 …………livelihoods…….. of tens of millions of people who live in low-lying
regions.
Unfortunately, there is far greater (8)…………unanimity… among the world's
scientists over the issue than among politicians. As long ago as 1990, the IPCC
recommended a 60% reduction in carbon dioxide 9 …………emissions………………,
as the basic level required to return the planet's climate to a healthy level.
Now that Governments globally failed to enact these proposals. Now that the
dangers have been (passive of present perfect) (10)…………reaffirmed………………..by
the latest report, it is high time that governments took an active interest in exploring
alternative, renewable energy sources.

1.
v r n m nt Government (n):
❖ English:
[C]
- an organization that officially manages and controls a country or region,
creating laws, collecting taxes, providing public services, etc..
eg: The government is/are expected to announce its/their tax proposals today.
- a federal/central/local/government
 - government official/regulator/employee: Global business leaders and
government officials gathered in Spain Friday for a meeting aimed at breaking
down remaining trade barriers.
- government agency/department: Some government agencies have worked well
together to combat terrorist financing.
- government policy/program/services.
- the Chinese/ British government: The Chinese government has implemented
economic reforms.
[U]
- the system used for controlling a country, city, or group of people.
eg: The 1990s saw a shift to democratic government in Eastern Europe.

[U]
- the activities involved in controlling a country, city, group of people, etc.
eg: The party that was elected to power has no experience of government.
- [UK] The party was in government (= controlled the country) for four years in
the 1960s.
- form a government: to bring political parties together to make a government
when none of them has received a large enough number of votes in an
election to control the government
eg: The former prime minister was seeking support from smaller parties to help form a
government.
❖ Vietnamese:
- chính phủ.
- nội các ~ ministry
- sự cai trị ~ governance/ ruling/ sway
- sự thống trị ~ reign.

 ˌ v r n men t l governmental (a):

- belonging or relating to government.
eg: Elected officials and governmental employees are required to complete ethics
education.
- governmental measures/policies/regulations: Brazil has set the standard for
governmental health policies in the early 21st century.
- governmental agencies/bodies/organizations

 Intergovernmental (a):
- between two or more governments/ liên chính phủ.
eg: an intergovernmental agreement.
- There are plans for another intergovernmental conference in 2016.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the United

Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.
  ˌnän v r n men t l nongovernmental (a):
- not part of or controlled by the government.
eg: a nongovernmental organization.

2.
prāz Praise:
(n):
❖ English:
- things that you say that express your admiration and approval of someone or
something.
eg: They deserve praise for all their hard work.
- Praise from Adrian is (high) praise indeed (= praise from him is particularly
special because he rarely praises anyone.)

- an expression of respect and worship to a god.

eg: As we give praise to God, let us remember those who are less fortunate than
ourselves.
❖ Vietnamese:
- ca tụng ~ eulogy.
- lời khen ~ compliment, felicitation
- lời khen ngợi ~ commendation, encomium.

(v):
❖ English:
- to express admiration or approval of the achievements or characteristics of a
person or thing/ ca ngợi:
eg: He should be praised for his honesty.
- My parents always praised me when I did well at school.

- to honour, worship, and express admiration for a god/ ca ngợi, khen tụng.
eg: They sang hymns praising God.

 prāzˌw rTHē praiseworthy (a):

- deserving praise/ đáng khen ngợi, ca tụng.
eg: His actions during the crisis were truly praiseworthy.

 prāz Appraise (v):

❖ English:
- to examine someone or something in order to judge their qualities, success,
or needs.
eg: At the end of each teaching practice, trainee teachers are asked to appraise their own
performance.
 - to give a judgment about how much money something might be sold for.
eg: The ring was appraised at $40,000.
- to estimate the value, condition, quality, etc. of someone or something after a
careful examination.
eg: appraise sth at/for sth: The entire property is appraised at $7.2 million.
- appraise sth for sth: The artwork was appraised for $10 million.
- The price was more than twice the land's appraised value.

- to meet with an employee to discuss their progress, aims, and needs at work.
eg: Senior staff appraise their day-to-day work, while mentors are on hand to offer
general career advice.

❖ Vietnamese:
- thẩm định.
- đánh giá ~ assess/ judge/ rate/ appreciate/ prize
- định giá ~ price/ assess/ rate/ appreciate.

