COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY

C-PPBIO1 – PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH

TAXONOMY
First Semester | AY 2021-2022

Module 1: Introduction to Botany

Time Frame: Week 1 & 2 (10hours)
Schedule of synchronous sessions:

Mapped Learning Outcomes and Course Content for C-PPBIO1 Pharmaceutical Botany with
Taxonomy, Module 1
Target Learning Outcomes Content and Activities
Hour (At the close of the period allotted, Online Session Offline Session
students should have :)
10 hours • Describing plants and its Interactive lecture: Worksheets Activity for Laboratory
differences from other Levels of Written Report#1: The Microscope
organisms. Introduction to
• Discussing the origin and Botany Assignment: DOH Sampung
evolution of plants. Halamang Gamot
• Explaining the diversity of -Botany
plant adaptations and its -Fields/subsciences
importance. -Plant vs. Animals
• Identifying and -Tropism
demonstrating -Theories on the
familiarization with the Origin of Life
representative plant -Uses of Plants to Man
species according to
artificial system of
classification.
• Designing a list of the
approved medicinal plants
and its indication.

1. Content / Discussion / Learning Resources / Link

Introduction to BOTANY

Botany
• the science of __________
• it has several subsciences or field, and these are the following:

1. Phytomorphology or Plant Morphology

• is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants
• it is useful in the ___________

a. Phytotomy or Plant Anatomy

• is the general term for the study of the ________________ of plants
• frequently investigates at the cellular level, and often involves the sectioning of tissues and
microscopy

b. Plant Cytology or Plant Cell Biology

Faculty: Jethro M. Ocampo, RPh Page 1 of 11
 COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY
C-PPBIO1 – PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH
TAXONOMY
First Semester | AY 2021-2022

• Cell biology (formerly _______, “kytos” (Gk.) means "______") is a scientific discipline that studies cells –
their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their
environment, their life cycle, division and death.
• This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level.

c. Histology
• is the study of the microscopic anatomy of ___________ of plants and animals
• it is commonly performed by examining cells and tissues by sectioning and staining, followed by
examination under a light microscope or electron microscope

d. Carpology
• the branch of botany that studies the structure of ___________.

e. Palynology
• scientific study of _______________, both living and fossilized

2. Plant Physiology
• is concerned with the ________________, of plants.
• Fundamental processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone
functions, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms,
environmental stress physiology, seed germination, dormancy and stomata function and
transpiration, both parts of plant water relations

3. Plant Ecology
• is the scientific study of _____________________________________________, such as the interactions organisms
have with each other and with their abiotic environment

4. Plant Genetics
• a branch of genetics that studies ________________________ in the higher plants.
• (Such a study of fungi and algae is usually included in microorganism genetics.)

5. Plant Pathology
• The study of _____________; it is an integration of many biological disciplines and bridges the basic and
applied sciences.

6. Paleobotany
• a branch of botany dealing with ___________
• it includes the study and classification of plants of the geological past, as well as the study of their
relationship with each other and with extant plants.

7. Phytochemistry
• is the study of the ____________________, plant products, and processes taking place within plants.

8. Phytogenesis
• the branch of botany concerned with the ___________ of plants

9. Phytogeography or Plant Geography

• The scientific study of the __________________ of plants
• Also called geobotany.

Faculty: Jethro M. Ocampo, RPh Page 2 of 11

 COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY
C-PPBIO1 – PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH
TAXONOMY
First Semester | AY 2021-2022

10. Phytography
• the branch of botany that is concerned with the _____________________ of plants

11. Phytosociology
• The branch of ecology that deals with the _____________________________________.

12. Agronomy
• Application of the ___________________ to soil management and crop production; scientific agriculture.

13. Economic Botany

• is the ____________________ of plants by people.

14. Ethnobotany
• the _______________________________ of a people
• the systematic study of such lore and customs

15. Forestry
• is the science, art, and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and ___________________ and
associated resources to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human benefit

16. Horticulture
• the science or art of ______________________________________, esp. in a garden, orchard, or nursery.

17. Plant Taxonomy or Plant Systematics

• is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants.
a) Bacteriology
b) Mycology
c) Algology or Phycology
d) Lichenology
e) Bryology or Muscology - mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
f) Filicology or Pteridology – _______
g) Dendrology or Xylology - trees and other woody plants
h) Agrostology or Graminology – ______
i) Batology – brambles (blackberry, raspberry)
j) Pomology - study and cultivation of fruit
k) Ampelography – _______
l) Orchidology

PLANT AND ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS

• A ________ is a multicellular organism, incapable of movement, that produces its own food through
photosynthesis. Approximately 350,000 species of plants have been identified on Earth.
• An ________ is a multicellular organism, capable of movement, that cannot produce its own food.
Animals acquire and ingest food from other sources. Scientists have identified more than a million
different animal species

SIMILARITIES
• Both have life cycles.
• Both are composed of cells. The cells also contain many of the same organelles.
• Both plants and animals use mitosis and meiosis.

