3. iH Nodal Analysi Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits using node voltages as the circuit variables. (CHOBSiRS ASAE VOIGBES To simplify matters, we shall assume in this section that circuits do not contain voltage sources. Circuits that contain voltage sources will be analyzed in the next section. In nodal analysis, we are interested in finding the node voltages. Given a circuit with n nodes without voltage sources, the nodal analy- sis of the circuit involves taking the following three steps. Steps to Determine Node Voltages: |. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages v1. Z 3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages. We shall now explain and apply these three steps.I tL ot, (@) (b) (c) Figure 3.1 und, We can express this principle as _ _ Vhigher ~ Vower a (3.3) 5A 8 5A 40 1}-—w firs © tis 2 40 ate m ° 20 60 (Qin {i Taf 22Dempie3.1 Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown in Fig At node 1, applying KCL and Ohm’s law gives vj— v2 , 1-0 hahtip Se Sa A + Multiplying cach term in the last equation by 4, we obtain 20 = vy - vy + 20, ot 301 — v» = 20 G.1.1) At node 2, we do the same thing and get - -0 intigsitis > A = 5+ Multiplying each term by 12 results in 3v, — 3¥2 + 120 = 60 + 2v2 or —3v, + 50, = 60 (3.1.2) Now we have two simultaneous Eqs. (3.1.1) and (3.1.2). We can solve the equations using any method and obtain the values of v, and v>. MH METHOD 1. Using the elimination technique, we add Eqs. (3.1.1) and (3.1.2). 4v.=80 = v=20V Substituting v2 = 20 in Eq. (3.1.1) gives 40 3u,;-20=20 => wy = = 13333ample 3.2 Determine the voltages at the nodes in Fig. 3.5(a). 49 40 42m, sa alk “@® Dye HK wo De At node 1, Uv, — VU: VD, — U- 1— U3, U1 v2 3=i th => 3 4 7 Multiplying by 4 and rearranging terms, we get 30, — 202 — v3 = 12 (3.2.1) At node 2, Vy — U2 ¥2 U3 2-0 ig =i Hi. => t=. ig = by + is 2 8 4 Multiplying by 8 and rearranging terms, we get —4v, + Tv2 — 03 = 0 (3.2.2) At node 3, _ - ww, - th=% ae, eae Multiplying by 8, rearranging terms, and dividing by 3, we get 2v, — 3u, + v3 = 0 (3.2.3) We have three simultancous equations to solve to get the node voltagesUj, U2, and v3. We shall solve the equations in three ways. MI METHOD 1 Using the elimination technique, we add Eqs. (3.2.1) and (3.2.3). Su, — Suz = 12 or Up — U2 = 2g =24 (3.2.4) Adding Eqs. (3.2.2) and (3.2.3) gives —20,;+4u2=0 => v0, = 2v2 (3.2.5) Substituting Eq. (3.2.5) into Eq. (3.2.4) yields 2v2 — v2 = 24 => U2 = 2.4, v0, = 20. =4.8V From Eq. (3.2.3), we get v3 = 3v2 — 2v, = 3v2 — 4u2 = —v2 = -2.4V Thus, v, =48V, v2 = 2.4V, v3 = -24V 3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources Ml CASE 1 Ifa voltage source is connected between the reference node and a nonreference node, we simply set the voltage at the non- reference node equal to the voltage of the voltage source. In Fig. 3.7, for example, bv, = 10V G.10) Thus, our analysis is somewhat simplified by this knowledge of the volt age at this node. Ml CASE 2 If the voltage source (dependent or independent) is con- nected between two nonreference nodes, the two nonreference nodesFigure 3.7 A circuit with a supernode. form a generalized node or supernode; we apply both KCL and KVL, In Fig. 3.7, nodes 2 and 3 form a supernode. (We could have more than two nodes forming a single supernode. For example, see the cir- cuit in Fig. 3.14.) tipi tis (3.11a)Figure 3.8 Applying KVL to a supernode. or Vj — U2 Ui U3 _ 2-0 , 3-0 AS tS et . 2 4 8 6 G.11b) To apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the supernode in Fig. 3.7, we redraw the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.8. Goingjaround|the\loopyinytie tlockwise direction gives -v+54+03=0 +S w-v=5 (3.12) From Egs. (3.10), (3.11b), and (3.12), we obtain the node voltages. Note the following properties of a supernode: 1. The voltage source inside the supernode provides a constraint Squation|inceded jto)solve|for|the|nodejvoltages! [ixample 3.3 For the circuit shown in Fig. 3.9, find the node voltages.loa Solution: ‘The supemnode contains the 2-V source, nodes 1 and 2, and the 10-0 av resistor. Applying KCL to the supemode as shown in Fig. 3.10(a) gives a » & 2entatT 2a 2a 4m (7A _ Expressing and in tems ofthe node voltages w=0, 0 + pate +7 me bam tH, +28 or vy = -20 - 2v, (3.3.1) To get the relationship between v, and v>, we apply KVL to the circuit in Fig. 3.10(b). Going around the loop, we obtain vy -2+m=0 + w=, 42 (3.3.2) From Eqs. (3.3.1) and (3.3.2), we write v. =v, +2 = 20 — 20, or 3u)=-22 =}, = -7333V and v2 = v, + 2 = —5.333 V. Note that the 10-Q resistor does not make any difference because it is connected across the supernode. Figure 3.10 Applying: (a) KCL to the supernode, (b) KVL to the loop.Find the node voltages in the circuit of Fig. 3.12. Examples Figure 3.12 For Example 3.4. Solution: Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode; so do nodes 3 and 4. We apply KCL to the two supernodes as in Fig. 3.13(a). At supernode 1-2, ip +10=i +i Expressing this in terms of the node voltages, U3 — U2 Di-va Ui + 10 =~ + 6 3 2 or 5v, + V2 — v3 — 2v4 = 60 (3.4.1) At supernode 3-4, By = V4 _ U3 V2 | V4 | US =itigtis > 1a is + ig + is 3 S or 4v, + 2v2 — 5v3 — 16v4 = 0 (3.4.2)ao 10 Figure 3.13 Applying: (a) KCL to the two supemodes, () KVL to the loops. We now apply KVL to the branches involving the voltage sources as shown in Fig. 3.13(b). For loop 1, —v, + 20+. =0 > v) — v2 = 20 (3.4.3) For loop 2, —v3 + Buy +04 = 0 But v, = v, — v4 so that 3v; — v3 — 204 = 0 (3.4.4) For loop 3, vy — 3vy + 613 — 20=0 But 6i; = v3 — U2 and v, = v; — V4. Hence, —2v; — v2 + v3 + 2v4 = 20 (3.4.5)equation 1s redundant, it can be used to check results. We can solve Egs. (3.4.1) to (3.4.4) directly using MATLAB. We can eliminate one node voltage so that we solve three simultaneous equations instead of four. From Eq. (3.4.3), U: = v; — 20. Substituting this into Eqs. (3.4.1) and (3.4.2), respectively, gives 6v; — v3 — 2v4 = 80 (3.4.6) and 6v; — 5v3 — 16v4 = 40 (3.4.7) Thus, we arrive at the node voltages as _ Ay _ =480 | — As | =3120 _ vy = = ag = 2667V, vy = FE = B= 173.33 V, Ag 840 U4 = = yg = 4667 and v> = v; — 20 = 6.667 V. We have not used Eq. (3.4.5); it can be used to cross check results.