 ˌrē prāz Reappraise (v):

- to examine a situation or activity again in order to make changes to it, for
example in order to make it more modern or effective.
eg: The recent downturn in stock markets around the world has made people
reappraise their approach to risk.
- reappraise strategies/priorities/plans: In the wake of the foot-and-mouth
epidemic, the Wool Marketing Board was forced to reappraise its strategy.

- to change a calculation of the financial value of something, for example

because of increases in price or interest rates.
eg: The County Assessor said his office is attempting to reappraise all buildings in the
county this year at current construction costs.

 prāz l appraisal (n):

[C or U]
- the act of examining someone or something in order to judge their qualities,
success, or needs.
eg: The newspaper gave an editorial appraisal of the government's achievements of the
past year.
- accurate/realistic/honest appraisal: She said there was a desire for "an honest
appraisal to identify the true facts of this matter".
- Items valued at over $500 require written independent appraisals.
- real estate/property appraisal: A private real estate appraisal for the sale put the
value at $1.53 million.
[C]
- a meeting in which an employee discusses his or her progress, aims, and
 needs at work with his or her manager or employer.
eg: Many companies operate regular job appraisals, often on an annual basis.

3.
UK prɒdʒ.ekt US prɑː.dʒekt project:
(n):
[C]
- a piece of planned work or an activity that is finished over a period of time and
intended to achieve a particular purpose.
eg: a scientific research project.
- set up/launch a project: They set up the research project with help from the
university.
- fund/pay for/finance a project: Two local businesses funded the project.
- manage/run a project
- complete/finish a project
- a joint/large/major project
- a building/construction/development project
- a study of a particular subject done over a period of time, especially by
students.
eg: He's doing a class project on pollution.

(v):
❖ English:
- to calculate an amount or number expected in the future from information
already known [usually passive]
eg: [ + to infinitive ] Government spending is projected to rise by three percent next
year.

- to throw or direct something forwards, with force.

eg: 90 percent of the projected missiles will hit their target.

- to cause a film, image, or light to appear on a screen or other surface.

eg: Laser images were projected onto a screen.

- to wrongly imagine that someone else is feeling a particular emotion or

desire when in fact it is you who feels that way.
eg: I suspect he's projecting his fears onto you.

- If you project a particular quality, that quality is what most people notice
about you.
eg: Recently the president has sought to project a much tougher image.

- to stick out over an edge or from a surface.

eg: The hotel dining room projects out over the water.

- to throw something forward or into the air.

eg: The device allows you to scoop up a ball and project it some 140 feet.

 Note: Scoop s.o/sth up (phr.v): to lift something or someone with your

hands or arms in a quick movement.
eg: She scooped the children up and ran with them to safety.

- To project is also to speak or sing loudly and clearly.

eg: Singers are used to projecting their voices.

- to plan for sth to happen or expect sth to happen.

eg: be projected to do sth The work is projected to start in November.

- to cause an image to appear on a screen or surface using a projector:

eg: project sth on/onto sth The digital video will be projected on a huge I-MAX screen.
project your voice: to sing or speak loudly and clearly.
eg: It's a big theatre so you really have to project your voice if you're going to be heard
at the back.

❖ Vietnamese:
- liệng ra.
- ném đi ~ throw away.
- phóng ra ~ overspread.
- trù hoạch ~ plan, miscalculate, calculate.
- trù liệu ~ contrive, arrange, brew, concoct, excogitate.
- vạch một đường thẳng.

 pr jekSH n Projection (n):

❖ English:
[C]
- a calculation or guess about the future based on information that you have.
eg: a projection for sth: The company's global projections for the year indicated that it
would soon be the world's largest car company.
- It was too early to start making specific projections about plans or projects he
would like to undertake.
- It revised revenue projections for the remainder of the financial year.
- Maguire believed that the growth projections used for marketing purposes were
not achievable.
- budget/earnings/financial projections
- The President bragged that his push has resulted in 825,000 new jobs, more than
30% ahead of even the government's optimistic projections.
[U]
- the act of projecting a film or an image onto a screen or wall.