Faculty: Jethro M. Ocampo, RPh Page 3 of 11

 COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY
C-PPBIO1 – PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH
TAXONOMY
First Semester | AY 2021-2022

• Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria in both plants and animals.

• Both plants and animals take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide during respiration.
• Both have hormones.
• Both require water and nutrients.

DIFFERENCES
• Animals depend on plants to manufacture food, which then enters the food chain.
• Animals eat the plants. Upon death, the animals decompose to provide nutrients for plants.
• Plants use the nutrients from the decaying remains of animals and other plants. In addition, plants
use nutrients found in animal manure for growth.
• Animals are capable of locomotion; plants are not.
• Plants take up nutrients in water and make their own food through photosynthesis. Animals cannot
make their own food and must eat other organisms to get the necessary nutrients.
• Plant cells have cell walls, whereas animal cells do not. A cell wall maintains the cell’s shape and
rigidity, which in turn helps the plant to stand and retain its shape. Animals have soft cell membranes
and rely on skeletons to provide and maintain body shape.
• Usually, male and female reproductive parts are present on each individual plant. Animals are
typically male or female.

PLANT IRRITABILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS

• TROPISM
– _____________ movement of an organism or a part toward or away from an external stimulus,
such as light, heat, or gravity
– Phototropism - toward or away from a source of light
– _______________ - response to gravity, as the downward growth of plant roots.
– Thigmotropism - response of an organism upon direct contact with a solid surface or object.
Also called _______________.
– Chemotropism - response to a chemical stimulus

Theories on the Origin of Life

• Theory of Abiogenesis
– aka __________________
– Proposed by Anaximander (611-541 B.C.) and Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
– It states that life originates spontaneously from non-living matter like rain, mud, air, dung etc.

• Theory of Biogenesis
– ___________ (1862) proved that new microorganisms arise from pre-existing microorganisms.
This rejects Abiogenesis theory and states that new life arises from pre existing life only.
– Omne vivum ex vivo, Latin for "all life [is] from life.”
– Omnis cellula e cellula, "all cells [are] from cells;"

• Marine Theory

• Interplanetary Theory or Cosmozoic Theory

• Divine Creation Theory

– Proposed by Spanish monk Father Suarez. It states that life originated on earth from some
supernatural force of God in the same form as they exist today.

Faculty: Jethro M. Ocampo, RPh Page 4 of 11

 COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY
C-PPBIO1 – PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH
TAXONOMY
First Semester | AY 2021-2022

USES OF PLANTS TO MAN

• FOOD
a. Grains
▪ Bigas (rice) – Oryza sativa
▪ Mais (corn) – Zea mays
b. Legumes
▪ Mani (peanut) – Arachis hypogaea
▪ Mungo (green gram/mung bean) – Phaseolus radiatus (Vigna radiata)
▪ Batao (hyacinth bean) – Lablab purpureus (Dolichos lablab)
▪ Patani (lima bean) – P. lunatus
▪ Sitao (string bean) – Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis
▪ Sigarilyas (winged bean) – Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
▪ Bitswelas (baguio bean/kidney bean) – P. vulgaris
▪ Sitsaro (garden pea) – Pisum sativum
▪ Kadios (pigeon pea) – Cajanus cajan
▪ Katuray (sesban) – Sesbania grandiflora
c. Root crops
▪ Labanos (radish) – Raphanus sativus
▪ Kamote (sweet potato) – Ipomoea batatas
▪ Kamoteng Kahoy (cassava) – Manihot esculenta
▪ Ube (purple yam) – Dioscorea alata
▪ Sinkamas (yam bean) – Pachyrhizus erosus
d. Stem crops
▪ Tubo (sugar cane) – Saccharum officinarum
▪ Patatas (white potato) – Solanum tuberosum
e. Leaves
▪ Repolyo (cabbage) – Brassica oleracea
▪ Mustasa (mustard) – B. juncea
▪ Pechay – B. rapa subsp. chinensis
f. Leaves
▪ Malunggay (horse raddish) – Moringa oleifera
▪ Kangkong (potato vine) – I. aquatica
▪ Saluyot – Corchorus olitorius
▪ Letsugas (lettuce) – Lactuca sativa
g. Fruits
▪ Kalabasa (squash) – Cucurbita maxima
▪ Ampalaya (bitter gourd) – Momordica charantia
▪ Pipino (cucumber) – Cucumis sativus
▪ Sayote (vegetable pear) – Sechium edule
▪ Upo (bottle gourd) – Lagenaria siceraria
▪ Patola (bath sponge) – Luffa acutangula
▪ Kamatis (tomato) – Solanum lycopersicum (Lycopersican lycopersicum)
▪ Sili (sweet pepper) – Capsicum anuum
▪ Siling labuyo (chili pepper) – C. frutescens
▪ Okra (gimbo) – Abelmoschus esculentus (Hibiscus esculentus)
▪ Atis (sugar apple) – Annona squamosa
▪ Tsiko (chico) – Manikara zapota
▪ Caimito (star apple) – Chrysophyllum cainito
▪ Dalanghita – Citrus aurantium

