General Characteristics of Solid State

• The following are the characteristic properties of the solid state:

• (i) They have definite mass, volume and shape.
• (ii) Intermolecular distances are short.
• (iii) Intermolecular forces are strong.
• (iv) Their constituent particles (atoms, molecules or ions) have fixed
positions and can only oscillate about their mean positions.
• (v) They are incompressible and rigid.
Types of Solids

• a) Crystalline solids: In a single crystal the regularity of arrangement

of the pattern extends throughout the solid and all points are
completely equivalent.
b) Amorphous solids: An amorphous solid differs from a crystalline
substance in being without any shape of its own and has a completely
random particle
arrangements, i.e. no regular arrangement. Example: Glass, Plastic
Classification of crystalline solid
•
Molecular solids : Those solids which consists of small molecules are called
molecular solids.
(1) Non - polar molecular solids :
(electronegativity sequence (F > O > N ≈ Cl > Br > S > C H)
• The solids which have zero dipole moment are called non-polar molecular
solids.
• The molecules are held together by weak Vander waal's forces . Hence they
are either gas or liquids at room temperature.
• They are poor conductor of electricity due to their non-polar nature
Van der Waals forces include attraction and repulsions between atoms,
molecules
(2) Polar molecular solids
• Those solids which have non-zero dipole moments are called polar
molecular solids.
• Polar molecular solids have dipole - dipole interaction, which is
slightly stronger than van der Waal's force and hence they have larger
melting and boiling points than the non - polar molecular solids .
Example : Solid CO2 , Solid NH3
They are generally liquids or gases at room temperature
• (3) Hydrogen bonded molecular solids :
Those molecular solids which are bonded with each other by
hydrogen bonds are called hydrogen bonded molecular solids.
Example : Ice
They are non-conductor of electricity
Generally they are liquid at room temperature or soft solids
(2) IONIC SOLIDS
: All those solids whose constituent particles are ions are called
ionic solids,
Example : NaCl, CsBr, AgBr, CsCl
 (3)METALLIC SOLIDS :

All those solids which are bonded by metallic bonds are called metallic
solids.
Inner core electrons are immobile
Metallic solids show a great electrical conductivity due to availability of large
number of free electrons whose movements constitute electric current.
Metallic solids are malleable and ductile.
Metallic solids have lustre.
Metallic solids have good thermal conductivity
 (4)COVALENT SOLIDS OR NETWORKED SOLIDS :

• Whenever electric field is applied, electrons move between the

layers.
Graphite is a good conductor of electricity due to availability of free
electrons.
Networked solids are hard and brittle.
Carbon - carbon bond has got partial double bond character in
graphite.
Two layers in graphite are attached with each other by weak vander
waal force.
Graphite can be used as a lubricant at high temperatures
Crystal system, Crystal lattice , Unit cell and
lattice points
• Crystal systems(7 types)
Crystal lattice
• The following are the characteristics of a
crystal lattice:
• (a) Each point in a lattice is called lattice
point or lattice site.
• (b) Each point in a crystal lattice represents
one constituent particle which may be an
atom, a molecule (group of atoms) or an
ion.
• (c) Lattice points are joined by straight lines
to bring out the geometry of the lattice
Unit cell
Bravais lattices
• There are only 14 possible three dimensional lattices. These are called
Bravais Lattices
•
Types of unit cell
(1)Primitive unit cell
When constituent particles are present only on the corner positions of a unit
cell, it is called as primitive unit cell.
(2) Centered unit cell: Centred unit cells are of three types:
(i) Body-Centred Unit Cells: Such a unit cell contains one constituent
particle (atom, molecule or ion) at its body-centre besides the ones that
are at its corners.
(ii) Face-Centred Unit Cells: Such a unit cell contains one constituent
particle present at the centre of each face, besides the ones that are at
its corners.
(iii) End-Centred Unit Cells: In such a unit cell, one constituent particle is
present at the centre of any two opposite faces besides the ones
present at its corners
Cubic unit cells
1. Primitive or simple cubic unit cell
2. Body centered unit cell
3. Face centered unit cell
Simple cubic unit cell
Body centered unit cell
Face centered unit cell
PACKING
2D packing
3D packing
1.Three dimensional close packing from two dimensional square
close-packed layers:
2.Three dimensional close packing from two
dimensional hexagonal close packed layers

(a)Placing second layer over the first layer (ABABABAB)

(b) Placing third layer over the second layer (ABCABCABC)
VOIDS
PACKING EFFICIENCY
PACKING EFFICIENCY IN SIMPLE CUBIC UNIT CELL
PACKING EFFICIENCY IN BODY CENTERED
PACKING EFFICIENCY IN FCC
DENSITY
BOOK
COMPARISION OF SCHOTKEY AND FRENKEL