[C]
- a picture that is made to appear on a surface, esp. by a special device for
showing movies or other images on a screen or other surface.
eg: A projection of his face appeared on the back wall.

[C]
- a drawing that represents a solid shape or a line as seen from a particular
direction.

- something that sticks out beyond the edge of something to which it is

attached
eg: It was a strange-looking house, with little projections off the sides.

❖ Vietnamese:
- địa cầu đồ.
- sự bắn ra ~ flight/ flight shot/ gush/ spirt.
- sự chiếu xuống.
- sự phóng ra ~ exhaust.
- sự trù hoạch.

4.
/vois/ Voice:
(n):
❖ English:
[C]
- the sounds that are made when people speak or sing.
eg: She has a loud/quiet/soft voice.
- a low-pitched/high-pitched voice
- a booming/breathy/clear/deep/fruity/gravelly/husky/squeaky voice
- a baritone/soprano singing voice
- You could tell from her voice that she wasn't pleased.
- "I don't know what you mean," said Fran in a quavering voice.
- You'll have to raise your voice (= speak louder) if you want to be heard in here.
- I have a cold and I think I'm losing my voice (= becoming unable to speak).
- He's at that age when his voice is breaking (= changing from a boy's to a
man's).
- She's done a lot of work with voice-activated computers.

- an expression of opinion, or the right to express your opinion.

 eg: There was only one dissenting voice during the discussion.
- Unfortunately a strike was the only way to make our voices heard.
- The committee represents the voice of the students.
- Developing countries are demanding a stronger voice (= right to express
opinions) in the debate.
- Millions of women sit in silence and loneliness. Give them a voice, please.

- an important quality or opinion that someone expresses, or the person who is

able to express it.
eg: She just won't listen to the voice of reason.
- I wouldn't work for Peter if I were you - this is the voice of experience talking!

- the relationship between the subject of the verb and the action described by
the verb, or the forms of a verb that show this relationship.
eg: the active/passive voice

- be in good voice: to be singing well.

eg: The choir seems to be in good voice today!
❖ Vietnamese:
- thanh âm.
- phiếu biểu quyêt.
- tiêng nói ~ trill.

(v):
❖ English:
- to say what you think about a particular subject, especially to express a
doubt, complaint, etc. that you have about it.
eg: I have voiced my objections to the plan to management.
- to produce a sound by making the vocal cords move very quickly several
times.

❖ Vietnamese:
- bày tỏ ~ manifest/ present/ profess/ unfold/ allege.

 kwiv k l Equivocal (a):

❖ English:
- (of statements) unclear and seeming to have two opposing meanings, or (of
actions or ways of behaving) confusing and able to be understood in two
different ways.
eg: His words to the press were deliberately equivocal - he didn't deny the reports but
neither did he confirm them.
 ❖ Vietnamese:
- không phân minh.
- có hai nghĩa.

 ɪ kwɪv. .k l.i Equivocally (adv):

- in a way that is not clear and seems to have two opposing meanings, or that
is confusing and able to be understood in two different ways.
eg: The new biography was received equivocally.

 ˌ n kwiv k l Unequivocal (a):

- total, or expressed in a clear and certain way/ rõ ràng, minh bạch.
eg: The prime minister, he said, had the party's unequivocal support.

 ˌ n kwiv k lē Unequivocally (adv):

- in a way that is total, or expressed very clearly with no doubt.
eg: She unequivocally denied the allegations.

5.
kadl Cattle (n):
❖ English:
- a group of animals that includes cows, buffalo, and bison, that are often kept
for their milk or meat/ gia súc.
eg: beef/dairy cattle .
❖ Vietnamese:
- Người khó tính.
- Người tính hay giận.

 kadl rāzɪŋ Cattle-rasing (n): the science or business of breeding and

raising cattle.

 kadl kāk Cattle cake (n): a type of dried food for cattle.

 ‟kadl rid Cattle grid (n): a set of bars, placed over a hole in the road,
that allows vehicles to cross, but not animals such as cows and sheep.
6.
pōz Pose:
(v):
❖ English:
- to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty.
eg: Nuclear weapons pose a threat to everyone.

- to ask a question, especially in a formal situation such as a meeting.

eg: Can we go back to the question that Helena posed earlier?