Faculty: Jethro M. Ocampo, RPh Page 5 of 11

 COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY
C-PPBIO1 – PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH
TAXONOMY
First Semester | AY 2021-2022

▪ Kalamansi – C. microcarpa
▪ Suha (pomelo) – C. grandis
▪ Duhat (jambul/jumbolan plum) – Syzygium cumini
▪ Bayabas (guava) – Psidium guajava
▪ Langka (jackfruit) – Artocarpus heterophylla
▪ Rimas (breadfruit) – A. camansi
▪ Mangga (mango) – Mangifera indica
▪ Kasuy (cashew) – Anacardium occidentale
▪ Sineguelas (jocote/mombin) – Spondias purpurea
▪ Santol – Sandoricum koetjape
▪ Lansones – Lansium domesticum
▪ Abukado (alligator pear) – Persea americana
▪ Balimbing (star fruit) – Averrhoa carambola
▪ Pakwan (watermelon) – Citrullus lanatus
▪ Papaya – Carica papaya
▪ Pinya (pineapple) – Ananas comosus
▪ Strawberry – Fragaria ananassa
▪ Sampalok (tamarind) – Tamarindus indica
h. Forages

• Lumber Plants
▪ Yakal – Hopea acuminata
▪ Lauan – Shorea negrosensis
▪ Tangile – S. polysperma
▪ Apitong – Dipterocarpus grandiflorus
▪ Narra – Pterocarpus indicus
▪ Molave – Vitex parviflora
▪ Rattan – Calamus rotang
▪ Nipa – Nypa fruticans
▪ Kawayan (bamboo) – Bambusa blumeana
▪ Buri – Corypha utan (Corypha elata)
▪ Buko (coconut) – Cocos nucifera

• Fiber Plants
▪ Bulak (cotton) – Gossypium hirsutum
▪ Abaca (manila hemp) – Musa textilis
▪ Rami (china grass) – Boehmeria nivea
▪ Maguey (century plant) – Agave americana

• Source of Beverages
▪ Kape (coffee) – Coffea arabica
▪ Kakaw (cocoa) – Theobroma cacao

• Source of Condiments
▪ Sibuyas (onion) – Allium cepa
▪ Bawang (garlic) – Allium sativum
▪ Luya (ginger) – Zingiber officinale
▪ Paminta (black pepper) – Piper nigrum
▪ Atsuete – Bixa orellana

Faculty: Jethro M. Ocampo, RPh Page 6 of 11

 COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY
C-PPBIO1 – PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH
TAXONOMY
First Semester | AY 2021-2022

• Source of Industrial Energy

▪ Bakawan (mangrove) – Rhizophora apiculate

• Musticatories
▪ Tabako (tobacco) – Nicotiana tabacum
▪ Ikmo – Piper betle

• Source of Medicine

LABORATORY WORKSHEET

WRITTEN REPORT NO. 1

THE MICROSCOPE

Objectives:
1. To identify the parts of the microscope and its function
2. To demonstrate how to use properly and view the specimen using a compound microscope

Materials:
Compound light microscope
Glass slide
Cover slip
News paper
Piece of paper soaked overnight

Procedure:
A. Set-up
1. Position the microscope on the table. The arm should be facing you, and the base should be about one
inch from the edge of the table. This distance will allow you to look through the eyepiece without
tilting the microscope.
2. Put the low power objective in the position directly above the stage. You will hear a click if the
objective is properly placed.