- to move into and stay in a particular position, in order to be photographed,

painted, etc.
eg: We all posed for our photographs next to the Statue of Liberty.

- to pretend to be something that you are not or to have qualities that you do
not have, in order to be admired or attract interest.
eg: He doesn't really know a thing about the theatre - he's just posing!

❖ Vietnamese:
- đặt vấn đề
- trình ra ~ produce/ accentuate/ lay/ propose
- đề nghị ~ suggest/ propose/ tender/ propound/ advance
- hỏi ~ ask/ question/ query/ demand.
- ngồi cho họa sĩ vẽ.
(n):
❖ English:
[C]
- a particular position in which a person stands, sits, etc. in order to be
photographed, painted, etc.
eg: He adopted/assumed/struck (= moved into) an elegant pose.

[ C usually singular ]
- an occasion when someone pretends to have qualities that they do not have:
eg: She likes to appear as if she knows all about the latest films and art exhibitions, but
it's all a pose (= she's pretending and it's not true).

❖ Vietnamese:
- dáng bộ ~ posture/ carriage.
- thái độ ~ position posture/ air/ action/ deportment.
- bộ điệu.
 p saɪ.d n Poseidon (n):
- in Greek mythology (= ancient stories), the god of water and the sea.
eg: The ancients built a beautiful temple to Poseidon.

k m pōz Compose (v):

❖ English:
- to produce music, poetry, or formal writing.
eg: Prokofiev started composing at the age of five.
- The music was specially composed for the film
- [formal] My lawyer is going to compose a letter of complaint.
 - to be the parts that something is made of.
eg: At that time, women composed only 1.6 percent of the US forces.

- to arrange words, sentences, pages, etc. in preparation for printing/ soạn

thảo.

- to form or make up something.

eg: The metropolitan area is composed of New York City and parts of New Jersey
and Connecticut.

- be composed of something: to be formed from various things.

eg: Air is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.

- compose yourself: to make yourself calm again after being angry or upset.
eg: She finally stopped crying and composed herself.

- compose your features/thoughts: to try to make yourself look or feel calm

after being angry or upset.
eg: I tried to compose my features into a smile.
❖ Vietnamese:
- dàn xếp ~ reconcile
- điều đình ~ negotiate/ bargain/ reconcile/ adjust/ arbitrate.
- hòa giải ~ reconcile/ conciliate/ accommodate/ heal/ adjust.
- hợp thành
- sáng tác ~ indite/ originate/ manufacture.
- sắp chữ in.

 ˌdēk m pōz Decompose (v):

❖ English:
- to decay, or to cause something to decay.
eg: The body must have been decomposing for several weeks.

- to break, or to break something, into smaller parts.

eg: Microbes decompose organic waste into a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.

- to destroy something by breaking it into smaller parts:

eg: Certain kinds of plastic decompose quickly.

- If dead plant or animal material decomposes, it decays (= phân hủy).

- If a substance decomposes it separates into its parts.

 ❖ Vietnamese:
- phân tích ra.
- hư thúi.

 ˌdēk m pōziNG Composing (a): (of organic matter) in the process of

decaying (= phân hủy).

 dēˌkämp ziSH n Decomposition (n):

❖ English:
[U]
- the action of decaying, or causing something to decay (= phân hủy).
eg: The corpse was in an advanced stage of decomposition.

- the action of breaking, or breaking something, into smaller parts.

eg: Laughing gas is produced by the decomposition of ammonium nitrate.
❖ Vietnamese:
- Sự phân hủy.
- Cách phân tích.
- Sự hư nát.

 ˌdēk m pōz r Decomposer (n): an organism such as some types of

bacteria or fungi that feeds on dead plant and animal material and causes
it to decay.
(một sinh vật chẳng hạn như một số loại vi khuẩn hoặc nấm ăn thực vật và động
vật chết và làm cho chúng phân hủy)

7.
/liv/ Live:
(v):
❖ English:
- (to continue) to be alive or have life.
eg: He only lived a few days after the accident.
- [ + to infinitive ] I hope I live to see my grandchildren.
- Her granny lived to the ripe old age of 94.

- to be kept usually in a particular place.

eg: Where do the knives live in your kitchen?