B. Lighting
1. Adjust the lever of the diaphragm. Open the diaphragm widely. Make sure that the top lens of the
condenser is at the same level with the stage.
2. With both eyes open, look through the ocular. You should see a bright circular microscopic field.
Continue adjusting the mirror until you get this uniformly bright round area.

C. Focusing under the low power objective (LPO)

1. Cut a letter “e” from a newspaper. Place it on a glass slide; make sure that the bottom of the letter
faces towards you so that it appears right side up. Then put a drop of water on the letter. Put a cover
slip on top of it. Place the slide on the center of the stage. Use the clips on the stage to secure the slide
in its place.

Faculty: Jethro M. Ocampo, RPh Page 7 of 11

 COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY
C-PPBIO1 – PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH
TAXONOMY
First Semester | AY 2021-2022

2. Carefully move the coarse adjustment knob. Turn it forward, until the tip of the lower power
objective is lowered to a distance of 2mm from the cover glass. Observe the lowering of the objective
by looking at the objective from the left side then to the right.
3. Look through the ocular and slowly turn the coarse adjustment knob backward until the objective is
lifted away from the slide. At first the image will appear blurry, but the image will become clear and
definite (in sharp focus) as you turn the knob.
4. Move the slide in the right direction so that the “e” is put on the center. Readjust the opening of the
diaphragm until the field is just bright enough for you to see the details of the specimen clearly.
Strong light will strain your eyes.
5. This is how you focus using the low power objective. Practice again and again so that this procedure
will be easily accomplished. When mastered, you should have no difficulty in focusing under the high
power objective, the objectives of your microscope are parfocal. This means that once an object is
clear under low power, little or no change

in focus is needed when shifting to HPO or OIO.

D. Focusing under the high power objective

1. Rotate the nosepiece and put the high power objective into position.
2. If the object appears slightly blurred, turn the fine adjustment knob very slowly until the image is in
sharp focus again. Do not run the knob more than a complete turn either up or down. This might
break both the objective and slide.

E. Magnifying Power
1. The systems of lenses provide the magnification of the specimen. The objectives and ocular or
eyepiece together enlarge the specimen. Hence, total magnification is equal to the magnifying power
of the objective used multiplied by the magnifying power of the ocular or eyepiece.

Data and Results:

Draw the letter “e” as seen under the following objectives:

Lower Power Objective High Power Objective Oil Immersion Objective

Faculty: Jethro M. Ocampo, RPh Page 8 of 11

 COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY
C-PPBIO1 – PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH
TAXONOMY
First Semester | AY 2021-2022

Conclusion:

Answer the following:

1. Draw and identify the parts of a compound microscope. Give also its function on the space provided.

2. What is the use and importance of a microscope?

3. Discuss the proper manipulation of a microscope to obtain a good image of the specimen.

4. Differentiate the types of microscope that can be used to magnify the specimen/object.

Faculty: Jethro M. Ocampo, RPh Page 9 of 11

 COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY
C-PPBIO1 – PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH
TAXONOMY
First Semester | AY 2021-2022

2. Assessment of Learning

This section will enable you to do self-check of your progress in the discussion. During the self-
evaluation, you are expected to practice the virtue of honesty. A score equivalent to 75% will enable you to
proceed to the assignment section. A separate sheet will be utilized to answer the questions in this section.
You may repeat answering the questions until the required score equivalent is acquired.

DOH Sampung Halamang Gamot

DRAWING OF THE PLANT

Common and Other Name

Scientific Name
Family Name

3. Evaluation of Learning

For the evaluation of learning for Module 1, a scheduled quiz will be assigned in the Google Classroom and
will be taken before the start of the next Module during the Synchronous Class.

References

Bidlack, James E. (2014). Stern’s Introductory Plant Biology. 13th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill

Mauseth, James D. (2013). Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, (5th ed.), Massachussets: Jones & Bartlett
Learning

Evert, Ray F. (2013). Raven Biology of Planrs. 8th Edition. New York: W.H. Freeman

Ocampo, Melody Anne (2013) General Botany Manual, Katha Publishing Co., Makati City

Berg,Linda R. (2012) Introduction to Botany., U.S.A. : Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning

BMC Plant Biology

Faculty: Jethro M. Ocampo, RPh Page 10 of 11

 COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY
C-PPBIO1 – PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH
TAXONOMY
First Semester | AY 2021-2022

Congratulations for having completed this C-PPBIO1 Module 1! See you in the next Module

Faculty: Jethro M. Ocampo, RPh Page 11 of 11