- to spend your life in a particular way.

eg: He simply wants to live (out) (= experience) the rest of his days in peace.
- The TV's broken - we'll just have to live without (= not have) it for a while.
- She certainly lived her life to the full (= was always doing something
interesting).
 - [figurative] The US is living beyond its means (= spending more than it earns).

- to stay alive, especially by getting enough money to pay for food, a place to
stay, clothing, etc.
eg: For several years she lived by begging.
- She has an inheritance to live off so she doesn't need to work.

- (of things that are not alive) to exist or continue to exist.

eg: The memory of those terrible days lives on.

- to have an interesting life.

eg: I want to live a little before I settle down.

- To live can also mean to have the full experience that life can offer.
eg: If you haven‟t been to Alaska, you haven‟t lived.
- live beyond your means: to spend more than you earn.
eg: To avoid slipping into debt, don't live beyond your means.
❖ Vietnamese:
- ăn tiêu xa xỉ.
- ở ~ dwell/ occupy/ house/ locate/ inhabit.
- sống.
- trú ngụ ~ inhabit/ populate.
- xài lớn.
(a):
❖ English:
[ before noun ]
- having life/ sống.
eg: Millions of live animals are shipped around the world each year.
- (of a performance) broadcast, recorded, or seen while it is happening.
eg: This evening there will be a live broadcast of the debate.
- a live webcast/webinar
- live broadcasts/coverage/discussions: We try out ideas on thousands of
customers at once, using live discussions or instant customer surveys.

- (of a wire) carrying or charged with electricity.

eg: a live wire.

- able to explode.
eg: live rounds of ammunition/ đạn thật.

- (of a fire, coals, or a match) still burning or able to burn.

eg: There are live coals in the fireplace.

- carrying or charged with electricity.

eg: You‟d better test the electric outlet first to see if it‟s live.
❖ Vietnamese:
- đầy sinh khí.
- đầy sinh lực ~ sappy.
- linh động ~ lively/ graphic.
- linh hoạt ~ snappy, lively.
- sống ~ living/ raw/ lively.
(adv):
❖ English:
- broadcast or seen while being performed or happening.
eg: The event will be screened live only by satellite broadcasters.
- go live: if a new system, especially a computer system, goes live, it starts to
operate.
eg: Our new payments system will go live at the end of the month.
 līvlē Lively (a):
❖ English:
- full of energy and enthusiasm; interesting and exciting.
eg: It's hard work teaching a class of lively children.

- (of colours) bright and strong:

eg: The room was painted a lively electric blue.
❖ Vietnamese:
(a):
- đầy sanh khí
- hớn hở radiant sunny merry buoyant.
- linh động ~ live/ graphic.
- linh hoạt ~ snappy/ lively.
- màu sáng ~ vivid.
- sắc tươi.
- sống ~ live, raw, lively
(adv): vui vẻ ~ joyfully/ merrily/ joyously/ jovially/ jubilantly.

 līvelēnis Liveliness (n):

❖ English:
- the quality of being interesting and exciting.
eg: The concerts were intended to bring some cultural liveliness to the town.

- the quality of being full of energy and enthusiasm.

eg: Despite being almost 90, she radiates liveliness.

❖ Vietnamese:
- Sự sống động.
 - sự hoạt động ~ activity/ play/ strenuousness.
- tính hăng hái ~ effervescency/ quickness.

 līvlēˌhood Livelihood (n):

❖ English:
- (the way someone earns) the money people need to pay for food, a place to
live, clothing, etc.:
eg: Many ship workers could lose their livelihoods because of falling orders for new
ships.
- The falling orders for new ships mean that many shipyard workers are likely to
lose their livelihood.
- The drought is threatening the livelihood of farmers in the region.
- If your livelihood depends on selling cars, boats, and furniture to people, you
don't want people to save.

- a means of securing the necessities of life.

eg: people whose livelihoods depend on the rainforest.
❖ Vietnamese:
- Kế sinh nhai.
- Sanh kế.

8.
ˌjuː.n nɪm. .ti Unanimity (n):
❖ English:
- complete agreement among every member of group.
eg: No one has ever suggested that there is unanimity in the party on all issues.
❖ Vietnamese: Sự nhất trí/ trạng thái toàn thể.

9.
mit Emit (v):
❖ English:
- to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas:
eg: The alarm emits infrared rays which are used to detect any intruder.
- to send out light, sound, or a smell, or a gas or other substance.
eg: The alarm emits a high-pitched sound if anyone tries to break in.
❖ Vietnamese:
- xông lên ~ exhale/ emanate.
- bắn tia sáng ~ glint.
- bôc hơi ~ evaporate/ vapor/ steam, emit/ fume/ vapour.
- làm bay ra ~ disengage/ evolve.
- phát biểu ~ express/ state/ formulate/ enunciate/ manifest/
 - phát mùi.
- phát hành ~ reissue.

 /ə midər/ Amitter (n): something that emits (= sends out) light, a noise,
or a substance, especially the gas carbon dioxide.
eg: SUVs remain, on average, higher emitters than passenger cars.

 miSH n Emission (n):

❖ English:
[U]
- the act of sending out gas, heat, light, etc.
eg: Bioluminescence is the emission of light from living organisms.

[C]
- an amount of gas, heat, light, etc. that is sent out.
eg: He uses a night observation device that picks up heat emissions.

- an amount of a substance that is produced and sent out into the air that is
harmful to the environment, especially carbon dioxide.
eg: Reducing the consumption of energy and increasing its efficient use would help
control emissions.
[ C, usually plural ]
- an amount of something, especially a gas that harms the environment, that is
sent out into the air.
eg: emissions of sth: The bill is intended to lower emissions of greenhouse gases.
- cut/reduce/limit emissions: Many countries are reluctant to cut emissions if it
means sacrificing economic growth.
- emission cuts/reductions/control
- California's emissions standards would cut global warming emissions nearly
30% by year 2016.

❖ Vietnamese:
- bốc hơi ~ evaporation/ exhaust.
- bôc lên ~ aura.
- sự phát hành ~ reissue.
- sự phát ra ~ efflux.
- sự xuất tinh ~ ejaculation.
- vật phát ra.

10.
f rm Firm:
(a):
 ❖ English:
- not soft but not completely hard.
eg: I'd rather sleep on a firm mattress than a soft one.
- well fixed in place or position.
eg: The bridge provided a firm platform for the bungee jumpers.

- fixed at the same level or opinion and not changing.

eg: The government remains firm in its opposition to tax reform.

- strong and tight.

eg: a firm handshake.

- certain and not likely to change.

eg: He is a firm believer in traditional family values.

- forceful and making people do what you want.

eg: I was always very firm with my children - they knew the rules and I made sure they
followed them.

- Firm can also mean showing control and making sure you will be obeyed.
eg: A new teacher has to be firm with her students.
- agreed or decided and not likely to change.
eg: firm date/deadline: I was given a firm deadline of April 30.
- firm bid/commitment: The group said it has a firm commitment to sell two radio
stations in Chicago to minority partners.
- firm order/offer: They already have firm orders for much of the new stock.

- used to describe a price or level that is high and is likely to rise or stay high.
eg: Home prices are edging higher as builders pay record prices for lumber, and tight
supplies should keep prices firm next year.

❖ Vietnamese:
- chắc chắn ~ probable/ sure/ certain/ assured/ reliable.
- kiên cố ~ strong/ durable/ fast.
- không thay đổi ~ constant/ flat/ unaltered/ fixed/ invariable.

(n):
❖ English:
- a company offering a professional service, for example a company of
lawyers.
eg: He works for a law firm called Neil and Vigliano.
- a firm of solicitors/accountants/architects
 - a company or business, especially a small one.
eg: She works for a local firm that makes medical equipment.

- a group of violent supporters of a football team who organize or try to start

fights with supporters of other teams [UK].
eg: Millwall and West Ham had had firms for 30 years, so it's hardly surprising there
was violence.

- a company or business.
eg: big/medium-sized/small firm: Small and medium-sized firms accounted for
69.8% of the UK business population.
- leading/major/top firm: He hired a top firm of architects and re-mortgaged the
family home to finance the project.
- accounting/law/manufacturing, etc. firm: Local manufacturing firms are under
heavy competitive pressure, often from off-shore production.
- set up/start (up)/establish a fir: Her grandfather had set up the firm soon after
the war.
- run/manage a firm: The firm was run from an office in Bolton.
- She joined the family firm soon after leaving school.
❖ Vietnamese:
- hảng buôn ~ concern/ establishment.
- thương hội.
(v):
❖ English:
[UK]
- to make soil harder by pressing on it.
eg: Firm the soil around the cuttings and water them in.

- to remain at the same level, amount, etc. or to rise slightly.

eg: In industries such as paper, chemicals, and steel, prices have firmed.
- firm to sth: Copper firmed 1.8 cents to 142.1 cents a pound.
- firm against sth: The dollar, meanwhile, firmed against the euro in the wake of
the interest rate rise.
❖ Vietnamese: làm cho vững vàng.

 f rmn s Firmness (n):

❖ English:
- the quality of not being soft, but not completely hard.
eg: The bed's firmness suited him.
- the quality of being strong and tight.
eg: The firmness of his handshake reassured me.

- the quality of being forceful and making people do what you want.
eg: The new teacher has a reputation for firmness.

- the quality of being certain and not likely to change.

- the quality of being fairly hard when pressed.

eg: He liked the bed's firmness.

❖ Vietnamese:
- chắc chắn ~ certainty/ fail/ asseveration/ indisputability.
- kiên cố ~ durability.
- không thay đổi ~ immutability/ fixedness/ no chance/ humdrum/ immovability.
- quả quyết ~ assertion, firmness.

 f rmlē Firmly (adv):

❖ English:
- in a way that will not move, come loose, or fall over.
eg: Make sure the rope is firmly attached before attempting to climb down.

- strongly and tightly.

eg: He shook my hand firmly and climbed into the taxi.

- forcefully.
eg: "You're not going to the party and that's that!" she said firmly.

- in a way that is certain or not likely to change.

eg: We are firmly committed to reducing unemployment.

❖ Vietnamese:
- chắc chắn.
- bền vững.
- kiên quyết.
- nhất định.
- vĩnh viễn.

 f rmwer Firmware (n):

- a computer program or data that is stored on a chip (= very small piece of
electronic equipment) and that cannot be changed or lost.
eg: Wi-Fi vendors issue frequent firmware updates that add new features.
 - a set of instructions that form part of an electronic device and allow it to
communicate with a computer or with other electronic devices.
-
 ˌrē f rm reaffirm (v):
❖ English:
- to give your support to a person, plan, idea, etc. for a second time; to state
something as true again.
eg: The government yesterday reaffirmed its commitment to the current peace
process.
❖ Vietnamese:
- Khẳng định lại.
- Quả quyết lại.
- Xác nhận lại ~ reassert.

III. ERROR IDENTIFICATION -> Bảo Ngọc

Read the following passage. There are 10 errors. Identify the errors
and then correct them. (10 PTS).
OAK .

(1) Oak wood has a density of about 0.75 g/cm3, great strong and
hardness, and is very resistant to insect and fungal attack because of
its high tannin content. It also has very appeal grain markings,
particularly when quarter- sawn. Oak planking was common on
high status Viking long ships in the
(5) 9th and 10th centuries. The wood was hewn from green logs, with
axe and wedge, to produce radial planks, similar to quarter-sawn
timber. Wide, quarter-sawn boards of oak have been prized since the
Middle Ages for use in interior paneling off prestigious buildings
such as the debating chamber of the House of Commons in London,
(10) and in the construction of fine furniture. Oak wood, from Quercus
robur and Quercus petraea, was used in Europe for the construction
of ships, especial naval men of war, until the 19th century, and was
the principal timber used in the construction of European timber-
framed build.
Today oak wood is still commonly used for furniture making and
(15) flooring, timber frame buildings, and for veneer production. Barrels
in which wines, sherry, and spirits such as brandy, Scotch whisky
and Bourbon whiskey are age are made from European and
 American oak. The use of oak in wine can add many different
dimensions to wine based on the type and style of the oak. Oak
barrels, which may be charred
(20) before use, contribute to the colour, taste, and aroma of the contents,
imparting a desirable oaky vanillin flavour to these drinks. The great
dilemma for wine product is to choose between French and
American oakwoods. French oaks give the wine greater refinement
and are chosen for the best wines since they increase the price
compared to those aged in American oak wood. American oak
contributes greater texture and resist to ageing, but produces more
violent wine bouquets. Oak wood chips are used for smoking fish,
meat, cheeses and another foods.

1. great strength 2… attacks.. 3. .appealing

4….of… 5.... especially… 6. builds…..

7.made by being aged 8. products 9…resistant…

10.. other……

IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION -> Bảo Ngọc

PART 1: Use the word(s) given in brackets and make any necessary additions to
complete a new sentence in such a way that it is as similar as possible in
meaning to the original sentence. Do NOT change the form of the given
word(s). (10 PTS)
1.Immediately after winning the race, Sandy began training for the next one. (had)
 No sooner had Sandy won the race than she began training for the next one.

“No sooner is used to show that one thing happens immediately after another
thing. It is often used with the past perfect, and usually followed by than:

[event 1]

They had no sooner arrived than

[event 2]

they were arguing.

[event 1]

We had no sooner started cooking than

[event 2]

there was a power cut and we had no electricity.

When no sooner is used in front position, we invert the order of the auxiliary verb
and subject. This is common in more formal and literary styles:

[event 1]

― No sooner had they started their walk than

[event 2]

it started to rain.‖

2. Going to and fro with all the cases is what I can‟t stand about holidays. (toing)

 It's all ....the cases of having had toing and froing with them is what I can‟t
stand.......about holidays.

3. As a result of the bad weather, there may be delay to some international flights,
(subject)

 Due to the bad weather, some international flights may be subject to possible delay.

Due to (a) is used ―to link an event and the reasons for it.‖ (from Your Dictionary)

―This phrase is used to modify the nouns. In other words, due to is used to present
the reason for a noun.

Simple Example 1: The traffic jam was due to a terrible accident at the intersection.

In the above-mentioned sentence, the phrase due to has been used to present the
reason for the noun traffic jam. The reason for traffic jam, grammatically a noun
entity, is a terrible accident. Hence, usage of due to correct in this sentence.

Official Sentence 1: Unlike the premiums for auto insurance, the premiums for
personal property coverage are not affected by the frequency of claims, but if the
insurance company is able to prove excessive loss due to owner negligence, it may
decline to renew the policy. (OG VR 2020#312, SC11934)
In this sentence, use of due to is correct because it has been used to present the reason
for the noun excessive loss. Per this sentence, what causes excessive loss (a noun
entity)? Owner negligence. Hence, use of due to is correct in this sentence.‖

(from-Egmat)

―We use used to + infinitive to talk about a past situation that is no longer true. It
tells us that there was a repeated action or state in the past which has now
changed.‖

(from British Council)

example: “I used to want to be a lawyer but then I realised how hard they work!

How's Boston? Are you used to the cold weather yet?

No matter how many times I fly, I'll never get used to take-off and landing!”
(from British Council)

4. Bill changed his ways when he came out of prison. (leaf)

 Bill has turned over a new leaf after he came out of prison.

S + have / has + V3/-ed

5. The committee had a long discussion but they could not make up their mind. (reach)

 Lengthy as the discussion was, the committee could not reach a decision.

PART 2: Rewrite the sentences with the given words or beginning in such a way
that they are as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentences. (10PTS)

1. The president's bodyguards stood behind him watching.

 Watchfully standing behind him was the president‟s bodyguard.

Adv + v-ing + adv/preposition + S + was/were + obj

2. Success in the academic field depends on your ability to amass qualifications.

 The more....you‟re able to amass qualifications, the more success you‟ll have in the
academic field.......................

The more + adj + S1 + V1, the more + adj + S2 + V2:

3. I find his clothes the most irritating about him.

 What most ....irritates me about him is his clothes...................

THE MOST + ADJ/ ADV dài -> What + v + most +……… -> What + most + v+….

4. Richard only took over the family business because his father decided to retire early.

 But for.....his father‟s early retirement, Richard wouldn‟t have taken over the
family business.................

But for + Noun Phrase/ V-ing, S + V….

5. It wasn't Melanie‟s fault that she ended up breaking the law.

—> Through no.. fault of her own, Melanie ended up breaking the law........

through no fault of her/my,etc own: used to say that something bad that happened
to someone was not caused by them